Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology and Therapeutics最新文献

{"title":"Randomized Clinical and Biochemical Study Comparing the Effect of L-arginine and Sildenafil in Beta Thalassemia Major Children With High Tricuspid Regurgitant Jet Velocity.","authors":"Eman El-Khateeb,&nbsp;Sahar Mohamed El-Haggar,&nbsp;Osama El-Razaky,&nbsp;Mohamed Ramadan El-Shanshory,&nbsp;Tarek Mohamed Mostafa","doi":"10.1177/10742484221132671","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10742484221132671","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Pulmonary hypertension (PHT) is common in β-thalassemia patients due to hemolysis, iron overload and diminished nitric oxide (NO) levels. Biochemical markers can help to understand the pathophysiology and to introduce new therapies for this condition.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of L-arginine and sildenafil in thalassemia children with PHT at both clinical and biochemical levels.</p><p><strong>Methods and results: </strong>In a randomized controlled study, 60 β-thalassemia major children with PHT were divided into 3 equal groups; Control group (Conventional thalassemia and PHT management), L-arginine group (Conventional + Oral L-arginine 0.1 mg.kg^-1 daily), and sildenafil group (Conventional + Oral sildenafil 0.25 mg.kg^-1 two times a day) for 60 days. Tricuspid Regurgitant Jet Velocity (TRJV) with Doppler echocardiography along with serum levels of NO, asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), interleukin 1-beta (IL-1β), E-selectin, and visfatin were followed-up at baseline, 30, and 60 days after treatment. Both drugs reduced the TRJV significantly. NO was significantly higher in both L-arginine and sildenafil groups after 60 days compared to baseline, while visfatin levels were lower. Only L-arginine reduced ADMA levels compared to baseline, while sildenafil did not. E-selectin and IL-1β levels did not change remarkably by both drugs. NO and TRJV showed significant negative correlations in both treatment groups.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>L-arginine and sildenafil could clinically ameliorate chronic PHT whereas, L-arginine showed superiority to sildenafil on some biochemical markers.</p>","PeriodicalId":15281,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology and Therapeutics","volume":"27 ","pages":"10742484221132671"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10412336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Continuation Versus Interruption of Renin-Angiotensin System Inhibitors in Acute Decompensated Heart Failure: A Brief Report","authors":"Christian Bernhardi, S. Fendt, Brent N. Reed, G. Ramani, S. Gale","doi":"10.1177/10742484221100127","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10742484221100127","url":null,"abstract":"Evidence suggests that interruption of beta-blockers during acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) in the absence of contraindications leads to poorer long-term outcomes. This study assesses whether similar effects occur when interrupting renin-angiotensin system inhibitor (RASi) therapy in ADHF. Data were retrospectively analyzed from patients admitted from 2015 to 2020 with ADHF and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) ≤ 40% taking RASi therapy prior to admission. Patients were excluded if they required acute inotropic therapy or mechanical circulatory support, had worsening renal function (WRF), hyperkalemia, or symptomatic hypotension on admission. The primary endpoint was readmission for heart failure, which was analyzed using Cox regression analysis. One-hundred patients were included, with 22 patients in the interruption group and 78 patients in the continuation group. Baseline characteristics for each group were similar except for older age (67.4 vs 58.9 years; P = .014) and lower systolic blood pressure (120.5 vs 132.3 mm Hg; P = .037) in the interruption group. Interrupting RASi therapy was associated with a nonsignificant increase in the primary outcome (13.6% vs 5.1%; P = .177). Patients continuing RASi therapy were discharged on higher doses (10.1 vs 17.9 mg lisinopril equivalents; P = .044). Additionally, patients with interrupted RASi therapy were more likely to be re-admitted for WRF at 30-, 60-, and 90-day increments and at any-time after discharge (P < .05 for all). Adverse effects were similar except for more frequent hypotension in the interruption group at 72 hours (40.9% vs 14.1%; P = .013) and at any time (50% vs 19.2%; P = .004). In patients admitted for acute decompensated heart failure, RASi continuation in the absence of contraindications appears safe and was associated with more optimal guideline-directed medical therapy at discharge.","PeriodicalId":15281,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology and Therapeutics","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42977862","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Long-Term