Journal of Arthropod-Borne Diseases最新文献

{"title":"Evaluation of Repellency and Lethal Effects of Ultrasonic Waves on the <i>Blattella germanica</i> (Blattodea: Blattellidae).","authors":"Atefeh Khan-Ahmadi,&nbsp;Hassan Vatandoost,&nbsp;Amir Ahmad Akhavan,&nbsp;Mozhgan Baniardalani,&nbsp;Kourosh Khalifeh-Soltani,&nbsp;Amrollah Azarm,&nbsp;Alireza Zahraei-Ramazani","doi":"10.18502/jad.v17i1.13204","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18502/jad.v17i1.13204","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The German cockroach, <i>Blattella germanica</i> (Insecta: Blattodea, Blattellidae), which occurs widely in human buildings, is a small cockroach species. Cockroach control chemical pesticides are toxic to the environment, and it is sometimes impossible to prevent them. Controlling <i>Blattella germanica</i> through ultrasonic waves can be efficient and less dangerous for the environment.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this study, the repellency and lethal effect of ultrasonic waves on male and female German cockroaches was tested in a twin glass cubic chamber at laboratory condition. The wave frequencies tested ranged from 20 to 100kHz with 5kHz steps. A signal generator generated these frequencies, and the piezoelectric transmitter of these ultrasonic waves was positioned in the chamber's center on the upper side.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Fisher's test showed that there was the greatest repellency effect in both male and female at frequencies of 35 and 40kHz. According to the results of the regression test, the most lethal effect is at the frequencies of 40 and 75kHz.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The operating ultrasonic frequencies investigated in this study can be used to repel and kill German cockroaches as pests endangering human health and environment.</p>","PeriodicalId":15095,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Arthropod-Borne Diseases","volume":"17 1","pages":"83-93"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/1b/fc/JAD-17-83.PMC10440496.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10058488","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Arthropod-Related Diseases.","authors":"Vahideh Moin-Vaziri,&nbsp;Mehdi Badakhshan","doi":"10.18502/jad.v17i1.13199","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18502/jad.v17i1.13199","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The Covid-19 pandemic that caused by the infection with the novel Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 has revealed individual and global vulnerabilities all over the world. Many countries that had been struggled with arthropod-borne diseases (VBDs) are now embroiled in another challenge caused by COVID-19 pandemic. The situation that poses major obstacles 1) by misdiagnosis 2) delay in early and appropriate treatment of VBDs 3) difficulties in applying regular strategy for vector control and prevention methods and finally 4) irregularity in financing supports. Given the possible scenario of syndemics, it is important to plan integrated and combined measurement with the maximum participation of the people and health authorities. Here, the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on some major arthropod-related diseases will be discussed.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>To access the collective data all related databases such as Science direct, PubMed, Elsevier, Google scholar, as well WHO web page were searched with key words \"arthropoda-related diseases, COVID-19 with the name of each individual disease\".</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The results showed that the management, control, and treatment of most important arthropod-related diseases could be delayed due to COVID-19 pandemic.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Dealing with COVID-19, it is crucial to consider the other main killers such as malaria, dengue fever, etc. more especially in vulnerable populations by greater political, financial and global commitment. Continued surveillance will be essential to monitor for any possible changes.</p>","PeriodicalId":15095,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Arthropod-Borne Diseases","volume":"17 1","pages":"28-35"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/ae/4b/JAD-17-28.PMC10440499.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10414382","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular Characterization of <i>Paederus</i> Spp (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae, Paederinae) the Agent of Human Linear Dermatitis in the Caspian Sea Coast, North of Iran.","authors":"Abbas Heydari,&nbsp;Sinan Anlaş,&nbsp;Hasan Bakhshi,&nbsp;Mona Koosha,&nbsp;Nayyereh Choubdar,&nbsp;Somayeh Panahi-Moghadam,&nbsp;Mohammad Ali Oshaghi","doi":"10.18502/jad.v17i1.13206","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18502/jad.v17i1.13206","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>A combined morphological and molecular survey was performed to determine the agent of human linear dermatitis <i>Paederus</i> Fabricius, 1775 (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae, Paederinae) species composition in Mazandaran Province in the Caspian Sea coast in northern Iran, where most of linear dermatitis cases of the country occurred.