Journal of Cannabis Research最新文献

{"title":"Industrial hemp seed: from the field to value-added food ingredients.","authors":"Rachel A Burton, Mike Andres, Martin Cole, James M Cowley, Mary Ann Augustin","doi":"10.1186/s42238-022-00156-7","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s42238-022-00156-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Industrial hemp, with low levels of the intoxicating cannabinoid tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), is grown for fibre and seeds. The industrial hemp industry is poised for expansion. The legalisation of industrial hemp as an agricultural commodity and the inclusion of hemp seed in foods is helping to drive the expansion of the hemp food ingredients industry. This paper discusses the opportunity to build an industrial hemp industry, with a focus on the prospects of hemp seed and its components in food applications. The market opportunities for industrial hemp products are examined. Various aspects of the science that underpins the development of an industrial hemp industry through the food supply chain are presented. This includes a discussion on the agronomy, on-farm and post-harvest considerations and the various types of food ingredients that can be made from hemp seed. The characteristics of hemp seed meal, hemp seed protein and hemp seed oil are reviewed. Different processes for production of value-added ingredients from hemp seed, hemp seed oil and hemp seed protein, are examined. The applicability of hemp seed ingredients in food applications is reviewed. The design of hemp seed ingredients that are fit-for-purpose for target food applications, through the selection of varieties and processing methods for production of various hemp seed ingredients, needs to consider market-led opportunities. This will require an integrated through chain approach, combined with the development of on-farm and post-farm strategies, to ensure that the hemp seed ingredients and foods containing hemp seed are acceptable to the consumer.</p>","PeriodicalId":15172,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cannabis Research","volume":" ","pages":"45"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9338676/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40576367","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effects of subacute exposure to a water-soluble cannabinol compound in male mice.","authors":"Melissa M Bailey,&nbsp;Mariah C Emily Mills,&nbsp;Ashley E Haas,&nbsp;Kelly Bailey,&nbsp;Robert C Kaufmann","doi":"10.1186/s42238-022-00153-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s42238-022-00153-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Cannabinol (CBN) is one of the many cannabinoids present in Cannabis sativa and has been explored as a potential treatment for sleeplessness. The purpose of this study was to determine the physiological and behavioral effects of subacute exposure to therapeutic and low pharmacological levels of a mechanically formed, stabilized water-soluble cannabinol nano-emulsion (CBNight™).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Sixty-two male mice were randomly assigned to one of six treatment groups given CBNight™ at dosages designed to deliver 0mg (control) to 4 mg/kg of CBN daily via oral gavage for 14 days. In-cage behavior was observed at 30 minutes and at 2, 4, 8, and 16 hours after each dose. After 14 days, the mice were sacrificed and necropsied. Organs were weighed and inspected for gross abnormalities, and blood was collected via cardiac puncture for clinical chemistry.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>No dosage-dependent adverse effects on behavior, body mass, or blood chemistry were observed, except that the highest doses of CBNight™ were associated with significantly lower eosinophil counts.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The commercially available, water-soluble CBN compound employed in this study does not appear to cause adverse effects in mice; rather, it appears to be well tolerated at pharmacological levels. The findings of eosinopenia at higher doses of CBN and lack of hepatotoxicity at any dosage employed in this study have not been reported to date.</p>","PeriodicalId":15172,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cannabis Research","volume":" ","pages":"44"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9327251/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40553021","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Survey of local cannabidiol use in parents of children with epilepsy in Thailand: the prevalence, perceptions, and knowledge.","authors":"Monsicha Ngampoopun,&nbsp;Charcrin Nabangchang,&nbsp;Piradee Suwanpakdee","doi":"10.1186/s42238-022-00155-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s42238-022-00155-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>In 2019, Thailand legalized cannabidiol (CBD) for intractable epilepsy. The purpose of this study was to collect information regarding the experience and knowledge of CBD use in pediatric epilepsy. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first CBD survey in pediatric epilepsy in Southeast Asia.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>We performed a cross-sectional survey among all parents of pediatric epilepsy patients seen in the Pediatric Neurology Clinic at Phramongkutklao Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand between November 2018 and July 2020. The survey comprised 34 questions that assessed the demographics, knowledge, experiences, and opinions of parents/guardians regarding CBD use. The results were summarized using descriptive statistics. In addition, logistic regression was used to predict the factors for CBD use.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Overall, 166 respondents (100%) participated in the study. Among the respondents, 9% have experienced using CBD; 56.25% of these reported reduced seizure frequency. CBD products were mostly obtained from folk healers (31.25%) and foreign products (25%). Common adverse effects included headache and nausea (31.5%). The number of anti-seizure medications (OR: 12.28, 95% CI: 1.27-118.8), knowledge of CBD as treatment for epilepsy (OR: 14.7, 95% CI: 1.43-150.87), and knowledge of CBD side effects (OR: 12.73, 95% CI: 2.77-58.43) were factors significantly associated with CBD use. Regarding CBD knowledge, our survey showed 80.72% of the respondents did not know the CBD compound for treating epilepsy, and 89.16% were not aware of CBD side effects. Interestingly, despite a lack of knowledge, 77.11% of the respondents expressed willingness to participate in future CBD trials.