Journal of Arthropod-Borne Diseases最新文献

{"title":"Larval Habitat Characteristics of Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in Andimeshk County of Khuzistan Province, Southwestern Iran (2019-2020).","authors":"Hamid Kassiri, Morteza Zamanizadeh, Shahyad Azari-Hamidian","doi":"10.18502/jad.v19i4.21209","DOIUrl":"10.18502/jad.v19i4.21209","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae), with their blood-sucking behavior, are known important vectors of certain pathogens. Since no research has been done on the habitat characteristics of mosquito larvae in Andimeshk County of Khuzistan Province, southwestern Iran, this study aimed to determine these features in the county during 2019-2020.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The third- and fourth-instar larvae were collected from natural and artificial habitats by the dipping method, from nine localities. Physical characteristics of larval habitats, including habitat situation (permanent/temporary, running/stagnant), sunlight situation, vegetation status, water turbidity, substrate type and habitat type (natural/artificial), were recorded. The collected specimens were kept in vials containing lactophenol and the microscope slides were prepared using Berlese's fluid. The larvae were identified using valid identification keys.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In total, 1363 larvae, including four genera and 15 species, were identified. Eleven species were new to the county and one species, <i>Cx. bitaeniorhynchus</i>, was new to the province. The most common species were <i>Culex theiler</i>i (17.2%) and <i>Cx. quinquefasciatus</i> (15.6 %), respectively, and the least species were <i>Anopheles dthali</i> (0.7%) and <i>An. multicolor</i> (0.4%). The most abundant mosquito larvae were in spring (44.2 %) and June (22.6%). Most of the larvae were caught from natural (75.6%), temporary (51.5%), without vegetation (57.5%) and full sunny (64.7%) habitats. Approximately, 85.2%, 56.5% and 78.1% of habitats had clear water, stagnant water with mud substrate, respectively. The affinity index of the species was calculated.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Regarding the medical importance of the abundant species, the investigation of adult ecology is suggested for future studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":15095,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Arthropod-Borne Diseases","volume":"19 4","pages":"302-312"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13213468/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148054466","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of an Electrospun Fiber Loaded with Ozonated Oil for the Treatment of Leishmaniasis Lesions in an Experimental Model.","authors":"Daniela Patrícia Tres, Carla Diel Fabrini, Janaína Fatima da Roza Cunha, Juliana Jurumenha Barreto, Mariana Pastri, Thaís Kaori Katsumata, Gabriel Nardi Fraga, Thaís Soprani Ayala, Douglas Cardoso Dragunski, Rafael Andrade Menolli","doi":"10.18502/jad.v19i4.21211","DOIUrl":"10.18502/jad.v19i4.21211","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a neglected disease whose lesions may cause severe scarring and psychosocial impact. Current treatments often face poor patient adherence due to side effects and dosing. Electrospinning enables the incorporation of low-cost, bioactive compounds. Ozonated sunflower oil has shown potential to accelerate wound healing. This study aimed to evaluate electrospun fibers containing ozonated sunflower oil combined with standard anti-Leishmania therapy in lesions caused by <i>Leishmania amazonensis</i> in an animal model.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>BALB/c mice (n=5/group) were infected with <i>L. amazonensis</i> (MHOM/BR/1977/LTB0016). Treatments included: meglumine antimoniate alone (MA), MA plus electrospun fiber with ozonated sunflower oil (MOO), MA plus fiber with non-ozonated sunflower oil (MNO) and an untreated control (CTRL). After 30 days, lesion size, parasite load, histology and systemic/local immune parameters were evaluated.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>All the groups exhibited lesion growth (MA 12±0.8%, MOO 24±0.4%, MNO 30±0.8 and CTRL 34±0.9%), but the MA group exhibited less growth. However, in the culture of the paws after the treatment, only in the MOO group, promastigotes did not grow, while the other groups reached titers of 1/6 (MA), 1/192 (MNO) and 1/384 (CTRL). Macroscopically, the MA and MOO groups showed complete healing of the lesion. Histologically, the MA group had a thicker epidermis (p<0.05) and the MA and MOO groups presented the lowest amount of cellular infiltration.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis lesions in a mouse model with an electrospun fiber containing ozonated oil improved drug treatment, ameliorating lesions and could be explored as an alternative treatment for this parasitic disease.