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Altogether, 397 <i>Paederus</i> specimens were collected from May to August 2021 and classified using morphological characters and ITS2-rDNA sequence analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Morphological investigation revealed that all the specimens were <i>Paederus fuscipes.</i> ITS2 polymerase chain reaction (PCR) direct-sequences and the profiles of restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) derived from digestion of PCR products by <i>Hinf</i>I, <i>Hpa</i>II, and <i>Sal</i>I enzymes were identical confirming the morphological results, implying that all specimens belonged to a single taxon.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong><i>Paederus fuscipes</i> (Fabricius, 1775) is considered the dominant taxon and responsible for linear dermatitis in Mazandaran Province. To our knowledge, we have provided the first molecular typing of <i>Paederus</i> beetles at the species level, suggesting that ITS2-rDNA characterization is an alternative tool for species discrimination of <i>Paederus</i> spp.</p>","PeriodicalId":15095,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Arthropod-Borne Diseases","volume":"17 1","pages":"94-104"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/19/51/JAD-17-94.PMC10440500.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10058492","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genetic Structure of <i>Aedes</i> (<i>Stegomyia</i>) <i>albopictus</i> Populations in Russia.","authors":"Elena Shaikevich,&nbsp;Ludmila Karan,&nbsp;Marina Fedorova","doi":"10.18502/jad.v17i1.13201","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18502/jad.v17i1.13201","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong><i>Aedes</i> (<i>Stegomyia</i>) <i>albopictus</i> was found for the first time in 2011 on the Black Sea coast in Russia, and during 2011-2019, the species expanded over two climate zones Cfa and Csa.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Here, we studied the sequence diversity of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase I (<i>COI</i>) gene, 1317-1433bp in length. In total, 131 specimens of <i>Ae. albopictus</i> sampled from 21 locations in Russia and Abkhazia were examined.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Two of the six identified mitochondrial haplotypes were detected for the first time. Four <i>COI</i> haplotypes were shared by at least two studied local populations. The most prevalent H1 and H2 haplotypes dominated in all the sampled localities in the Cfa zone. The H3 haplotype was prevalent in the Csa zone. Other haplotypes were rare. Phylogenetic analyses, spatial isolation and limited gene flow revealed that the samples from the Csa zone differed significantly from those from the Cfa zone.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Two spatially isolated genetic lineages exist in <i>Ae. albopictus</i> population in southern region of Russia. One lineage obtained on the seacoast and inland (in valleys of the Caucasus Mountains and steppe zone) is widely distributed worldwide including Mediterranean populations. This confirms the hypothesis that the emergence of <i>Ae. albopictus</i> population in southern region of Russia may be associated with the terrestrial spread of mosquitoes from the well-established European population due to human activity. The other lineage, discovered in Novorossiysk, a maritime port, is similar to <i>Ae. albopictus</i> from the USA and Japan, suggesting the independent introduction of these mosquitoes.</p>","PeriodicalId":15095,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Arthropod-Borne Diseases","volume":"17 1","pages":"51-62"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/74/e1/JAD-17-51.PMC10440497.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10414376","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of the Time Course on the Effectiveness of WHO Standard Pyrethroid and Carbamate Impregnated Test Papers against <i>Anopheles stephensi</i>, the Main Malaria Vector in Iran.","authors":"Awat Dehghan,&nbsp;Seyed Hassan Moosa-Kazemi,&nbsp;Mohammad Mehdi Sedaghat,&nbsp;Hassan Vatandoost,&nbsp;Ahmad Ali Hanafi-Bojd","doi":"10.18502/jad.v17i1.13203","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18502/jad.v17i1.13203","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong><i>Anopheles stephensi</i> is a major vector of malaria in some parts of the world. A standard method for determining resistance in adult mosquito populations is the bioassay test recommended by the world health organization (WHO). The papers used in this method have an expiry date. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of outdated susceptibility test papers for use in insecticide resistance monitoring programs.