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our survey highlights that half of the parents of patients who previously used CBD reported reduced seizure frequency; however, none became seizure-free. Additionally, there were gaps in knowledge regarding the use of CBD. These findings suggest that the implementation of cannabidiol knowledge is crucial for both public and healthcare professionals. Survey limitations due to the retrospective nature of the self-report could have resulted in recall bias.</p>","PeriodicalId":15172,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cannabis Research","volume":" ","pages":"43"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9317116/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40650878","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Watching the grass grow: does recreational cannabis legalization affect retail and agricultural wages?","authors":"Sichao Jiang,&nbsp;Keaton Miller","doi":"10.1186/s42238-022-00149-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s42238-022-00149-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Over the past several years, cannabis has become legal for recreational use in many US states and jurisdictions around the world. The opening of these markets has led to the establishment of hundreds of cannabis production and retail firms with accompanying demand for labor, leading to concerns about spillover effects on wages from incumbents.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We study the markets for agricultural and retail labor in Washington and Colorado from 2000 to 2019 using differences-in-differences with synthetic controls. We employ employment data from the Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages, state-level demographic data from the US Census Bureau, and agricultural data from the National Agricultural Statistics Service. We use the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) for variable selection and classification and regression trees (CART) for chained imputation of missing values.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We find little-to-no evidence of a significant difference in weekly wages per worker generated by cannabis legalization: the log of the weekly wage per worker decreases by 0.013 in Washington's agricultural sector (p value 0.091) and increases by 0.059 in Washington's retail sector (p value 0.606). Results in Colorado are qualitatively similar. These results are limited in part by the short post-legalization period of the data.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Cannabis legalization is unlikely to negatively impact incumbent agriculture or retail firms through the labor market channel.</p>","PeriodicalId":15172,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cannabis Research","volume":" ","pages":"42"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9316823/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40539716","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anti-cancer properties of cannflavin A and potential synergistic effects with gemcitabine, cisplatin, and cannabinoids in bladder cancer.","authors":"Andrea M Tomko,&nbsp;Erin G Whynot,&nbsp;Denis J Dupré","doi":"10.1186/s42238-022-00151-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s42238-022-00151-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Several studies have shown anti-tumor effects of components present in cannabis in different models. Unfortunately, little is known about the potential anti-tumoral effects of most compounds present in cannabis in bladder cancer and how these compounds could potentially positively or negatively impact the actions of chemotherapeutic agents. Our study aims to evaluate the effects of a compound found in Cannabis sativa that has not been extensively studied to date, cannflavin A, in bladder cancer cell lines. We aimed to identify whether cannflavin A co-treatment with agents commonly used to treat bladder cancer, such as gemcitabine and cisplatin, is able to produce synergistic effects. We also evaluated whether co-treatment of cannflavin A with various cannabinoids could produce synergistic effects.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Two transitional cell carcinoma cell lines were used to assess the cytotoxic effects of the flavonoid cannflavin A up to 100 μM. We tested the potential synergistic cytotoxic effects of cannflavin A with gemcitabine (up to 100 nM), cisplatin (up to 100 μM), and cannabinoids (up to 10 μM). We also evaluated the activation of the apoptotic cascade using annexin V and whether cannflavin A has the ability to reduce invasion using a Matrigel assay.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Cell viability of bladder cancer cell lines was affected in a concentration-dependent fashion in response to cannflavin A, and its combination with gemcitabine or cisplatin induced differential responses-from antagonistic to additive-and synergism was also observed in some instances, depending on the concentrations and drugs used. Cannflavin A also activated apoptosis via caspase 3 cleavage and was able to reduce invasion by 50%. Interestingly, cannflavin A displayed synergistic properties with other cannabinoids like Δ⁹-tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiol, cannabichromene, and cannabivarin in the bladder cancer cell lines.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>Our results indicate that compounds from Cannabis sativa other than cannabinoids, like the flavonoid cannflavin A, can be cytotoxic to human bladder transitional carcinoma cells and that this compound can exert synergistic effects when combined with other agents. In vivo studies will be needed to confirm the activity of cannflavin A as a potential agent for bladder cancer treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":15172,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cannabis Research","volume":" ","pages":"41"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9306207/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40532033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cannabis-only use in the USA: prevalence, demographics, use patterns, and health indicators.","authors":"Beatriz H Carlini,&nbsp;Gillian L Schauer","doi":"10.1186/s42238-022-00143-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s42238-022-00143-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The prevalence of adults who consume cannabis while abstaining from other substances is not known in the USA. This study used nationally representative data to estimate the prevalence and explore the demographic characteristics, cannabis use behaviors, and self-reported health of US adults with past 30-day cannabis-only use, as compared with adults who used cannabis as well as other substances.