Journal of autoimmunity最新文献

{"title":"Peripheral helper T cells in human diseases","authors":"Xueyang Zou ,&nbsp;Feifei Huo ,&nbsp;Lulu Sun ,&nbsp;Jing Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.jaut.2024.103218","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaut.2024.103218","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Peripheral helper T cells (Tph) are a specialized subset of CD4⁺ T cells with the ability to help B cells and induce antibody production. Although usually located in ectopic lymphoid-like structures (ELS), inside the peripheral blood, Tph cells can also be identified. The aberrant proliferation and functions of Tph cells are commonly found in the patients with disease. In this review, first we will summarize the biological characteristics of Tph cells, such as the expression of surface molecules, transcription factors and cytokines, and discuss its B cell help functions. Tph cells also have roles in a wide range of human diseases, including autoimmune diseases, infectious diseases, malignancies etc. Therefore, there is a strong interest in targeting Tph cells to improve treat strategies of human diseases.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":15245,"journal":{"name":"Journal of autoimmunity","volume":"145 ","pages":"Article 103218"},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2024-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0896841124000520/pdfft?md5=343e9e9aaf7c920a9ca01f2c17b0a8ea&pid=1-s2.0-S0896841124000520-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140345282","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Engineered Treg cells: The heir to the throne of immunotherapy","authors":"Adriana Stucchi ,&nbsp;Federica Maspes ,&nbsp;Ely Montee-Rodrigues ,&nbsp;Georgia Fousteri","doi":"10.1016/j.jaut.2022.102986","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaut.2022.102986","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span><span>Recently, increased interest in the use of Tregs<span> as adoptive cell therapy for the treatment of autoimmune diseases and </span></span>transplant rejection<span> had led to several advances in the field. However, Treg cell therapies, while constantly advancing, indiscriminately suppress the immune system<span> without the permanent stabilization of certain diseases. Genetically modified Tregs hold great promise towards solving these problems, but, challenges in identifying the most potent Treg subtype, accompanied by the ambiguity involved in identifying the optimal Treg source, along with its expansion and engineering in a clinical-grade setting remain paramount. This review highlights the recent advances in methodologies for the development of genetically engineered Treg cell-based treatments for autoimmune, </span></span></span>inflammatory diseases, and organ rejection. Additionally, it provides a systematized guide to all the recent progress in the field and informs the readers of the feasibility and safety of engineered adoptive Treg cell therapy, with the aim to provide a framework for researchers involved in the development of engineered Tregs.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":15245,"journal":{"name":"Journal of autoimmunity","volume":"144 ","pages":"Article 102986"},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10526777","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterization of Th17 tissue-resident memory cells in non-inflamed intestinal tissue of Crohn's disease patients","authors":"Yoonho Lee ,&nbsp;Jiwon Baek ,&nbsp;Sojung Park ,&nbsp;Yongjae Kim ,&nbsp;Sung Wook Hwang ,&nbsp;Jong Lyul Lee ,&nbsp;Sang Hyoung Park ,&nbsp;Jihun Kim ,&nbsp;Suk-Kyun Yang ,&nbsp;Buhm Han ,&nbsp;Mi-Na Kweon ,&nbsp;Kyuyoung Song ,&nbsp;Yong Sik Yoon ,&nbsp;Byong Duk Ye ,&nbsp;Ho-Su Lee","doi":"10.1016/j.jaut.2024.103206","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaut.2024.103206","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Crohn's disease (CD) is a chronic inflammatory disorder affecting the bowel wall. Tissue-resident memory T (Trm) cells are implicated in CD, yet their characteristics remain unclear. We aimed to investigate the transcriptional profiles and functional characteristics of Trm cells in the small bowel of CD and their interactions with immune cells. Seven patients with CD and four with ulcerative colitis as controls were included. Single-cell RNA sequencing and paired T cell receptor sequencing assessed T cell subsets and transcriptional signatures in lamina propria (LP) and submucosa/muscularis propria-enriched fractions (SM/MP) from small bowel tissue samples. We detected 58,123 T cells grouped into 16 populations, including the CD4⁺ Trm cells with a Th17 signature and CD8⁺ Trm clusters. In CD, CD4⁺ Trm cells with a Th17 signature, termed Th17 Trm, showed significantly increased proportions within both the LP and SM/MP areas. The Th17 Trm cluster demonstrated heightened expression of tissue-residency marker genes (<em>ITGAE, ITGA1</em>, and <em>CXCR6</em>) along with elevated levels of <em>IL17A</em>, <em>IL22, CCR6,</em> and <em>CCL20</em>. The clonal expansion of Th17 Trm cells in CD was accompanied by enhanced transmural dynamic potential, as indicated by significantly higher migration scores. CD-prominent Th17 Trm cells displayed an increased interferon gamma (IFNγ)-related signature possibly linked with <em>STAT1</em> activation, inducing chemokines (i.e., <em>CXCL10</em>, <em>CXCL8</em>, and <em>CXCL9</em>) in myeloid cells. Our findings underscored the elevated Th17 Trm cells throughout the small bowel in CD, contributing to disease pathogenesis through IFNγ induction and subsequent chemokine production in myeloid cells.