Journal of Biological Control最新文献

{"title":"Effect of temperature on the development of two pupal parasitoid species of <i>Xanthopimpla</i> Saussure (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) on <i>Sesamia inferens</i> Walker","authors":"C. KATHIRVELU, S. MANICKAVASAGAM, L. GOPIANAND","doi":"10.18311/jbc/2023/34617","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18311/jbc/2023/34617","url":null,"abstract":"The biology of two pimplini parasitoids viz., Xanthopimpla flavolineata and X. stemmator were investigated in the laboratory by using the pupae of Sesamia inferens Walker. The host insect pupae were collected from the field and maintained in the laboratory for rearing the pimplini parasitoids. The results showed that the developmental period of X. flavolineata was 33.87 ± 0.18 and 18.54 ± 0.15 days, and X. stemmator was 36.08 ± 0.16 and 18.95 ± 0.19 days under 20°C and 28°C, respectively. The morphometric studies of two pimplini parasitoids showed that X. stemmator was larger than X. flavolineata in all the life stages. The longevity of X. flavolineata males and females was 21.09 ± 0.14 days for males and 34.53 ± 0.26 days for females when fed with 50 per cent honey at 20°C., while X. stemmator males and females survived for 26.94 ± 0.22 days and 38.90 ± 0.25 days. At 28°C, the lifespan of X. flavolineata male and female was 16.17 ± 0.09 and 26.55 ± 0.13 days, respectively, while in X. stemmator, it was 17.47 ± 0.16 and 27.08 ± 0.17 days in male and female, respectively, when fed with 50 per cent honey. Thus, females lived longer than males when fed with honey (50%) solution as a food source followed by sucrose (50%). From the results, it is concluded that the temperature and developmental period are inversely proportional and these details can be integrated into the development of a standardized mass-production technique for both parasitoids.","PeriodicalId":15188,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biological Control","volume":"52 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136360113","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Larvicidal effect of <i>Pongamia pinnata</i> plant extracts against <i>Papilio demoleus</i> Linnaeus (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Papilionidae)","authors":"MAHESH LINGAKARI, MADHAVI MADDALA, SRIKANTH BANDI","doi":"10.18311/jbc/2023/32497","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18311/jbc/2023/32497","url":null,"abstract":"Larvae of the citrus butterfly, Papilio demoleus are serious pests in citrus orchards. Since synthetic pesticides have several ill effects on human health and the ecosystem, biopesticides are feasible alternative to synthetic pesticides. Indian beech tree, Pongamia pinnata plant extracts are well known for their medicinal and pesticidal properties. So, a study was carried out to evaluate P. pinnata plant’s aqueous leaf and seed extracts, and seed oil nanoemulsion at 25, 50, 100, 200, and 400 PPM concentrations against the 4th instar larvae of P. demoleus. All three test compounds showed concentration-dependent larvicidal activity. Comparatively, leaf extracts showed better larvicidal activity than seed extracts and nanoemulsion of the seed oil. The highest mortality was observed with leaf, seed extracts, and seed oil emulsions at 82.61%, 78.26%, and 73.91% respectively, at 400 PPM concentration. LC50 and LC90 values were lowest for leaf extracts (57.97 and 855.93 PPM), while the highest for seed oil nanoemulsion (107.09 and 1947.90 PPM). This is the first report of the efficacy P. pinnata leaf and seed extracts and seed oil nano emulsions against 4th instar larvae of P. demoleus.","PeriodicalId":15188,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biological Control","volume":"52 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136360750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Odonate diversity reflected by wetland quality in Gujarat, India","authors":"SANJAY DHOLU, DARSHANA M. RATHOD, BHAVBHUTI M. PARASHARYA","doi":"10.18311/jbc/2023/34797","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18311/jbc/2023/34797","url":null,"abstract":"Odonate diversity reflected by wetland quality was carried out on three riverine wetlands (Fazalpur, Sankarda and Sindhrot) of Vadodara district in Central Gujarat during 2014-15. The value of Dissolve Oxygen (DO) and Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) was highest and the values of Electrical Conductivity (EC), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) as well as total solids in the water were lowest at Fazalpur as compared to other sites. Sankarda Point was slightly more polluted than Fazalpur with a marshy habitat structure which is ideal habitat for Odonates. Odonates diversity was evaluated during September and October at eleven wetland sites around Anand and correlated with water quality parameters. Maximum species richness and species diversity index were recorded at Pariej tank which was the least polluted point. Minimum species richness was observed at Navagam Canal 2 (8 Species) and Canal 1 (10 species) all having huge loads of industrial effluents. The correlation coefficient between the water quality parameter and diversity index (Hʹ) showed that pH had a significant moderate positive