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Data came from adults 18 years and older who responded to the 2017 or 2018 National Survey on Drug Use and Health and reported past 30-day cannabis use (n = 12,143). Cannabis-only use was defined as past 30-day cannabis use with no past 30-day use of other substances (alcohol, tobacco, other illicit substances, non-prescribed controlled medications). Weighted frequencies and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were computed for all sociodemographic and cannabis-related variables, overall, and across the two categories of cannabis consumers, stratified by age.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The prevalence of past 30-day cannabis-only use among US adults was 0.9% (95% CI: 0.8, 1.0) and varied by age (2.0% of 18-25 years old; 0.7% of 26-49 year olds, and 0.6% of those ≥ 50 years). Among adults with any past 30-day cannabis use, 8.4% (95% CI: 7.6, 9.2; n = 980) reported cannabis-only use. Age was significantly associated with past 30-day cannabis-only use, with adults 18-25 years and 26-49 years having higher odds of cannabis-only use compared with older adults. Past year cannabis dependence was lowest among cannabis-only consumers aged ≥ 50 years (0.2%; 95% CI: 0.1, 0.5) and highest among young adult cannabis and other substance consumers (16.7%; 95% CI: 15.3, 18.2). Past year prevalence of any mental illness was generally similar across cannabis use groups and by age.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The prevalence of adult cannabis-only use in the US is low - most cannabis consumers report using other substances in the past 30 days as well. While cannabis-only use among older adults is rare, it does not appear to be accompanied by a high prevalence of dependence. These findings should guide future research and policymaking.</p>","PeriodicalId":15172,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cannabis Research","volume":" ","pages":"39"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9306107/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40614894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The supply-side effects of cannabis legalization.","authors":"Joohun Han, John N Ng'ombe","doi":"10.1186/s42238-022-00148-7","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s42238-022-00148-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The purpose of this study is to examine how cannabis legalization and corresponding taxation would affect the supply-side of the cannabis market. Specifically, the study considers various scenarios in which Oklahoma legalizes recreational cannabis for adult use and simulates changes in state-level market sales for other legal states and the average grower profits in Oklahoma. We assume that legalizing recreational cannabis in medical-only states would significantly increase the demand quantity in the legalized states and the local government would levy a significant level of tax on recreational cannabis. These assumptions are based on the post-legalization phenomena in other legalized US states.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>We simulate outcomes in the cannabis industry under the assumption of representative consumers with constant elasticity of substitution demand behavior and profit-maximizing firms with a Cobb-Douglas profit function. All agents are assumed to take exogenous prices as given. We calibrate the model using state-level sales data from 2020 and explore potential policies in Oklahoma and at the federal level.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We find that, under the scenarios we consider, legalization of recreational cannabis in Oklahoma would lead to a decrease in the quantity of cannabis sold in Oklahoma's medical cannabis market as well as decreases in the quantity of cannabis sold in other states on average. Furthermore, we find that as the excise tax rate on recreational cannabis in Oklahoma is increased, the demand quantity in recreational cannabis market would decrease while the other markets' demand quantity would increase on average. As the elasticity of substitution between state-level products increases, the overall demand quantity would increase and the market quantity across states become more sensitive to Oklahoma's tax policies. This pattern could become starker as the elasticity of substitution between recreational and medical cannabis increases. In terms of profit, heavy taxation and price decrease due to legalization would significantly decrease cannabis producers' production and profit levels unless the cost reduction strategies complement legalization.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Based on our results, the legalization of recreational cannabis has the potential to generate tax revenue to fund critical government projects and services. However, such legalization would have to be done carefully because heavy excise taxes would decrease the legal cannabis market demand and growers' profit, which would incentivize producers and consumers to move to the illicit cannabis market. Policymakers would have to compromise between the levels of interstate transportation and taxation to ensure that cannabis suppliers also realize some profit within the cannabis supply chain.