Study Evaluating the Effects of Nicorandil Treatment on Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy-Associated Cardiomyopathy in mdx Mice","authors":"Melanie Gartz, Margaret Haberman, M. Prom, M. Beatka, J. Strande, M. Lawlor","doi":"10.1177/10742484221088655","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10742484221088655","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a neuromuscular disease caused by dystrophin gene mutations affecting striated muscle. Due to advances in skeletal muscle treatment, cardiomyopathy has emerged as a leading cause of death. Previously, nicorandil, a drug with antioxidant and nitrate-like properties, ameliorated cardiac damage and improved cardiac function in young, injured mdx mice. Nicorandil mitigated damage by stimulating antioxidant activity and limiting pro-oxidant expression. Here, we examined whether nicorandil was similarly cardioprotective in aged mdx mice. Methods and Results: Nicorandil (6 mg/kg) was given over 15 months. Echocardiography of mdx mice showed some functional defects at 12 months compared to wild-type (WT) mice, but not at 15 months. Disease manifestation was evident in mdx mice via treadmill assays and survival, but not open field and grip strength assays. Cardiac levels of SOD2 and NOX4 were decreased in mdx vs. WT. Nicorandil increased survival in mdx but did not alter cardiac function, fibrosis, diaphragm function or muscle fatigue. Conclusions: In contrast to our prior work in young, injured mdx mice, nicorandil did not exert cardioprotective effects in 15 month aged mdx mice. Discordant findings may be explained by the lack of cardiac disease manifestation in aged mdx mice compared to WT, whereas significant cardiac dysfunction was previously seen with the sub-acute injury in young mice. Therefore, we are not able to conclude any cardioprotective effects with long-term nicorandil treatment in aging mdx mice.","PeriodicalId":15281,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology and Therapeutics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43694026","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gender Related Differences in Gastrointestinal Bleeding With Oral Anticoagulation in Atrial Fibrillation.","authors":"Eliana Ferroni,&nbsp;Gentian Denas,&nbsp;Nicola Gennaro,&nbsp;Ugo Fedeli,&nbsp;Vittorio Pengo","doi":"10.1177/10742484211054609","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10742484211054609","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> DOACs are characterized by a higher incidence of gastrointestinal bleeding and this may be different among males and females. Female patients were underrepresented in the DOAC pivotal trials. We aimed to assess real-world differences in gastrointestinal bleeding with oral anticoagulants (DOACs and VKAs) among males and females with atrial fibrillation. <b>Methods:</b> We performed a population-based retrospective analysis on linked administrative claims. Atrial fibrillation patients of 65 years and above were considered. Bleeding risk factors were assessed through HASBED and previous history of gastrointestinal disease. A time-to-event analysis compared gastrointestinal bleeding between males and females. <b>Results:</b> The overall cohort consisted of 15338 (55% female) DOAC and 44542 (50% female) VKA users. Most of the patients showed HASBED ≥2. Incidence rate of GI bleeding was higher in females as compared to males among DOAC users (0.90% vs 0.59%), and significant gender difference in GI bleeding was found, after adjustment, in the Cox regression analysis (HR 1.48, 95%CI 1.02-2.16). In the VKA group, no significant difference among genders was found in the time-to-event analysis. <b>Conclusions:</b> Our data suggest that female patients treated with DOACs have a higher risk of GI bleeding versus male patients; this difference is not observed in VKA patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":15281,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology and Therapeutics","volume":" ","pages":"10742484211054609"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39794842","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"CSL112 (Apolipoprotein A-I [Human]) Strongly Enhances Plasma Apoa-I and Cholesterol Efflux Capacity in Post-Acute Myocardial Infarction Patients: A PK/PD Substudy of the AEGIS-I Trial.","authors":"C Michael Gibson,&nbsp;Syed Hassan A Kazmi,&nbsp;Serge Korjian,&nbsp;Gerald Chi,&nbsp;Adam T Phillips,&nbsp;Sahar Memar Montazerin,&nbsp;Danielle Duffy,&nbsp;Bo Zheng,&nbsp;Mark Heise,&nbsp;Charles Liss,&nbsp;Lawrence I Deckelbaum,&nbsp;Samuel D Wright,&nbsp;Andreas Gille","doi":"10.1177/10742484221121507","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10742484221121507","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Cholesterol efflux capacity (CEC) is impaired following acute myocardial infarction (AMI). CSL112 is an intravenous preparation of human plasma-derived apoA-I formulated with phosphatidylcholine (PC). CSL112 is intended to improve CEC and thereby prevent early recurrent cardiovascular events following AMI. AEGIS-I (ApoA-I Event Reducing in Ischemic Syndromes I) was a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging phase 2b study, designed to evaluate the hepatic and renal safety of CSL112. Here, we report an analysis of a pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) substudy of AEGIS-I.