Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology and Therapeutics最新文献

{"title":"Vorapaxar for Prevention of Major Adverse Cardiovascular and Limb Events in Peripheral Artery Disease.","authors":"Justin T Morrison,&nbsp;Nicholas Govsyeyev,&nbsp;Connie N Hess,&nbsp;Marc P Bonaca","doi":"10.1177/10742484211056115","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10742484211056115","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is a severe manifestation of atherosclerosis. Patients with PAD are at heightened risk for atherothrombotic complications, including myocardial infarction and stroke (MACE); however, there is also an equal or greater risk of major adverse limb events (MALE), such as acute limb ischemia (ALI) and major amputation. Therefore, there is a need for effective medical therapies to reduce the risk of both MACE and MALE. Recent trials have demonstrated the role of thrombin inhibition in reducing the risk of MACE and MALE in PAD patients. One such medical therapy, vorapaxar, is a potent inhibitor of protease activated receptor-1 which mediates the cellular effects of thrombin. Vorapaxar, used in addition to aspirin, has demonstrated robust reductions in MACE and MALE in PAD patients. In this article, we provide a contemporary review of the current state of PAD and the role of antithrombotic medications in the treatment of PAD, as well as the current clinical data on vorapaxar and strategies to integrate vorapaxar into contemporary medical management of peripheral artery disease.</p>","PeriodicalId":15281,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology and Therapeutics","volume":" ","pages":"10742484211056115"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39891948","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"IV Sodium Ferric Gluconate Complex in Patients Hospitalized Due to Acute Decompensated Heart Failure and Iron Deficiency.","authors":"Itay Borreda,&nbsp;Robert Zukermann,&nbsp;Danny Epstein,&nbsp;Erez Marcusohn","doi":"10.1177/10742484211055639","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10742484211055639","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> Patients suffering from heart failure (HF) and iron deficiency (ID) have worse outcomes. Treatment with intra-venous (IV) ferric carboxymaltose has been shown to reduce HF rehospitalizations and to improve functional capacity and symptoms in patients with HF and reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). However, IV ferric carboxymaltose is significantly more expensive than IV sodium ferric gluconate complex (SFGC) limiting its availability to most HF patients around the globe. <b>Methods:</b> A retrospective analysis comparing patients admitted to internal medicine or cardiology departments between January 2013 to December 2018 due to acute decompensated HF (ADHF) and treated with or without IV SFGC on top of standard medical therapy. <b>Results:</b> During the study period, a total of 1863 patients were hospitalized due to ADHF with either HFrEF or HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). Among them, 840 patients had laboratory evidence of iron deficiency (absolute or functional) and met the inclusion criteria. One hundred twenty-two of them (14.5%) were treated with IV SFGC during the index hospitalization. Patients treated with IV iron were more likely to have history of ischemic heart disease, atrial fibrillation, and chronic kidney disease. The rate of readmissions due to ADHF was similar between the groups at 30 days, 3 months, and 1 year. <b>Conclusion:</b> High risk patient hospitalized to ADHF and treated with IV SFGC showed comparable ADHF readmission rates, compared to those who did not receive iron supplementation.</p>","PeriodicalId":15281,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology and Therapeutics","volume":" ","pages":"10742484211055639"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39669880","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bioassays of Humoral Cardioprotective Factors Released by Remote Ischemic Conditioning in Patients Undergoing Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery","authors":"H. Lieder, Pia Tüller, Felix Braczko, A. Zandi, M. Kamler, M. Thielmann, G. Heusch, P. Kleinbongard","doi":"10.1177/10742484221097273","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10742484221097273","url":null,"abstract":"Remote ischemic conditioning (RIC) induces the release of circulating cardioprotective factors and attenuates myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury. Evidence for such humoral cardioprotective factor(s) is derived from transfer with plasma (derivatives) from one individual undergoing RIC to another individual’s heart, even across species. With transfer into an isolated perfused heart, only a single plasma (derivative) sample can be studied with infarct size as endpoint, and therefore the comparison of samples before and after RIC or between RIC and placebo is hampered by the inter-individual variation of infarct sizes in isolated perfused hearts. We therefore developed a preparation of cardiomyocytes from a single mouse heart, where aliquots of the same heart can undergo hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) with exposure to buffer, RIC, or placebo samples without or with pharmacological blockade. To validate