</p>","PeriodicalId":15095,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Arthropod-Borne Diseases","volume":"19 4","pages":"329-342"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13213473/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148054221","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Association between Parasitemia and Liver Enzyme Alterations in Malaria Patients: ABO Blood Group as A Non-Contributory Factor.","authors":"Selva Aminizadeh, Elham Shokri, Mehdi Mohebali, Haleh Hanifian, Salman Zafari, Mahdi Edalati, Saeed Bahadory, Hossein Hosseinifard, Mehdi Nateghpoor","doi":"10.18502/jad.v19i4.21207","DOIUrl":"10.18502/jad.v19i4.21207","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Malaria, a life-threatening parasitic disease, exhibits diverse clinical manifestations influenced by parasite species, host immunity, and treatment access. Emerging evidence suggests that individual biological factors, such as ABO blood group and liver enzyme status, may also affect disease severity. This study investigates the relationship between blood type, liver enzyme levels, and malaria severity in affected patients.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A case-control study was conducted on malaria patients at the National Malaria Laboratory, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, from May 2022 to October 2024. Blood samples were analyzed for ABO blood grouping and liver enzymes: alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). Malaria severity was classified according to WHO criteria. Statistical analyses, including chi-square tests and logistic regression, evaluated associations between blood group, liver enzyme levels and disease severity.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 100 participants were included: 50 malaria-positive patients and 50 healthy controls, with a mean age of 38.10±16.40 years. Malaria patients showed significantly higher AST, ALT and ALP levels compared to controls (p= 0.001). No significant association was found between ABO blood group and liver enzyme levels in either group (p> 0.05). Liver enzyme levels correlated significantly with parasitemia (p< 0.001), with higher parasite loads linked to greater hepatic dysfunction.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study highlights the significant impact of parasitemia levels on liver function in malaria patients, while the ABO blood group appeared unrelated to liver enzyme alterations. Liver enzyme profiles may serve as valuable biomarkers for assessing malaria severity and guiding clinical management.</p>","PeriodicalId":15095,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Arthropod-Borne Diseases","volume":"19 4","pages":"277-288"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13213475/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148054540","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of the Pathogenicity of <i>Beauveria bassiana</i> Biopesticide against <i>Blattella germanica</i> (Blattaria: Ectobiidae).","authors":"Behzad Nourozi, Shahyad Azari-Hamidian, Farzad Majidi-Shilsar, Mohammad Noori Sepehr, Mohammad Naimi-Joubani","doi":"10.18502/jad.v19i4.21213","DOIUrl":"10.18502/jad.v19i4.21213","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The German cockroach, <i>Blattella germanica</i> (Blattaria: Ectobiidae), is a worldwide urban pest. Due to limitations of conventional insecticides, alternative controls are needed. Entomopathogenic fungi-based biopesticides offer a promising solution. This study evaluated the pathogenicity of the indigenous <i>Beauveria bassiana</i> Rasht strain (Mcb₁₈) against the German cockroach.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A laboratory colony of <i>B. germanica</i> was maintained under controlled conditions. The toxicity of four spore concentrations (1.5×10², 1.5×10⁴, 1.5×10⁶, 1.5×10⁸ conidia/ml) of <i>B. bassiana</i> was evaluated against adult cockroaches using the direct immersion bioassay. Daily mortality was recorded for 21 days using three replicates of 20 cockroaches each (n=60 per concentration). The lethal concentration (LC₅₀ and LC₉₀) values were estimated using probit analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong><i>Beauveria bassiana</i> caused dose-dependent mortality. The highest cumulative mortality (100%) was observed at 1.5×10⁸ conidia/ml, while the lowest (15.79%) occurred at 1.5×10² conidia/ml. The LC₅₀ and LC₉₀ were estimated as 4.23×10³ conidia/ml and 1.59×10⁶ conidia/ml, respectively. The LT₅₀ decreased with increasing concentration, reaching 8.475 days at 1.5×10⁸ conidia/ml. Conidiation on cadavers increased with concentration but remained lower than mortality, indicating that death often occurred before external sporulation. One-way ANOVA revealed significant differences in mortality rates (F=74.942, df=(3, 8), p<0.001). Post-hoc Tukey's HSD test showed that the two highest concentrations (1.5×10⁶ and 1.5×10⁸ conidia/ml) were not significantly different from each other (p>0.05), although both caused significantly higher mortality than lower concentrations (p<0.001).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Experimental findings confirmed <i>B. bassiana</i> as an effective entomopathogen against <i>B. germanica</i>, causing significant mortality through cuticular penetration and internal proliferation.