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>AMI patients were stratified by renal function and randomized 3:3:2 to 4, weekly, 2-hour infusions of low- and high-dose (2 g and 6 g) CSL112, or placebo. PK/PD assessments included plasma concentrations of apoA-I and PC, and measures of total and ABCA1-dependent CEC, as well as lipids/lipoproteins including high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), non-HDL-C, low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), ApoB, and triglycerides. Inflammatory and cardio-metabolic biomarkers were also evaluated.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The substudy included 63 subjects from AEGIS-I. CSL112 infusions resulted in rapid, dose-dependent increases in baseline corrected apoA-I and PC, which peaked at the end of the infusion (T_max ≈ 2 hours). Similarly, there was a dose-dependent elevation in both total CEC and ABCA1-mediated CEC. Mild renal impairment did not affect the PK or PD of CSL112. CSL112 administration was also associated with an increase in plasma levels of HDL-C but not non-HDL-C, LDL-C, apoB, or triglycerides. No dose-effects on inflammatory or cardio-metabolic biomarkers were observed.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Among patients with AMI, impaired CEC was rapidly elevated by CSL112 infusions in a dose-dependent fashion, along with an increase in apoA-I plasma concentrations. Findings from the current sub-study of the AEGIS-I support a potential atheroprotective benefit of CSL112 for AMI patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":15281,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology and Therapeutics","volume":"27 ","pages":"10742484221121507"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10412335","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association of Cardiovascular Disease and Military Veteran Status With Impairments in Physical and Psychological Functioning: Retrospective Cross-Sectional Analysis of US National Survey Data","authors":"Nicole K. Early, Kelsey Buckley, Nana Entsuah, K. Fairman","doi":"10.1177/10742484221091015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10742484221091015","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: The Veterans Health Administration (VHA) provides multidisciplinary team-based care with peer-to-peer support for diabetes and obesity, but not for most heart diseases. Objective: To inform disease-care models, assess physical and psychological functioning in veterans with, or at high risk of, heart disease. Methods: Retrospective, cross-sectional cohort analysis of data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2015-2019, based on standard measures of functioning: self-rated health, serious psychological distress, and high-risk substance use. Cohorts were veterans with respondent-reported heart disease, or at high risk of cardiovascular disease based on age/comorbidity combinations (HD/risk); nonveterans with HD/risk; and veterans without HD/risk. Ordinal logistic regression models adjusted for demographics, social determinants of health, and chronic conditions. A priori alpha was set to 0.01 because of large sample size (N = 28,314). Results: Among those with HD/risk, veterans (n = 3,483) and nonveterans (n = 16,438) had similar physical impairments, but distress trended higher among veterans (adjusted odds ratio = 1.36, 99% confidence interval [CI] = 0.99-1.86). Among those with comorbid HD/risk and behavioral health problems, regression-adjusted treatment rates were similar for veterans and nonveterans with psychological symptoms (55.9% vs. 55.2%, respectively, P = 0.531) or high-risk substance use (18.7% vs. 19.4%, P = .547); veterans were more likely to receive outpatient mental health treatment (36.1% [CI = 34.4%-37.8%] vs. 28.9% [CI = 28.2%-29.6%]). Conclusion: An upward trend in distress among veterans compared with nonveterans with HD/risk was not explained by differences in behavioral health treatment utilization. Further research should test multidisciplinary team-based care for veterans with HD/risk, similar to that used for other chronic diseases.","PeriodicalId":15281,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology and Therapeutics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46784271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Direct