correlation (P < 5.0, df. 9) and BOD3 had a significantly higher positive correlation (P < 1.0, df. 9). EC, Total Suspended Solids (TSS) and Total Solids (TS) had negative correlation with Odonate diversity. COD and Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) exhibited weak negative correlation with Odonate diversity.","PeriodicalId":15188,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biological Control","volume":"90 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136360116","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploitation of epiphytic microorganisms and organic preparations for the management of Choanephora pod rot of cowpea","authors":"MILSHA GEORGE, V. K. GIRIJA","doi":"10.18311/jbc/2023/34369","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18311/jbc/2023/34369","url":null,"abstract":"Exploration of epiphytic microorganisms from different plant parts and their exploitation for the management of plant pathogens is a relevant approach in view of greater awareness of pollution free environment. The aim of the present study was to analyze the microbial communities with special focus on antagonists isolated from the fructosphere of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.) and the use of organic preparations such as panchagavya, jeevamruth, compost tea, vermiwash and fish amino acid for suppression of Choanephora cucurbitarum, the pathogen inciting pod rot in cowpea. A collection of six isolates of bacteria and fungi were isolated through serial dilution technique, and their efficacy in suppressing the pathogen were tested under in vitro conditions. Among the six isolates, the bacteria and fungi with maximum inhibitory activity against the targeted pathogen were selected for further identification and in vivo assay. Based on the cultural, morphological and biochemical characters, the bacterial and fungal antagonists were identified as Pseudomonas fluorescens and Trichoderma virens, respectively. In vitro assay of the organic preparations revealed that vermiwash (5% and 10%), jeevamurth (10%) and panchagavya (10%) completely inhibited the growth of pathogen. Application of effective dose of organic preparations and the selected antagonists on the excised cowpea pods revealed that, among organic preparations jeevamurth (10%) exhibited maximum suppression of pod rot by 60.64%, however the selected bacterial antagonist, i.e., P. fluorescens gave complete suppression of the pathogen. Under in vivo conditions, jeevamurth (10%), vermiwash (5%), T. virens (106cfu/ml), and P. fluorescens (106cfu/ml) showed the maximum suppression of the pathogen and the percentage suppression was recorded as 87.33, 75.22, 75.27 and 72.31% respectively. Therefore, the present study revealed that the organic preparations such as jeevamurth (10%), vermiwash (5%), and the indigenous species of Pseudomonas fluorescens and Trichoderma virens obtained from the fructosphere can be used in integrated disease management strategies against Choanephora pod rot of cowpea.","PeriodicalId":15188,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biological Control","volume":"277 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136360109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seasonal abundance and mutual interference of &lt;i&gt;Diaeretiella rapae&lt;/i&gt; (McIntosh) on &lt;i&gt;Brevicoryne brassicae&lt;/i&gt;","authors":"TANVI SHARMA, S. C. VERMA, P. L. SHARMA, TANUJA BANSHTU, V. G. S. CHANDEL, PRIYANKA SHARMA, NIKITA CHAUHAN, VIBHUTI SHARMA","doi":"10.18311/jbc/2023/33724","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18311/jbc/2023/33724","url":null,"abstract":"Brevicoryne brassicae (Hemiptera: Aphididae), known as cabbage aphid, is cosmopolitan in distribution that infests cruciferous crops such as broccoli, cabbage, cauliflower, and mustard. Brevicoryne brassicae is suppressed by various species of natural enemies, the most important and abundant being Diaeretiella rapae (McIntosh) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). The present study was carried out at Dr. Y. S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni Solan, Himachal Pradesh, on the seasonal abundance and mutual interference of the parasitoid, D. rapae during the years 2020-2021. The study showed the peak population of both host (221.36 aphids/plant) and parasitoid (27.28 mummified aphids/plant) with 12.32 per cent parasitization on the 10th Standard Meteorological Week (SMW). On the 14th SMW of 2021, the aphid population was lowest (2.72 aphids/plant) and parasitization by D. rapae was highest (47.05%). The D. rapae when foraged at densities of 2, 4, 6 and 8 parasitoids per 30 and 50 constant host nymphs, the third-instar host nymphs had a higher mutual interference coefficient than fourth instar host nymphs. Therefore, D. rapae can be utilized as an important biocontrol agent in the management programme of a cabbage aphid (B. brassicae).","PeriodicalId":15188,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biological Control","volume":"131 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136361049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of environmental factors on the population dynamics of &lt;i&gt;Diaeretiella rapae&lt;/i&gt; (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) parasitizing &lt;i&gt;Brevicoryne brassicae&lt;/i&gt; (Hemiptera: Aphididae) in cauliflower cultivars","authors":"SUBHASH C. VERMA, SHIKHA THAKUR, VISHAV G. S. CHANDEL, NIKITA CHAUHAN, VIBHUTI SHARMA, PRIYANKA SHARMA, CHANDER SINGH, DEVINDER K. MEHTA","doi":"10.18311/jbc/2023/33556","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18311/jbc/2023/33556","url":null,"abstract":"The experiment was conducted on five different cauliflower cultivars viz. Early London, PSBK-1, PSBK-25, Pusa Himjyoti and Snowball Super to study the influence of weather factors viz., temperature, relative humidity and rainfall on the population of cabbage aphid, Brevicoryne brassicae (Linnaeus) and its parasitoid, Diaeretiella rapae (MacIntosh) at Dr. Y. S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan, Himachal Pradesh during the year 2021-2022. The incidence of B. brassicae was first recorded on cv. Early London, Pusa Himjyoti and Snowball Super during 52nd Standard Meteorological Week (SMW) followed by PSBK-1 and PSBK-25 during 1st SMW while the parasitoid was first noticed in 8th SMW on cv. Early London followed by PSBK-1 (9th SMW), Snowball Super (10th SMW), PSBK- 25 and Pusa Himjyoti (11th SMW). The aphid population was maximum (177 aphids/plant) during 10th SMW whereas, the population of parasitoids was maximum (4.90 mummified aphids/plant) during 11th SMW on Early London. Among all the cultivars, the per cent parasitism by D. rapae was highest (17.31%) on Pusa Himjyoti during 13th SMW. The populations of cabbage aphid and its parasitoids exhibited positive correlation with the temperature and negative correlation with relative humidity and rainfall.","PeriodicalId":15188,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biological Control","volume":"57 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136360115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"&lt;i&gt;In vitro&lt;/i&gt; assessment of bacterial endophytes for antagonistic activity against &lt;i&gt;Magnaporthe oryzae&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;Cochliobolus miyabeanus&lt;/i&gt; in rice","authors":"ADITYA KUKRETI, B. S. CHETHANA, M. K. PRASANNAKUMAR, C. MANJUNATHA, NAMBURI KARUNAKAR REDDY, M. E. PUNEETH, PARTH GULATI","doi":"10.18311/jbc/2023/34946","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18311/jbc/2023/34946","url":null,"abstract":"Rice is the global staple food, contributing over half of the world’s agricultural production. Excessive fungicide use in rice farming poses environmental, fungicide resistance, and beneficial microbial disruption concerns, making biocontrol, particularly bacteria, a promising biocontrol agent due to their rapid growth, ease of handling, and robust colonization attributes. Endophytes are endosymbionts residing within host plants, playing a pivotal role in plant health without inciting any pathogenic effects. In this study, we investigated the antagonistic potential of four characterized bacterial endophytic strains, viz., Bacillus velezensis strains A6 and P42, B. pseudomycoides HP3d and Paenibacillus polymyxa PGSS-1 against major foliar rice pathogens viz., Magnaporthe oryzae and Cochliobolus miyabeanus. Against M. oryzae, all the endophytic strains exhibited significant per cent inhibition (50.00-66.67%) and the highest inhibition of 66.67% was achieved by B. pseudomycoides strain HP3d, while the lowest inhibition of 50 and 51.11% was by B. velezensis strain A6, P42, and P. polymyxa PGSS1, respectively. These endophytes outperformed the positive control, P. fluorescens which showed 44.44% inhibition. Similarly, against C. miyabeanus, 31.25-43.75% inhibition was recorded, of which B. velezensis strain A6 exhibited the highest inhibition (43.75%), while B. velezensis strain P42 showed the lowest (31.25%). Furthermore, a double Petri dish assay was conducted to evaluate the volatile compounds produced by these endophytes against the two rice pathogens. It was observed that the volatile compounds produced by B. pseudomycoides strain HP3d and P. polymyxa strain PGSS1 significantly and effectively inhibited the growth of M. oryzae by 88.89% when compared to P. fluorescens (50.00%), whereas B. velezensis strain A6 showed the lowest inhibition (33.33%). Against the brown spot pathogen, C. miyabeanus, the endophytes demonstrated inhibition ranging from 56.25-87.50%, with B. pseudomycoides strain HP3d and P. fluorescens achieving the highest inhibition (87.50%) and B. velezensis strain P42 showing the lowest (56.25%). These results highlight the significant and varied inhibitory effects of volatile compounds released by these endophytes against fungal pathogens of rice. Overall, our findings highlight the promising biocontrol potential of these endophytic strains under in vitro conditions with B. pseudomycoides strain HP3d and P. polymyxa PGSS1 showing exceptional efficacy and they can be deployed in the field for the management of foliar fungal pathogens in rice.","PeriodicalId":15188,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biological Control","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136360114","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biocontrol potential of endophytic &lt;i&gt;Trichoderma&lt;/i&gt; sp. against the pathogenic