</p>","PeriodicalId":15172,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cannabis Research","volume":" ","pages":"40"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9306049/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40528433","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction: Recent advances in electrochemical sensor technologies for THC detection-a narrative review.","authors":"Kaveh Amini,&nbsp;Ali Sepehrifard,&nbsp;Ali Valinasabpouri,&nbsp;Jennifer Safruk,&nbsp;Davide Angelone,&nbsp;Tiago de Campos Lourenco","doi":"10.1186/s42238-022-00150-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s42238-022-00150-z","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":15172,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cannabis Research","volume":" ","pages":"38"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9281169/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40523108","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Online information on medical cannabis is not always aligned with scientific evidence and may raise unrealistic expectations.","authors":"Arthur Cassa Macedo,&nbsp;André Oliveira Vilela de Faria,&nbsp;Isabella Bizzi,&nbsp;Fabrício A Moreira,&nbsp;Alessandro Colasanti,&nbsp;Pietro Ghezzi","doi":"10.1186/s42238-022-00145-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s42238-022-00145-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>There is a growing literature on the potential medical uses of Cannabis sativa and cannabinoid compounds. Although these have only been approved by regulatory agencies for a few indications, there is a hype about their possible benefits in a variety of conditions and a large market in the wellness industry. As in many cases patients search for information on cannabis products online, we have analyzed the information on medical cannabis available on the Internet. Therefore, this study aims at assessing the quality of the information available online on medical cannabis.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We searched \"medical cannabis\" on June 2019 using google.com and downloaded the first 243 websites. After excluding dead links or websites with no information about cannabis, 176 websites were included. They were then classified for their typology (e.g., commercial, government, news outlets). As an indicator of trustworthiness, we used the Journal of American Medical Association (JAMA) score, which assesses the indication of date, author, ownership of the website, and the presence of references. We also considered if a website is certified by Health-On-the-Net (HON), an independent organization, by displaying a HONCode symbol. Subsequently, we performed a content analysis to assess both the medical cannabis indications mentioned by webpages and the completeness of the information provided (whether they mentioned potential side effects and legal/regulatory issues or not).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Analyzing 176 webpages returned by a search engine, we found that 52% of them were news websites. Pain, epilepsy, and multiple sclerosis were the most frequently mentioned therapeutic areas (cited in 92, 84 and 80 webpages, respectively), which did not always match those for which there is regulatory approval. Information was also incomplete, with only 22% of the webpages mentioning potential side effects. Health portal websites provided the most complete information, with all of them (n = 7) reporting side effects. On average, 80% of webpages had a neutral stance on the potential benefits of medical cannabis, with commercial websites having more frequently a positive stance (67%).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>We conclude that the information that can be found online is not always aligned in terms of the therapeutic areas for which science-based evidence is often still weak.</p>","PeriodicalId":15172,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cannabis Research","volume":" ","pages":"37"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9277882/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40497146","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Examining impairment and kinetic patterns associated with recent use of hemp-derived Δ⁸-tetrahydrocannabinol: case studies.","authors":"Gregory T Wurz,&nbsp;Edward Montoya,&nbsp;Michael W DeGregorio","doi":"10.1186/s42238-022-00146-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s42238-022-00146-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>As a result of the legalization of U.S. industrial hemp production in late 2018, products containing hemp-derived Δ⁸-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ⁸-THC) are increasing in popularity. Little, however, is known regarding Δ⁸-THC's impairment potential and the associated impacts on roadway and workplace safety, and testing for Δ⁸-THC is not yet common. The present study explored impairment patterns and cannabinoid kinetics associated with recent use of Δ⁸-THC.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Hemp-derived Δ⁸-THC concentrate was administered by vaporization ad libitum to three male frequent cannabis users aged 23-25 years. In addition to self-assessments of impairment using a 10-point scale, horizontal gaze nystagmus (HGN) was evaluated in each subject as a physical means of assessing impairment before and after vaporization. To examine cannabinoid kinetic patterns, exhaled breath and capillary blood samples were collected prior to vaporization up to 180 min post-vaporization and analyzed by liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry for cannabinoid content using validated methods. The impairment and cannabinoid kinetic results were then compared to analogous results obtained from the same three subjects after they had smoked a ∆⁹-THC cannabis cigarette ad libitum in a previous study to determine whether any similarities existed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Patterns of impairment after vaporizing Δ⁸-THC were similar to those observed after smoking cannabis, with self-assessed impairment peaking within the first hour after use, and then declining to zero by 3 h post-use. Likewise, HGN was observed only after vaporizing, and by 3 h post-vaporization, evidence of HGN had dissipated. Cannabinoid kinetic patterns observed after vaporizing Δ⁸-THC (short ∆⁸-THC half-lives of 5.2 to 11.2 min at 20 min post-vaporization, presence of key cannabinoids cannabichromene, cannabigerol, and tetrahydrocannabivarin, and breath/blood Δ⁸-THC ratios > 2 within the first hour post-vaporization) were also analogous to those observed for ∆⁹-THC and the same key cannabinoids within the first hour after the same subjects had smoked cannabis in the previous study.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Hemp-derived Δ⁸-THC and Δ⁹-THC from cannabis display similar impairment profiles, suggesting that recent use of Δ⁸-THC products may carry the same risks as cannabis products. Standard testing methods need to incorporate this emerging, hemp-derived cannabinoid.</p>","PeriodicalId":15172,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cannabis Research","volume":" ","pages":"36"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9261056/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40479169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}