Ischemic Postconditioning After Carotid Endarterectomy in the Prevention of Postoperative Cerebral Ischemic Complications-Observational Case-Control Study.","authors":"Nenad Ilijevski,&nbsp;Igor Atanasijević,&nbsp;Branko Lozuk,&nbsp;Predrag Gajin,&nbsp;Predrag Matić,&nbsp;Srđan Babić,&nbsp;Dragan Sagić,&nbsp;Dragana Unić-Stojanović,&nbsp;Slobodan Tanasković","doi":"10.1177/10742484221137489","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10742484221137489","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Ischemic postconditioning (IPCT) represents one of the several therapeutic strategies to attenuate ischemic reperfusion injury (IR) after carotid endarterectomy (CEA). We here present the first in-human study of IPCT in carotid surgery.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The study represents an observational case-control study, with the data collected in our Institution carotid database. From December 2015 to December 2020, a total of 300 patients were included in our study; IPCT group consisted of 148 patients in whom ischemic postconditioning was performed while control group consisted of 152 patients in whom IPCT was not performed. Indications for IPCT technique were: severe unilateral internal carotid artery (ICA) stenosis (>90%), severe bilateral ICA stenosis (>80%), severe ICA stenosis (>80%) with contralateral ICA occlusion and ICA subocclusion. IPCT was performed by applying 6 cycles of 30 sec reperfusion (declamping of ICA)/30 sec ischemia (clamping of ICA) after finishing the procedure and initial declamping. Two groups of patients were compared in terms of occurrence of intrahospital and early postoperative stroke, TIA (transient ischemic attack) and neurologic morbidity.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Cumulative incidence of intrahospital postoperative stroke or TIA was significantly higher in the control group (5.3% vs 0.7%, <i>P</i> = .036). According to carotid plaque characteristics, patients in the IPCT group had significantly more frequent presence of heterogenous plaque, as well as ulcerated plaque, which was associated with the absence of postoperative stroke and significantly lower cumulative rate of TIA/stroke when compared to the control group (43.9% vs 8% and 47.3% vs 1.5%). During the follow-up period of 1 month after the surgery, there were no cases of stroke, TIA and deaths due to neurological causes in both groups of patients.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our results showed that IPCT significantly reduced the incidence of postoperative cerebral ischemic complications after CEA in high-risk patients for IR injury when compared to the control group.</p>","PeriodicalId":15281,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology and Therapeutics","volume":"27 ","pages":"10742484221137489"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10762135","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Efficacy and Safety of Sacubitril/Valsartan in Heart Failure Patients: A Review.","authors":"Rui Zhang,&nbsp;Xiaotong Sun,&nbsp;Ya Li,&nbsp;Wenzheng He,&nbsp;Hongguang Zhu,&nbsp;Baoshan Liu,&nbsp;Aiyuan Zhang","doi":"10.1177/10742484211058681","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10742484211058681","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Heart failure (HF) is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Sacubitril/valsartan, an angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitor, has been approved for the treatment of HF. At present, there have been few systematic and detailed reviews discussing the efficacy and safety of sacubitril/valsartan in HF. In this review, we first introduced the pharmacological mechanisms of sacubitril/valsartan, including the reduction in the degradation of natriuretic peptides in the natriuretic peptide system and inhibition of the renin-angiotensin system. Then, we summarized the efficacy of sacubitril/valsartan in HF patients with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) or preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) including the reduction in risks of mortality and hospitalization, reversal of cardiac remodeling, regulation of biomarkers of HF, improvement of the quality of life, antiarrhythmia, improving renal dysfunction and regulation of metabolism. Finally, we discussed the safety and tolerability of sacubitril/valsartan in the treatment of HFrEF or HFpEF. Compared with ACEIs/ARBs or placebo, sacubitril/valsartan showed good safety and tolerability, although the risk of hypotension might be high. In conclusion, the overwhelming majority of studies show that sacubitril/valsartan is effective and safe in the treatment of HFrEF patients but that it has little benefit in HFpEF patients. Sacubitril/valsartan will probably be a promising anti-HF drug in the near future.