this approach, we used plasma dialysates taken before and after RIC from patients undergoing coronary bypass grafting who had experienced protection by RIC (troponin release ↓ by 28% vs placebo). The cardiomyocyte bioassay had little variation after H/R with buffer (mean ± standard deviation; 7% ± 2% viable cells) and demonstrated preserved viability after RIC (15% ± 5% vs 6% ± 3% before). For comparison, infarct size in isolated mouse hearts after global ischemia and reperfusion was 22% ± 14% of left ventricular mass after versus 42% ± 14% before RIC. Stattic, an inhibitor of signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)3 protein, abrogated protection in the cardiomyocytes. We have thus established a cardiomyocyte bioassay to analyze RIC’s protection which minimizes inter-individual variation and the use of animals.","PeriodicalId":15281,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology and Therapeutics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48066244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System Inhibitors, Statins, and Beta-Blockers in Diabetic Patients With Critical Limb Ischemia and Foot Lesions","authors":"P. Cimaglia, D. Bernucci, L. Cardelli, A. Carone, G. Scavone, M. Manfrini, S. Censi, S. Calvi, R. Ferrari, G. Campo, L. Dalla Paola","doi":"10.1177/10742484221101980","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10742484221101980","url":null,"abstract":"Medical therapy for secondary prevention is known to be under-used in patients with peripheral artery disease (PAD). Few data are available on the subgroup with critical limb ischemia (CLI). Prescription of cardiovascular preventive therapies was recorded at discharge in a large, prospective cohort of patients admitted for treatment of CLI and foot lesions, stratified for coronary artery disease (CAD) diagnosis. All patients were followed up for at least 1 year. The primary endpoint was major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE). 618 patients were observed for a median follow-up of 981 days. Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) inhibitors, statins, beta-blockers, and antithrombotic drugs were prescribed in 52%, 80%, 51%, and 99% of patients, respectively. However, only 43% of patients received optimal medical therapy (OMT), defined as the combination of RAAS inhibitor plus statin plus at least one antithrombotic drug. It was observed that the prescription of OMT was not affected by the presence of a CAD diagnosis. On the other hand, it was noticed that the renal function affected the prescription of OMT. OMT was independently associated with MACE (HR 0.688, 95%CI 0.475-0.995, P = .047) and, after propensity matching, also with all-cause mortality (HR 0.626, 95%CI 0.409-0.958, P = .031). Beta-blockers prescription was not associated with any outcome. In conclusion, patients with critical limb ischemia are under-treated with cardiovascular preventive therapies, irrespective of a CAD diagnosis. This has consequences on their prognosis.","PeriodicalId":15281,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology and Therapeutics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46761896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nitric Oxide Is the Cause of Nitroglycerin Tolerance: Providing an Old Dog New Tricks for Acute Heart Failure","authors":"W. Kaesemeyer, T. Suvorava","doi":"10.1177/10742484221086091","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10742484221086091","url":null,"abstract":"Our paper highlights the past 50 years of research focusing solely on tolerance involving nitroglycerin (glyceryl trinitrate, GTN). It also identifies and discusses inconsistencies in previous mechanistic explanations that have failed to provide a way to administer GTN continuously, free of limitations from tolerance and without the requirement of a nitrate-free interval. We illustrate, for the first time in 135 years, a mechanism whereby nitric oxide, the mediator of vasodilation by GTN, may also be the cause of tolerance. Based on targeting superoxide from mitochondrial complex I, uncoupled by glutathione depletion in response to nitric oxide from GTN, a novel unit dose GTN formulation in glutathione for use as a continuous i.v. infusion has been proposed. We hypothesize that this will reduce or eliminate tolerance seen currently with i.v. GTN. Finally, to evaluate the new formulation we suggest future studies of this new formulation for the treatment of acute decompensated heart failure.","PeriodicalId":15281,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology and Therapeutics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45114431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Duration of Heart Failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction Associated With Electrocardiographic Outcomes Before and After Sacubitril/Valsartan","authors":"Po-Lin Lin, Ying-Hsiang Lee, Lawrence Yu-Min Liu, C. Tsai, Ten-Fang Yang, Wei-Ru Chiou, Mu-Yang Hsieh, Hung-Yu Chang, Chun-Che Huang","doi":"10.1177/10742484221107799","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10742484221107799","url":null,"abstract":"Aim: Changes in QRS duration in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) after sacubitril/valsartan therapy is not fully understood. This study aimed to assess the association of duration