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Beech and Bandar Abbas strains of <i>An. stephensi</i> were reared in the insectary. Permethrin 0.75%, Deltamethrin 0.05%, and Bendiocarb 0.1% impregnated test papers prepared by Universiti Sains Malaysia were used. Probit analysis was used to analyze the results and prepare time-mortality regression lines of LT₅₀ and LT₉₀.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>There was a difference in the mortality of both tested strains of <i>An. stephensi</i> was exposed to all tested insecticides. Both expired and not expired Permethrin and Deltamethrin papers induced 100% mortality at the diagnostic time (60min), but their insecticidal properties were reduced gradually in serial times. The highest efficacy of test papers was in the first trimester after the expiry date and decreased over time.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>At the diagnostic time of 60 minutes, the mortality rate of both dated and expired papers was 100% in the pyrethroid insecticides, even three years after expiry dates, if stored in the package provided by the producer, in a refrigerator. This value was reduced to less than 100% in the expired papers of Bendiocarb comparing the dated papers that induced 100% mortality.</p>","PeriodicalId":15095,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Arthropod-Borne Diseases","volume":"17 1","pages":"72-82"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/9b/95/JAD-17-72.PMC10440494.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10048699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bacterial Contamination of Collected Cockroaches and Determination Their Antibiotic Susceptibility in Khorramabad City, Iran.","authors":"Behroz Davari,&nbsp;Ali Ezat Hassanvand,&nbsp;Aref Salehzadeh,&nbsp;Mohammad Yousef Alikhani,&nbsp;Seyed Mostafa Hosseini","doi":"10.18502/jad.v17i1.13202","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18502/jad.v17i1.13202","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Cockroaches are one of the most important carriers of pathogenic microorganisms. Therefore, the presence of cockroaches in public places, especially in hospitals, homes, and restaurants, is dangerous, and threatens the health of society, people, and the environment. The aim of this study was evaluation of bacterial contamination of cockroaches and the sensitivity of these bacteria to various antibiotics, captured from Khorramabad City, Iran.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This descriptive cross-sectional study was performed on 150 cockroaches collected from hospital environments, homes, and restaurants in Khorramabad. The outer surface of the cockroaches was washed with physiological saline. The suspension was centrifuged for 5 minutes at 2000rpm. Isolation and identification of bacteria was performed using phenotypic methods. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed by disk diffusion method according to Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI) guideline.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 100 American cockroaches (66.66%), 28 <i>B. germanica</i> (18.66%) and 22 <i>Blatta orientalis</i> (14.66%) were identified. In total, 97.33% of the collected cockroaches were infected with bacteria. The most bacterial infection of the cockroaches was <i>Escherichia coli</i>, coagulase-negative Staphylococci and <i>Bacillus</i> respectively. The overall results of the antibiogram test showed that the identified bacteria were resistant to cephalothin, ampicillin, cefotaxime, and kanamycin antibiotics, semi-sensitive to ciprofloxacin and sensitive to tetracycline, gentamicin, nitrofurantoin, Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, and Chloramphenicol.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Infection of cockroaches with pathogenic bacterial agents in hospital, residential, and restaurant environments, as well as the observation of bacterial resistance to some common antibiotics is worrying.</p>","PeriodicalId":15095,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Arthropod-Borne Diseases","volume":"17 1","pages":"63-71"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/fd/dc/JAD-17-63.PMC10440495.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10048702","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biodiversity and Spatial Distribution of Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in Kurdistan Province, Western Iran.","authors":"Farid Sharifi,&nbsp;Omid Banafshi,&nbsp;Ali Rasouli,&nbsp;Shadi Ghoreishi,&nbsp;Samrand Saeedi,&nbsp;Mahmood Khalesi,&nbsp;Afshar Rezai,&nbsp;Eslam Moradi Asl,&nbsp;Bushra Zareie,&nbsp;Nasrollah Veisi Khodlan,&nbsp;Arshad Veysi","doi":"10.18502/jad.v16i4.12194","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18502/jad.v16i4.12194","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) have always been considered as the vector/s of viral and parasitic diseases. This study aimed to conduct a comprehensive survey on the species composition, spatial distribution, and biodiversity indices of mosquitoes in Kurdistan Province, western Iran.