</p>","PeriodicalId":15095,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Arthropod-Borne Diseases","volume":"19 4","pages":"351-362"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13213470/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148054458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of Housefly Infestation Management at Waste Processing and Disposal Centers.","authors":"Sara Rahimy, Hassan Vatandoost, Mozhgan Baniardalani, Arman Izadian, Fatemeh Seyedi-Marghaki, Ghazal Tashakori, Javad Rafinejad","doi":"10.18502/jad.v19i4.21212","DOIUrl":"10.18502/jad.v19i4.21212","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>More than half of the global population resides in urban areas. Urban waste, landfills and leachate provide abundant food and habitat for houseflies. Various control methods are employed for pest management. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of an integrated pest management approach for controlling houseflies at a large-scale waste-processing and disposal facility.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study was conducted from May to October 2022 at Iran's largest waste processing and disposal facility. Sticky traps were used to monitor infestation levels before and after each intervention. Chemical interventions included a cypermethrin-chlorpyrifos combination in processing halls; a cypermethrin-chlorpyrifos-diflubenzuron mixture in the compost area; and Ajita poison bait in office buildings. Physical controls included installing nets and air curtains, using large adhesive banners, and environmental sanitation measures like washing halls and managing compost.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The dominant fly species was <i>Musca domestica</i>. For monitoring, sticky traps were the most efficient (49% of captured flies), while pheromone traps were the least efficient (4%). The highest infestation intensity occurred before interventions in April-May, averaging 191 flies per 10 traps. The lowest intensity was observed in September-October, with an average of 6 flies per 10 traps. Significant reductions were observed in fly numbers when comparing the peak infestation period (April-May) with subsequent months, indicating the effectiveness of the interventions.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>An integrated pest management approach can significantly reduce the severity of housefly infestations in municipal waste facilities. This strategy is crucial for preventing the development of insecticide resistance and minimizing negative environmental impacts.</p>","PeriodicalId":15095,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Arthropod-Borne Diseases","volume":"19 4","pages":"343-350"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13213467/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148054465","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Emerging Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Caused by <i>Leishmania major</i> in a Non-Endemic Area of Iran: A Case Report.","authors":"Mehdi Mohebali, Ehsan Rikhtehgar, Mehdi Badakhshan, Samira Firooziyan","doi":"10.18502/jad.v19i4.21214","DOIUrl":"10.18502/jad.v19i4.21214","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease transmitted by vectors, ranking among the top 10 infectious diseases globally in terms of morbidity and mortality. The cutaneous form (CL) is the most common and is endemic in 19 of Iran's 31 provinces. In non-endemic regions, however, both physician familiarity and patient encounters with the disease are rare.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study reports a case of CL in a nine-year-old boy from Sardasht County, West Azerbaijan Province, a non-endemic area for CL in Iran and with no history of travel to endemic areas. The patient presented with purulent wounds on his hands and feet that did not respond to broad-spectrum antibiotics. Diagnosis was confirmed by identifying the vacuolated amastigote forms of <i>Leishmania</i> parasites through Giemsa staining. For species identification, DNA was extracted from the slide scraping according to the manufacturer's instructions (Bioneer, Korea). The species of the <i>Leishmania</i> parasite was determined using PCR-RFLP, Fast Digest BsuR1 enzyme, ITS1 and Kinetoplast genes.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The parasite was identified as <i>Leishmania major</i>. Treatment with Meglumine antimoniate and cryotherapy, in accordance with the Iranian CL surveillance guideline, led to full recovery after 2 months, with no relapse at 9 months post-treatment. Extensive local screening found no additional cases, indicating a likely sporadic infection.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This case highlights the need for rapid and accurate diagnosis, effective treatment, and ongoing surveil-lance to prevent the emergence of leishmaniasis in non-endemic regions. More attention must be paid to this disease by the healthcare system and physicians, even in non-endemic areas.