fungus, &lt;i&gt;Alternaria alternata&lt;/i&gt; that causes leaf spot in tomato plants","authors":"ABDULNABI A. A. MATROOD, KHALIL-BERDI FOTOUHIFAT","doi":"10.18311/jbc/2023/33458","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18311/jbc/2023/33458","url":null,"abstract":"This study was aimed at evaluating the two isolates of the bio-resistant fungi, Trichoderma harzianum and T. koningii in management of the fungus that causes Alternaria alternata leaf spot disease in tomato plants by inducing systemic resistance in the plant. It was demonstrated that two isolates of the pathogenic fungus, A. alternata could infect tomato seeds on water agar media. Isolate No. 1 was the most successful, with an infection rate of 63%, while isolate No. 2 achieved an infection rate of 56%. When employed in concentrations of (10, 20, or 30%) with PDA culture medium, bio-resistant fungus filtrate demonstrated suppression of the pathogenic fungus A. alternata, with the enhanced levels of inhibition with increasing concentration used. Oxacycloheptadec-8-en-2-one, compound 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid, methyl ester, and many more chemical compounds with the ability to inhibit fungi were discovered via the use of the GC-MS equipment to analyze the fungal infiltrates produced by T. harzianum and T. koningii. The bio-resistant fungi significantly lessened the severity of the infection caused by the pathogenic fungus, A. alternata, reaching a reduction of 33.81% during treatment with T. harzianum as opposed to injury of 56.855% in pathogen alone. The tomato leaves that were treated with T. konhngii produced the maximum phenolic content (0.56 mg/g).","PeriodicalId":15188,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biological Control","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136360748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring the impact of cyclic lipopeptides from Bacillus subtilis NBAIR-BSWG1 through in vitro and in planta, studies against Sclerotium rolfsii","authors":"K. S. Ankitha, T. K. Radha, S. Ruqiya, Aditya Kukreti, N. Aarthi, S. Nanditha, R. Rangeshwaran, A. Kandan, G. Sivakumar, A. N. Shylesha, H. C. Girisha, K. Nagaraju, T. Venkatesan, S. N. Sushil, C. Manjunatha","doi":"10.18311/jbc/2023/35546","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18311/jbc/2023/35546","url":null,"abstract":"Bacillus subtilis is a Gram-positive bacterium known for its antagonistic attributes, particularly through the production of various secondary metabolites, including lipopeptides. In this study, we investigated the antagonistic capabilities of B. subtilis strain NBAIR-BSWG1 with a focus on assessing the efficacy of NBAIR-BSWG1 in combatting Sclerotium rolfsii. Our findings demonstrated substantial inhibitory effects, with 82.73% to 100% reduction in S. rolfsii growth when exposed to NBAIR-BSWG1 at concentrations ranging from 50 to 100 µL/mL in poison food technique. In dual culture assay, NBAIR-BSWG1 exhibited a significant 55.50% inhibition of S. rolfsii. Moreover, pot experiments revealed a promising 26% reduction in disease incidence. This study underscores the significant role of NBAIR-BSWG1 in controlling S. rolfsii, holding substantial potential for developing effective formulations aimed at mitigating the southern blight of tomatoes.","PeriodicalId":15188,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biological Control","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139333591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploitation of indigenous fluorescent pseudomonads for the management of wilt of chickpea caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris","authors":"G. Sunkad, Ranjana Joshi, Meghana S. Patil, Akshatha Gour","doi":"10.18311/jbc/2023/34255","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18311/jbc/2023/34255","url":null,"abstract":"Chickpea wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris is a devastating soil-borne disease with a significant impact on yields and affecting chickpea production worldwide. Fluorescent pseudomonads are utilized as effective biocontrol agents (BCA) against a variety of phytopathogens and they play a key role in pathogen suppression through various processes. In the present study, twenty indigenous fluorescent pseudomonads were isolated from twenty soil samples collected from different districts of North Eastern Karnataka. The isolates were tested in vitro for their ability to resist the pathogen by using a dual culture approach. Further, morphological and biochemical characters were studied by growing these isolates on King’s B agar medium. All twenty isolates showed inhibition of the test pathogen, with isolate PF-19 showing the highest inhibition of 88.89%. All the isolates developed slimy, irregular colonies with light yellowish green pigmentation, fluorescence under UV light and rod-shaped cells under the microscope, as well as gram negative in reaction. All isolates except PF-2, Pf-9 and PF-10 revealed positive results for KOH, catalase, gelatin liquefaction and starch hydrolysis.","PeriodicalId":15188,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biological Control","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139332205","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}