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study was carried out in 10 counties of Kurdistan Province. The immature stages of mosquitoes were collected monthly from June to September. ArcGIS software was used to spatial analysis and create maps. Alpha diversity indices were calculated using the related formula.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Totally, 5831 larvae belonging to the family Culicidae were collected. Twelve species were identified including: <i>Anopheles claviger</i>, <i>An. maculipennis</i> s.l, <i>An. superpictus</i> s.l, <i>Culiseta. longiareolata</i>, <i>Cs. subochrea</i>, <i>Culex hortensis</i>, <i>Cx. mimeticus</i>, <i>Cx. perexiguus</i>, <i>Cx. pipiens</i>, <i>Cx. theileri</i>, <i>Cx. modestus</i> and <i>Cx. territans</i>. Based on this analysis, the high-risk areas of the province are determined as <i>Anopheles</i> in the west, <i>Culex</i> in the north, and the <i>Culiseta</i> in the south of the province. Analyzing the Alpha biodiversity indices showed Baneh and Sarabad had the maximum and Bijar had the minimum mosquito biodiversity.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The western counties of the province are regarded as the hotspots for anopheline mosquitos. Moreover, reporting of malaria cases in the past, bordering with Iraq and the high traffic of travelers have made these areas as potential foci for malaria transmission. So that, routine entomological inspections are proposed to detect any suspicious vector or case entrance.</p>","PeriodicalId":15095,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Arthropod-Borne Diseases","volume":"16 4","pages":"350-363"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/aa/4a/JAD-16-350.PMC10163370.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9444302","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Comparative Study on the Biodiversity and Species Richness of Phlebotomine Sand Flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) in Kermanshah and Khuzestan Provinces of Iran.","authors":"Negin Yahaghi,&nbsp;Mahboubeh Fatemi,&nbsp;Ahmad Ali Hanafi-Bojd,&nbsp;Abdollah Naghian,&nbsp;Mohammad Reza Yaghoobi-Ershadi,&nbsp;Alireza Zahraei-Ramezani,&nbsp;Yavar Rassi,&nbsp;Hassan Soleimani,&nbsp;Hossein Dehghan,&nbsp;Arshad Veysi,&nbsp;Kamran Akbarzadeh,&nbsp;Amir Ahmad Akhavan","doi":"10.18502/jad.v16i4.12189","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18502/jad.v16i4.12189","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Leishmaniasis is one of the most important vector-borne and neglected tropical diseases in many parts of the world. The main objective of this study was to determine the biodiversity of phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae, Phlebotominae) in Khuzestan and Kermanshah Provinces of Iran.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Sampling was conducted in Khuzestan and Kermanshah Provinces using sticky paper traps and CDC light traps. The samples were then stored in 96% alcohol-containing vials, mounted, and identified. Afterward, the alpha diversity (using Simpson's, Shannon-Weiner's diversity, evenness, Maghalef's, Menhinick's, Hill <i>N</i> ₁ and <i>N</i> ₂ indices) and beta diversity indices (using Sorensen's and Jaccard's coefficients) were calculated.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 4302 sand flies were caught and identified which comprised mostly of <i>Phlebotomus papatasi</i>, <i>Ph. alexandri</i> and <i>Ph. sergenti</i>. It was found that among the four counties of Ahvaz, Shush, Shushtar and Dezful in Khuzestan Province, Shush had the lowest, and Shushtar, the highest amount of species diversity and evenness. In the four studied counties of Kermanshah Province, species diversity in Kermanshah County had the lowest amount and Sarpol-e-Zahab, the highest. The species richness in Kermanshah County was the lowest, while Qasr-e-Shirin County had the highest amount.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>An overview of the biodiversity of phlebotomine sand flies in Kermanshah County in Kermanshah Province, and Shush County in Khuzestan Province, showed less stability in community structure of these vectors, which can be counted as an alarm for emerging dominant vectors among the studied counties and have the potential to increase the prevalence of leishmaniasis.</p>","PeriodicalId":15095,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Arthropod-Borne Diseases","volume":"16 4","pages":"278-287"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/6e/2f/JAD-16-278.PMC10163365.