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":15245,"journal":{"name":"Journal of autoimmunity","volume":"145 ","pages":"Article 103206"},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2024-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140328000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Balancing efficacy and safety of complement inhibitors","authors":"Kanako Watanabe-Kusunoki ,&nbsp;Hans-Joachim Anders","doi":"10.1016/j.jaut.2024.103216","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaut.2024.103216","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Complement inhibitors have been approved for several immune-mediated diseases and they are considered the next paradigm-shifting approach in the treatment of glomerulonephritis. The hierarchical organization of the complement system offers numerous molecular targets for therapeutic intervention. However, complement is an integral element of host defense and therefore complement inhibition can be associated with serious infectious complications. Here we give a closer look to the hierarchical complement system and how interfering with proximal versus distal or selective versus unselective molecular targets could determine efficacy and safety. Furthermore, we propose to consider the type of disease, immunological activity, and patient immunocompetence when stratifying patients, e.g., proximal/unselective targets for highly active and potentially fatal diseases while distal and selective targets may suit more chronic disease conditions with low or moderate disease activity requiring persistent complement blockade in patients with concomitant immunodeficiency. Certainly, there exists substantial promise for anti-complement therapeutics. However, balancing efficacy and safety will be key to establish powerful treatment effects with minimal adverse events, especially when complement blockade is continued over longer periods of time in chronic disorders.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":15245,"journal":{"name":"Journal of autoimmunity","volume":"145 ","pages":"Article 103216"},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2024-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0896841124000507/pdfft?md5=a9e655f57ca6c93c8b4e1f148192992c&pid=1-s2.0-S0896841124000507-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140320968","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Developmental drugs for sarcoidosis.","authors":"Ogugua Ndili Obi, Lesley Ann Saketkoo, Lisa A Maier, Robert P Baughman","doi":"10.1016/j.jaut.2024.103179","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaut.2024.103179","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Sarcoidosis is a multi-organ granulomatous inflammatory disease of unknown etiology. Over 50% of patients will require treatment at some point in their disease and 10%-30% will develop a chronic progressive disease with pulmonary fibrosis leading to significant morbidity and mortality. Recently published guidelines recommend immunosuppressive therapy for sarcoidosis patients at risk of increased disease-related morbidity and mortality, and in whom disease has negatively impacted quality of life. Prednisone the currently recommended first line therapy is associated with significant toxicity however none of the other guideline recommended steroid sparing therapy is approved by regulatory agencies for use in sarcoidosis, and data in support of their use is weak. For patients with severe refractory disease requiring prolonged therapy, treatment options are limited. The need for expanding treatment options in sarcoidosis has been emphasized. Well conducted large, randomized trials evaluating currently available therapeutic options as well as novel pathways for targeting disease are necessary to better guide treatment decisions. These trials will not be without significant challenges. Sarcoidosis is a rare disease with heterogenous presentation and variable progression and clinical outcome. There are no universally agreed upon biomarkers of disease activity and measurement of outcomes is confounded by the need to balance patient centric measures and objective measures of disease activity. Our paper provides an update on developmental drugs in sarcoidosis and outlines several novel pathways that may be targeted for future drug development. Currently available trials are highlighted and ongoing challenges to drug development and clinical trial design are briefly discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":15245,"journal":{"name":"Journal of autoimmunity","volume":" ","pages":"103179"},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2024-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140318366","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A reverse translational approach reveals the protective roles of Mangifera indica in inflammatory bowel disease","authors":"Anella Saviano ,&nbsp;Anna Schettino ,&nbsp;Nunzia Iaccarino ,&nbsp;Adel Abo Mansour ,&nbsp;Jenefa Begum ,&nbsp;Noemi Marigliano ,&nbsp;Federica Raucci ,&nbsp;Francesca Romano ,&nbsp;Gelsomina Riccardi ,&nbsp;Emma Mitidieri ,&nbsp;Roberta d'Emmanuele di Villa Bianca ,&nbsp;Ivana Bello ,&nbsp;Elisabetta