of HFrEF diagnosis with electrocardiographic and echocardiographic outcomes between before and after sacubitril/valsartan. Methods: We included HFrEF patients who received naïve sacubitril/valsartan therapy for ≥3 months, between January 2016 and March 2018. All patients were divided into 2 groups based on their duration of HFrEF. Generalized linear models were analyzed the cardiac outcomes after sacubitril/valsartan therapy by HFrEF duration. Results: Among these, 42 patients were HFrEF duration of <1 year and 47 patients were ≥1 year. The mean difference of QRS duration was lesser in the <1-year group than in the ≥1-year group (−2.3 msec vs 6.3 msec; P = .029). However, the mean difference of left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was higher in the ≥1-year group (13.8% vs 5.8%; P = .008). After adjusting for patient demographics and clinical characteristics, the ≥1-year group had a significantly prolonged QRS duration (coefficient = 11; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.3-21.7) and an unfavorable LVEF recovery (coefficient = −10.3; 95% CI −14.5 to −6.1) compared with the <1-year group. Conclusion: Prolonged QRS durations and unfavorable LVEF recoveries after sacubitril/valsartan therapy were observed in patients with HFrEF duration of ≥1 year. Earlier diagnosis of HFrEF and appropriate medication treatment may be beneficial in the improvement of QRS duration and LVEF recovery.","PeriodicalId":15281,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology and Therapeutics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48067283","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Associations of Atrial Fibrillation Patterns With Mortality and Cardiovascular Events: Implications of the MISOAC-AF Trial.","authors":"Amalia Baroutidou,&nbsp;Anastasios Kartas,&nbsp;Athanasios Samaras,&nbsp;Andreas S Papazoglou,&nbsp;Eleni Vrana,&nbsp;Dimitrios V Moysidis,&nbsp;Evangelos Akrivos,&nbsp;Anastasios Papanastasiou,&nbsp;Ioannis Vouloagkas,&nbsp;Michail Botis,&nbsp;Evangelos Liampas,&nbsp;Artemios G Karagiannidis,&nbsp;Efstratios Karagiannidis,&nbsp;Georgios Efthimiadis,&nbsp;Haralambos Karvounis,&nbsp;Apostolos Tzikas,&nbsp;George Giannakoulas","doi":"10.1177/10742484211069422","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10742484211069422","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aim: </strong>This retrospective cohort study aimed to evaluate the prognostic implications of the distinct atrial fibrillation (AF) temporal patterns: first diagnosed, paroxysmal, and persistent or permanent AF.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this post hoc analysis of the MISOAC-AF trial (NCT02941978), a total of 1052 patients with AF (median age 76 years), discharged from the cardiology ward between 2015 and 2018, were analyzed. Kaplan-Meier and Cox-regression analyses were performed to compare the primary outcome of all-cause mortality, the secondary outcomes of stroke, major bleeding and the composite outcome of cardiovascular (CV) mortality or hospitalization among AF patterns.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of patients, 121 (11.2%) had first diagnosed, 356 (33%) paroxysmal, and 575 (53.2%) persistent or permanent AF. During a median follow-up of 31 months (interquartile range 10 to 52 months), 37.3% of patients died. Compared with paroxysmal AF, patients with persistent or permanent AF had higher mortality rates (adjusted hazard ratio (aHR), 1.37; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.08-1.74, <i>P</i> = .009), but similar CV mortality or hospitalization rates (aHR, 1.09; 95% CI, 0.91-1.31, <i>P</i> = .35). Compared with first diagnosed AF, patients with persistent or permanent AF had similar mortality (aHR, 1.26; 95% CI, 0.87-1.82, <i>P</i> = .24), but higher CV mortality or hospitalization rates (aHR, 1.35; 95% CI, 1.01-1.8, <i>P</i> = .04). Stroke and major bleeding events did not differ across AF patterns (all <i>P</i> > .05).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>In conclusion, in recently hospitalized patients with comorbid AF, the presence of persistent or permanent AF was associated with a higher incidence of mortality and morbidity compared with paroxysmal and first diagnosed AF.</p>","PeriodicalId":15281,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology and Therapeutics","volume":" ","pages":"10742484211069422"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39803411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of Risk Factors Associated With Antihypertensive Treatment Success Employing Data Mining Techniques.","authors":"Selçuk Şen,&nbsp;Denizhan Demirkol,&nbsp;Mert Kaşkal,&nbsp;Murat Gezer,&nbsp;Ayşenur Yaman Bucak,&nbsp;Nermin Gürel,&nbsp;Yasemin Selalmaz,&nbsp;Çiğdem Erol,&nbsp;Ali Yağız Üresin","doi":"10.1177/10742484221136758","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10742484221136758","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study aimed to evaluate the effects of potential risk factors on antihypertensive treatment success.