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9497760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Zika Virus from the Perspective of Observational Studies: a Review.","authors":"Tayyab Saleem,&nbsp;Hashaam Akhtar,&nbsp;Syed Babar Jamal,&nbsp;Fizza Maryam,&nbsp;Muhammad Faheem","doi":"10.18502/jad.v16i4.12188","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18502/jad.v16i4.12188","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Since 1952 when Zika Virus (ZIKV): a <i>Flavivirus</i>, was first discovered in humans, it has not received enough scientific research compared to some of the other members of the family Flaviviridae; like Dengue Virus (DENV). However, this has not stopped the virus from infecting the human population globally. In particular, the global spread of ZIKV has led to a surge in observational studies.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Regarding recently published ZIKV-related literature, we are not aware of any reviews strictly focusing on ZIKV from the perspective of observational studies. Therefore, we reviewed recently published observational studies exploring the global spread of ZIKV and its association with Congenital ZIKV Infection (CZI) and clinical manifestations in adults. Online databases including google scholar, PubMed and Elsevier were used for retrieving relevant studies.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>ZIKV cases have been reported in different parts of the world, with certain regions reporting more cases than the rest, like Brazil. ZIKV causes a wide spectrum of diseases and disorders including microcephaly, developmental disorders, and Guillain-Barre syndrome to name a few. Furthermore, CZI in neonates mainly manifests into neurological disorders and diseases, whereas ZIKV in adults' targets various organs.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>ZIKV poses a serious threat to human population and observational studies provide a different perspective on the damaging capabilities of ZIKV in real-life settings. Moreover, there are gaps in the literature regarding ZIKV-related-complications that future experimental studies need to address. These complications include in-utero transmission, Guillain-Barre syndrome, cross-reactivity, sexual transmission, along with its persistence in the male reproductive tract.</p>","PeriodicalId":15095,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Arthropod-Borne Diseases","volume":"16 4","pages":"262-277"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/25/f5/JAD-16-262.PMC10163368.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9444305","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Structure and Antibacterial Activity of Chitosan from the American Cockroach, the German Cockroach and the Mealworm Beetle.","authors":"Ebrahim Cheraghi,&nbsp;Majid Kababian,&nbsp;Eslam Moradi-Asl,&nbsp;Seyed Mahdi Mousavi Bafrouyi,&nbsp;Abedin Saghafipour","doi":"10.18502/jad.v16i4.12190","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18502/jad.v16i4.12190","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Owing to chitosan properties such as biocompatibility and antimicrobial activities, and several applications in biomedical field, some physicochemical and anti-bacterial properties, and the level of chitosan from three species of American cockroach, <i>Periplaneta americana</i> (Dictyoptera: Blattidae), the German cockroach, <i>Blattella germanica</i> (Dictyoptera: Ectobiidae) and the Mealworm beetle, <i>Tenebrio molitor</i> (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) were investigated.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The cuticle of adults derived from specimens was dried and grounded. The powders were demineralized as well as deproteinized after deacetylation via NaOH. At last, the chitosan yields from insects were studied for antibacterial activity on Gram-positive bacteria (<i>Proteus mirabilis</i>, <i>Klebsiella pneumoniae</i>), and Gram-negative bacteria (<i>Enterococcus faecalis</i> and <i>Staphylococcus epidermidis</i>). The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was used to analyze the chitosan composition.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The chitosan ratios of the American and German cockroaches and the mealworm beetle were 5.80, 2.95, and 1.70% per 3 g of the dried bodies respectively. The chitin DD's for the American cockroach, the German cockroach and the mealworm beetle were 36.8%, 31.5% and 27.3%, respectively. The bactericidal activity of chitosan obtained from the American cockroach at a concentration of 1% had the greatest effect on <i>P. mirabilis</i> compared to other concentrations, while chitosan obtained from the German cockroach at a concentration of 0.01% had the greatest effect on <i>K. pneumoniae</i> compared to other concentrations.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>According to the results, the anti-bacterial influence of the chitosan is based upon the insect species and chitosan concentration. Probably, the variation relates to the changes in the chitin structure among the three insect species.</p>","PeriodicalId":15095,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Arthropod-Borne Diseases","volume":"16 4","pages":"325-339"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/46/9e/JAD-16-325.PMC10163372.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9448783","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}