Panza ,&nbsp;Martina Smimmo ,&nbsp;Valentina Vellecco ,&nbsp;Peter Rimmer ,&nbsp;Jonathan Cheesbrough ,&nbsp;Zhaogong Zhi ,&nbsp;Tariq H. Iqbal ,&nbsp;Stefano Pieretti ,&nbsp;Francesco Maione","doi":"10.1016/j.jaut.2024.103181","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaut.2024.103181","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) are chronic intestinal disorders often characterized by a dysregulation of T cells, specifically T helper (Th) 1, 17 and T regulatory (Treg) repertoire. Increasing evidence demonstrates that dietary polyphenols from <em>Mangifera indica</em> L. extract (MIE, commonly known as mango) mitigate intestinal inflammation and splenic Th17/Treg ratio. In this study, we aimed to dissect the immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory properties of MIE using a reverse translational approach, by initially using blood from an adult IBD inception cohort and then investigating the mechanism of action in a preclinical model of T cell-driven colitis. Of clinical relevance, MIE modulates TNF-α and IL-17 levels in LPS spiked sera from IBD patients as an <em>ex vivo</em> model of intestinal barrier breakdown. Preclinically, therapeutic administration of MIE significantly reduced colitis severity, pathogenic T-cell intestinal infiltrate and intestinal pro-inflammatory mediators (IL-6, IL-17A, TNF-α, IL-2, IL-22). Moreover, MIE reversed colitis-induced gut permeability and restored tight junction functionality and intestinal metabolites. Mechanistic insights revealed MIE had direct effects on blood vascular endothelial cells, blocking TNF-α/IFN-γ-induced up-regulation of COX-2 and the DP2 receptors. Collectively, we demonstrate the therapeutic potential of MIE to reverse the immunological perturbance during the onset of colitis and dampen the systemic inflammatory response, paving the way for its clinical use as nutraceutical and/or functional food.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":15245,"journal":{"name":"Journal of autoimmunity","volume":"144 ","pages":"Article 103181"},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2024-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140191187","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Kidney manifestations of sarcoidosis.","authors":"Francesco Bonella, Adriane Dm Vorselaars, Benjamin Wilde","doi":"10.1016/j.jaut.2024.103207","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaut.2024.103207","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Renal involvement is a clinically relevant organ manifestation of sarcoidosis, leading to increased morbidity and complications. Although the exact incidence remains unknown, renal disease is likely to occur in up to one third of all sarcoidosis patients. Every patient with newly diagnosed sarcoidosis should receive a renal work-up and screening for disrupted calcium metabolism. Amid various forms of glomerulonephritis, granulomatous interstitial nephritis is the most common one, but it rarely leads to renal impairment. Histologically, granulomas can be absent. Nephrocalcinosis and nephrolithiasis are frequent forms when hypercalcaemia or hypercalciuria occur. Drugs used for treatment of systemic sarcoidosis can also cause renal damage. Due to its high heterogeneity, renal sarcoidosis can be difficult to treat. Glucocorticoids and various immunosuppressive treatments have been proven to be effective based on case series, but clinical trials are lacking. A treatment guideline for renal sarcoidosis is urgently needed. In this review article, we present an overview of the different forms of renal sarcoidosis and the diagnostic steps to confirm renal involvement; in addition, we provide insights on the management and available treatments. A better understanding regarding the pathogenesis of sarcoidosis is the key for the development of more specific, targeted therapies.</p>","PeriodicalId":15245,"journal":{"name":"Journal of autoimmunity","volume":" ","pages":"103207"},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2024-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140193881","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantitative and structural changes of blood platelet cytoskeleton proteins in multiple sclerosis (MS)","authors":"Angela Dziedzic ,&nbsp;Sylwia Michlewska ,&nbsp;Piotr Jóźwiak ,&nbsp;Janusz Dębski ,&nbsp;Michał Seweryn Karbownik ,&nbsp;Łukasz Łaczmański ,&nbsp;Dorota Kujawa ,&nbsp;Sława Glińska ,&nbsp;Elżbieta Miller ,&nbsp;Marta Niwald ,&nbsp;Malgorzata Kloc ,&nbsp;Łucja Balcerzak ,&nbsp;Joanna Saluk","doi":"10.1016/j.jaut.2024.103204","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaut.2024.103204","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Epidemiological studies show that cardiovascular events related to platelet hyperactivity remain the leading causes of death among multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. Quantitative or structural changes of platelet cytoskeleton alter their morphology and function. Here, we demonstrated, for the first time, the structural changes in MS platelets that may be related to their hyperactivity. MS platelets were found to form large aggregates compared to control platelets. In contrast to the control, the images of overactivated, irregularly shaped MS platelets show changes in the cytoskeleton architecture, fragmented microtubule rings. Furthermore, MS platelets have long and numerous pseudopodia rich in actin filaments. We showed that MS platelets and megakaryocytes, overexpress β1-tubulin and β-actin mRNAs and proteins and have altered post-translational modification patterns. Moreover, we identified two previously undisclosed mutations in the gene encoding β1-tubulin in MS. We propose that the demonstrated structural changes of platelet cytoskeleton enhance their ability to adhere, aggregate, and degranulate fueling the risk of adverse cardiovascular events in MS.