</p>","PeriodicalId":15281,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology and Therapeutics","volume":" ","pages":"10742484211058681"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39793107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Review of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension Treatment in Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation: A Case Series of Adult Patients.","authors":"Heather Torbic,&nbsp;Benjamin Hohlfelder,&nbsp;Sudhir Krishnan,&nbsp;Adriano R Tonelli","doi":"10.1177/10742484211069005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10742484211069005","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Little data is published describing the use of medications prescribed for pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) in patients receiving extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). Even though many patients with PAH may require ECMO as a bridge to transplant or recovery, little is reported regarding the use of PAH medications in this setting.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This retrospective case series summarizes the clinical experience of 8 patients with PAH receiving ECMO and reviews medication management in the setting of ECMO.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Eight PAH patients, 5 of whom were female, ranging in age from 21 to 61 years old, were initiated on ECMO. Veno-arterial (VA) ECMO was used in 4 patients, veno-venous (VV) ECMO and hybrid ECMO configurations in 2 patients respectively. Common indications for ECMO included cardiogenic shock, bridge to transplant, and cardiac arrest. All patients were on intravenous (IV) prostacyclin therapy at baseline. Refractory hypotension was noted in 7 patients of whom 5 patients required downtitration or discontinuation of baseline PAH therapies. Three patients had continuous inhaled epoprostenol added during their time on ECMO. In patients who were decannulated from ECMO, PAH therapies were typically resumed or titrated back to baseline dosages. One patient required no adjustment in PAH therapy while on ECMO. Two patients were not able to be decannulated from ECMO.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The treatment of critically ill PAH patients is challenging given a variety of factors that could affect PAH drug concentrations. In particular, PAH patients on prostacyclin analogues placed on VA ECMO appear to have pronounced systemic vasodilation requiring vasopressors which is alleviated by temporarily reducing the intravenous prostacyclin dose. Patients should be closely monitored for potential need for rapid titrations in prostacyclin therapy to maintain hemodynamic stability.</p>","PeriodicalId":15281,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology and Therapeutics","volume":" ","pages":"10742484211069005"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39891945","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Comprehensive Review of PCSK9 Inhibitors","authors":"Caroline Coppinger, M. Movahed, Veronica Azemawah, Lee Peyton, J. Gregory, Mehrnoosh Hashemzadeh","doi":"10.1177/10742484221100107","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10742484221100107","url":null,"abstract":"Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in the United States and worldwide. A major risk factor for this condition is increased serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels for which statins have been successful in reducing serum LDL-C to healthy concentrations. However, patients who are statin intolerant or those who do not achieve their treatment goals while on high-intensity statin therapy, such as those with familial hypercholesterolemia, remain at risk. With the discovery of PCSK9 inhibitors, the ability to provide more aggressive treatment for patients with homozygous and heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia has increased. Ezetimibe reduces LDL-C by 15%-20% when combined with statin. 2,3 Protein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibitors have been found to achieve profound reductions in LDL-C (54%-74%) when added to statins. They have shown dramatic effects at lowering major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) in high-risk patients 4 with LDL-C levels ≥70 mg/dL and can be used in populations that are statin intolerant or not at goal levels with maximally tolerated statin therapy. PCSK9 inhibitors also produce minimal side effects. Myopathy, a common side effect for patients on statins, has been rare in patients on PCSK9 inhibitors. Randomized trials have shown that reduction in LDL-C has translated to clinical benefits even in patients who have not achieved their LDL-C target.","PeriodicalId":15281,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology and Therapeutics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49085836","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}