</p>","PeriodicalId":15095,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Arthropod-Borne Diseases","volume":"19 4","pages":"363-368"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13213466/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148053986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prediction of Trends and Bioclimatic Factors Influencing the Monthly Incidence of Zoonotic Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Using Arima and Sarima Time Series Models in Maraveh Tappeh County, Golestan Province, Iran.","authors":"Rezvan Rajabzadeh, Seyed Hamid Hosseini, Aioub Sofizadeh","doi":"10.18502/jad.v19i4.21210","DOIUrl":"10.18502/jad.v19i4.21210","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ZCL) is a significant vector-borne disease in northeastern Iran, strongly affected by climatic conditions. Maraveh Tappeh County in Golestan Province is an endemic area with considerable annual case numbers. This study aimed to predict monthly ZCL trends and identify key bioclimatic factors influencing disease occurrence using ARIMA and SARIMA time series models.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This analytical cross-sectional study used monthly confirmed ZCL case data from 2003 to 2018, obtained from the Maraveh Tappeh County Health Center. Climatic variables, including temperature indices, relative humidity indices, total monthly precipitation and number of rainy days, were collected from the local meteorological office. Stationarity was assessed using the Augmented Dickey-Fuller test and autocorrelation patterns were evaluated through ACF and PACF plots. ARIMA (AutoRegressive Integrated Moving Average) and SARIMA (Seasonal AutoRegressive Integrated Moving Average) models were developed, with the optimal model selected based on AIC and BIC criteria. Cross-correlation analysis examined associations between climatic variables and ZCL incidence at lags of 0-5 months.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 1,301 ZCL cases were reported over the 16 years, with marked monthly and seasonal variability. Incidence peaked in November and reached its lowest level in June. The ARIMA (2,0, 2)-SARIMA (0,0, 1)₁₂ model demonstrated the best predictive performance. Significant positive correlations were observed between ZCL incidence and relative humidity, precipitation and number of rainy days at short lags (0-2 months), while inverse associations appeared at longer lags (5 months) (p<0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Relative humidity and precipitation are key drivers of ZCL dynamics in Maraveh Tappeh. Incorporating SARIMA models into surveillance systems may improve outbreak prediction and support timely prevention and control strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":15095,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Arthropod-Borne Diseases","volume":"19 4","pages":"313-328"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13213476/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148054561","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating Natural Larvicides: Peppermint and Pepper Extracts versus Temephos on <i>Aedes aegypti</i> and <i>Anopheles stephensi</i> Larvae Under Laboratory Conditions.","authors":"Parisa Mahdevar, Seyed Hassan Moosa-Kazemi, Hassan Vatandoost, Mohammad Mahdi Sedaghat, Kamal Azam, Mahnaz Khanavi, Tahereh Sadat Asgarian","doi":"10.18502/jad.v19i4.21208","DOIUrl":"10.18502/jad.v19i4.21208","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong><i>Anopheles stephensi</i> is an important vector for malaria, while <i>Aedes aegypti</i> transmits dengue, chikungunya, Zika, and yellow fever. With the increasing replacement of natural insecticides for conventional ones, it is essential to investigate mosquito resistance to these insecticides and assess the larvicidal potential of new alternatives and their comparison to standard larvicides like temephos.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The alcoholic extracts of <i>Mentha piperita</i> and <i>Capsicum annuum</i> were prepared using the maceration method. Mosquitoes were bred at the Bandar Abbas research station in 2024. Biometric tests were performed following the World Health Organization protocol, and the data were analyzed using SPSS version 27 and GraphPad Prism 10.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The lethal concentration 50% (LC₅₀) of <i>M. piperita</i> extract was 4.047 ppm against <i>An. stephensi</i> larvae and 9.9 ppm against <i>Ae. aegypti</i> larvae. Similarly, the LC₅₀ of <i>C. annuum</i> extract was 5.872 ppm for <i>An. stephensi</i> larvae and 11.752 ppm for <i>Ae. aegypti</i> larvae. The larvicidal values of temephos were found to be 0.003 ppm against <i>An. stephensi</i> larvae and 0.002 ppm against <i>Ae. aegypti</i> larvae.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong><i>Mentha piperita</i> and <i>C. annuum</i> extracts possess measurable larvicidal activity against <i>An. stephensi</i> and <i>Ae. aegypti</i>. However, their effectiveness remains substantially lower than that of temephos. These findings should be considered preliminary evidence rather than an indication of operational readiness. These extracts may represent a promising starting point for future research, but further studies on formulation, environmental persistence, non-target impacts, and field performance are required before use for management programs.