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Patients with hypertension who were treated with antihypertensive medications were included in this study. Data from the last visit were analyzed retrospectively for each patient. To evaluate the predictive models for antihypertensive treatment success, data mining algorithms (logistic regression, decision tree, random forest, and artificial neural network) using 5-fold cross-validation were applied. Additionally, study parameters between patients with controlled and uncontrolled hypertension were statistically compared and multiple regression analyses were conducted for secondary endpoints.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The data of 592 patients were included in the analysis. The overall blood pressure control rate was 44%. The performance of random forest algorithm (accuracy = 97.46%, precision = 97.08%, F1 score = 97.04%) was slightly higher than other data mining algorithms including logistic regression (accuracy = 87.31%, precision = 86.21%, F1 score = 85.74%), decision tree (accuracy = 76.94%, precision = 70.64%, F1 score = 76.54%), and artificial neural network (accuracy = 86.47%, precision = 83.85%, F1 score = 84.86%). The top 5 important categorical variables (predictive correlation value) contributed the most to the prediction of antihypertensive treatment success were use of calcium channel blocker (-0.18), number of antihypertensive medications (0.18), female gender (0.10), alcohol use (-0.09) and attendance at regular follow up visits (0.09), respectively. The top 5 numerical variables contributed the most to the prediction of antihypertensive treatment success were blood urea nitrogen (-0.12), glucose (-0.12), hemoglobin A1c (-0.12), uric acid (-0.09) and creatinine (-0.07), respectively. According to the decision tree model; age, gender, regular attendance at follow-up visits, and diabetes status were identified as the most critical patterns for stratifying the patients.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Data mining algorithms have the potential to produce predictive models for screening the antihypertensive treatment success. Further research on larger populations and longitudinal datasets are required to improve the models.</p>","PeriodicalId":15281,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology and Therapeutics","volume":" ","pages":"10742484221136758"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40440651","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Corrigendum to \"Direct Oral Anticoagulants in the Treatment of Left Ventricular Thrombus: A Retrospective, Multicenter Study and Meta-Analysis of Existing Data\".","authors":"","doi":"10.1177/10742484221091047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10742484221091047","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":15281,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology and Therapeutics","volume":" ","pages":"10742484221091047"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40313405","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of COVID-19 on the Prescribing Pattern of Oral Anticoagulants for Atrial Fibrillation After Cardiac Surgery.","authors":"Dannick Brochu,&nbsp;Amélie St-Arnaud,&nbsp;Louis-Étienne Marchand,&nbsp;Pierre Voisine,&nbsp;Julie Méthot","doi":"10.1177/10742484221128124","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10742484221128124","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Because of logistic challenges associated with the COVID-19 pandemic, direct oral anticoagulants (DOAC) were favored over warfarin in patients presenting postoperative atrial fibrillation (AF) after cardiac surgery in our institution. Considering the limited evidence supporting the use of DOAC in this context, we sought to evaluate the safety and efficacy of this practice change.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A retrospective study was performed with patients from the Quebec City metropolitan area who were hospitalized at the Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec-Université Laval following cardiac surgery and who required oral anticoagulant (OAC) for postoperative AF. The primary objective was to compare the pre- and peri-COVID-19 period for OAC prescribing patterns and the incidence of thrombotic and bleeding events at 3 months post-surgery. The secondary objective was to compare DOAC to warfarin in terms of thrombotic events and bleeding events.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 233 patients were included, 142 from the pre-COVID-19 and 91 from the peri-COVID-19 period, respectively. Both groups had equivalent proportions of preoperative AF (48%) and new-onset postoperative AF (52%). The proportion of patients treated with a DOAC increased from 13% pre-COVID-19 to 82% peri-COVID-19. This change in practice was not associated with a significant difference in the incidence of thrombotic or bleeding events 3 months postoperatively. However, compared to DOAC, warfarin was associated with a higher incidence of major bleeding. Only 1 thrombotic event was reported with warfarin, and none were reported with DOAC.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study suggests that DOAC are an effective and safe alternative to warfarin to treat postoperative AF after cardiac surgery and that this practice can be safely maintained.</p>","PeriodicalId":15281,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology and Therapeutics","volume":" ","pages":"10742484221128124"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40393641","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}