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":15245,"journal":{"name":"Journal of autoimmunity","volume":"145 ","pages":"Article 103204"},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2024-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0896841124000386/pdfft?md5=a41054fcce5fa412ecab10fa36a18af5&pid=1-s2.0-S0896841124000386-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140190702","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anti-DNA antibody-targeted D-peptide nanoparticles ameliorate lupus nephritis in MRL/lpr mice","authors":"Yaqi Wang ,&nbsp;Shuang Wang ,&nbsp;Wei Liu ,&nbsp;Hanjiang Gu ,&nbsp;Mai Luo ,&nbsp;Tong Xiao ,&nbsp;Mingzhu Zhou ,&nbsp;Yutong Ran ,&nbsp;Shengxiang Xiao ,&nbsp;Yumin Xia ,&nbsp;Huixia Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.jaut.2024.103205","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaut.2024.103205","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Peptide ALW (ALWPPNLHAWVP) targeting anti-dsDNA antibodies has shown promising therapeutic effects in alleviating lupus nephritis, but is potentially limited by poor stability and non-kidney targeting. We recently developed a D-form modified ALW, called D-ALW, which has the capacity to widely inhibit pathogenic polyclonal anti-dsDNA antibody reactions. Further modification of D-ALW using PEG-PLGA nanoparticles to enhance good kidney-targeting ability and extend half-life. Here, we demonstrate that the D-form modified ALW maintains higher binding and inhibition efficiencies and achieves higher stability. Most importantly, D-ALW nanoparticles exhibit excellent kidney-targeting ability and prolong the half-life of the peptides in BALB/c mice. Additionally, compared to D-ALW, D-ALW nanoparticles significantly reduce the glomerular deposition of IgG and C3, improve renal histopathologies, such as glomerular proliferation and inflammatory cells infiltration, and markedly prolong lifespan in MRL/lpr lupus-prone mice. Overall, these results establish that the D-ALW nanoparticles offer synergistic benefits in both safety and efficacy, providing long-term renal preservation and treatment advantages in lupus nephritis.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":15245,"journal":{"name":"Journal of autoimmunity","volume":"145 ","pages":"Article 103205"},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2024-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0896841124000398/pdfft?md5=8fe2a503ed5a3efef7b45813c2d9345f&pid=1-s2.0-S0896841124000398-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140138757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Global and regional epidemiology of psoriatic arthritis in patients with psoriasis: A comprehensive systematic analysis and modelling study","authors":"Zijian Kang ,&nbsp;Xueliang Zhang ,&nbsp;Yu Du ,&nbsp;Sheng-Ming Dai","doi":"10.1016/j.jaut.2024.103202","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaut.2024.103202","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><p>To provide a comprehensive analysis and modelling of the global epidemiology of psoriatic arthritis (PsA) in patients with psoriasis.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>We reviewed and analysed PsA epidemiology studies over the past 45 years. A Bayesian hierarchical linear mixed model was developed to provide comprehensive age- and sex-specific epidemiologic estimates in different countries and regions.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Three hundred and sixty-three studies were systematically reviewed. The incidence of PsA in patients with psoriasis varied from 2.31 per 1000 person-years in the United Kingdom to 74.00 per 1000 person-years in several Western European countries. The global prevalence of PsA in patients with psoriasis is estimated to be 17.58% (3.33%, 43.69%). Regionally, the overall prevalence of PsA in patients with psoriasis varies from 7.62% (4.18%, 12.28%) in Australasia to 26.59% (18.89%, 35.76%) in North America. The Caribbean and Central Latin America also have relatively high prevalence and are estimated at 23.14% (14.06%, 35.17%) and 22.81% (14.36%, 32.25%), respectively. The prevalence of PsA is higher in adults than children (23.93% <em>vs</em> 8.59%) and also slightly higher in females than males (19.14% <em>vs</em> 16.01%).</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>This study provides valuable insights into the global epidemiology of PsA. It also serves as a useful resource for researchers in areas lacking relevant studies. These findings have important implications for clinicians managing the course of PsA and for health policymakers in resource allocation.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":15245,"journal":{"name":"Journal of autoimmunity","volume":"145 ","pages":"Article 103202"},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2024-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140141557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}