</p>","PeriodicalId":15095,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Arthropod-Borne Diseases","volume":"19 4","pages":"289-301"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13213469/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148053941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chemical Composition and Control Potential of <i>Melia azedarach</i> Extracts Against <i>Culex pipiens</i>.","authors":"Wail Ismael Hassan, Abbas Ali Zamani, Yousif Dakeel Rashid, Arezoo Jamshidi","doi":"10.18502/jad.v19i3.20892","DOIUrl":"10.18502/jad.v19i3.20892","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong><i>Culex pipiens</i> (Diptera: Culicidae) poses a persistent global health challenge. The overuse of synthetic insecticides has led to resistance and environmental damage, underscoring the need for sustainable alternatives. <i>Melia azedarach</i> (Meliaceae) represents a promising source of bioactive compounds. This study aimed to comprehensively evaluate the potential of alkaloid extracts from <i>M. azedarach</i> against all life stages of <i>Cx. pipiens</i> and to characterize their phytochemical composition.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Crude alkaloid extracts were prepared from both plant parts. Ovicidal, larvicidal, pupicidal and adult repellent effects, were assessed through laboratory bioassays. The chemical profile of the extracts was determined using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Bioassays demonstrated significant ovicidal activity, with 100% egg mortality at 1% (w/v) concentration. Larvicidal activity was also notable at 1% (w/v). The fruit extract caused 100% mortality across the first three larval instars, while the leaf extract caused 100% mortality in the first two instars and 96.6% in the third. In the fourth instar, larvae showed 93.33 and 91.67% mortality with the fruit and leaf extracts, respectively. The extracts exhibited significant repellent effects, with rates of 63.00% and 60.00% at 1% (w/v) and consistently negative equilibrium ratios. GC-MS analysis showed the fruit extract was rich in insecticidal fatty acid esters, while the leaf extract contained repellent terpenoids like Piperitenone Oxide. Linoleic acid was a major shared compound, potentially underpinning the broad-stage efficacy.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These findings support the use of <i>M. azedarach</i> extracts as a promising, locally accessible and environmentally responsible strategy for integrated <i>Cx. pipiens</i> mosquito management.</p>","PeriodicalId":15095,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Arthropod-Borne Diseases","volume":"19 3","pages":"217-232"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13212971/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148054699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of Omics Studies on Understanding Insecticide Resistance Mechanisms in Sub-Saharan Malaria Vectors: A Systematic Review.","authors":"Yetunde Grace Orogun, Olubanke Olujoke Ogunlana, Damilare Isaiah Taiwo, Olatomide Ayodeji Fadare","doi":"10.18502/jad.v19i3.20889","DOIUrl":"10.18502/jad.v19i3.20889","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Malaria remains a major global health challenge, disproportionately affecting sub-Saharan Africa. The growing threat of resistance to insecticides in <i>Anopheles</i> vector populations poses a major challenge to the efficacy of core interventions such as long-lasting insecticide-treated nets (LLINs) and indoor residual spraying (IRS). This systematic review aimed to evaluate the contribution of omics approaches, particularly genomics, transcriptomics, and multi-omics, to understanding the resistance mechanisms in malaria vectors in sub-Saharan Africa and their impact on current and future vector control strategies.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A comprehensive search was conducted using PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar for eligible studies published between January 2016 and April 2025. Studies using at least one omics approach to investigate resistance in <i>Anopheles</i> species were included. We extracted and analyzed data on study location, vector species, omics methods, insecticide classes, resistance mechanisms, and key findings according to PRISMA guidelines.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Twenty-two studies met the inclusion criteria. Genomic and transcriptomic approaches revealed key resistance mechanisms, notably involving metabolic resistance, target-site mutations, and cuticular changes. Multi-omics studies uncovered novel resistance markers such as CYP450 reductase (CPR), UDP-glycosyltransferases (UGTs), and salivary gland proteins. Multi-country collaborations were common, reflecting the cross-border nature of insecticide resistance, while species-specific responses highlighted localized adaptation.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Omics studies have significantly enhanced the understanding of resistance to insecticides among malaria vectors, offering valuable insights for molecular diagnostics and region-specific vector control. Integrating these approaches into routine surveillance is crucial to inform sustainable malaria control and elimination strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":15095,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Arthropod-Borne Diseases","volume":"19 3","pages":"185-200"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13213157/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148054713","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}