Journal of Advances in Biology & Biotechnology最新文献

{"title":"Evaluation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Content of Selected Fin and Shell Fish from Named Rivers in Ogoniland, Rivers State, Nigeria","authors":"Jumbo Adata Akie, M. Wegwu, D. C. Belonwu, B. Onyegeme-Okerenta, C. T. Iriakuma","doi":"10.9734/jabb/2021/v24i830228","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/jabb/2021/v24i830228","url":null,"abstract":"Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) content in selected fin and shell fishes from Bodo and Kaa in Ogoniland were studied. PAH was determined by Gas chromatography, using Texas Natural Resource Conversion Commission, Texas (TNRCC TX) method. There was a total of 16 PAHs detected in the samples from the two sites, test site (Bodo) and control site (Kaa). Similar PAH accumulations were observed in the four species, but the concentrations of the PAH accumulations were different. For samples from Kaa, Mullet showed the highest total mean concentration of PAHs followed by Sompat grunt, Tilapia and the least was Shrimps. However, for samples collected from Bodo, Tilapia showed the highest total mean concentration of PAHs, followed by Sompat grunt, Shrimps, and the least Mullet. These findings were not definitive as to the source of the PAH, seemingly suggesting various or multiple sources of PAHs contamination in the studied sites. These variations may be attributed to their feeding habits. The mean and standard deviations for PAHs from the test site ranged from 0.08±.000b to 23.7±.473b, 0.05±.001b to 7.74±.346b, 0.02±.001b to 9.48±.002b, 0.07±.000b to 11.0±.029b for Tilapia, Mullet, Shrimps and Sompat grunt respectively and 0.18±.006a to 6.56±.064a, 0.08±.000a to 11.8±.555a, 0.05±.002a to 3.11±.036a, 0.05±.002a to 5.12±.059a for samples of Tilapia, Mullet, Shrimp and Sompat grunt respectively from the control site. In conclusion, the calculated potency equivalence concentration (PEC) for all the tested aquatic species collected from Kaa and Bodo were all above the screening value (SV) suggesting that the consumption of these aquatic species from the test and control site at a rate of 68g/day in an adult of about 60kg will expose the individual to a potential risk of cancer.","PeriodicalId":15023,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Biology & Biotechnology","volume":"2013 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78596272","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative Analysis of Biodiesel Production from Five Varieties of Castor Beans","authors":"J. Tangka, D. K. B. Merlain, Dontsa Tsafack Bertold Donald, M. Croft, V. Kitio","doi":"10.9734/JABB/2020/V23I1130186","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/JABB/2020/V23I1130186","url":null,"abstract":"A comparative study was conducted to estimate biodiesel productivity of five varieties of castor beans: Ricinus communis zanzibariensis {white black} (castor 1), Ricinus communis sanguineus (castor 2), Ricinus communis carmencita (castor 3), Ricinus communis zanzibariensis {dark black} Original Research Article Tangka et al.; JABB, 23(11): 9-22, 2020; Article no.JABB.63941 10 (castor 4) and Ricinus communis {black Tanzania}(castor 5). The castor beans were preheated to a temperature between 22 and 33 ° C and then pressed with a manual hydraulic press, under 170 bars. The oil obtained was subjected to the transesterification reaction with methanol (99.98% pure) in a proportion of 5: 1 in the presence of sodium hydroxide as a catalyst (10,672g) for 02 hours at temperature between 60 and 70 °C. Purification was performed by reacting the methyl ester formed with heated water (55 °C) and acetic acid. The density, the kinematic viscosity at 21 ° C and the proportion of residual soap were determined later. The results for five castor varieties showed that the oil yields varied from 24 to 26.96 %; the volume of methyl ester was higher with castor 4 and lower with castor 5 but there was no significant difference in the biodiesel yields. Castor 2 has the best yield of biodiesel (93.5%), followed by castor 5 (92.5%), castor 3 (91%), castor 1 (90.75 %) and castor 4 (90%). Therefore castor oil 2 has a better potential for biodiesel production.","PeriodicalId":15023,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Biology & Biotechnology","volume":"93 1","pages":"9-22"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78588610","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antidiabetic Activity of Physalis angulata in Streptozotocin Induced Diabetic Wistar Albino Rats","authors":"C. E. Mafuyai, C. D. Luka, M. K. Jiyil, Okon","doi":"10.9734/JABB/2020/V23I1130190","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/JABB/2020/V23I1130190","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Physalis angulata have been extensively used for the management of diabetes in folklore medicine, in Nigeria. Aim: The present study aimed to investigate the antidiabetic effect of aqueous extract of Physalis angulata and its potential mechanisms in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Study Duration: The period of the study was done on 30th September, 2018 at the Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, university of Jos, Nigeria. Methodology: Albino rats of Wistar strain weighing between 200g to 250g were induced with single freshly prepared streptozotocin (55 mg/kg body weight). Diabetes was confirmed after forty eight hours in streptozotocin -induced rats showing fasting blood glucose levels > 10 mmol/l. The rats were randomly divided into four (4) experimental groups (n = 4). A (Control diabetic group fed with normal feed), Group B (Normal control fed with normal feed), Group Group C (Diabetic rats treated with 400 mg/Kg body weight extract of Physalis angulata and Group D, (Diabetic rats are treated with 400 mg/Kg body weight of glibenclamide). After 8 days the animals were sacrificed and blood samples were collected for biochemical and hematological analysis. Changes in the animal body weights were also measured within the period. Results: From the results, it was observed that treatment of rats with extract of Physalis angulata Original Research Article Mafuyai et al.; JABB, 23(11): 33-43, 2020; Article no.JABB.64510 34 elevates the reduction of body weight, and caused an increase in the body weight of the treated rats. In the same order, serum glucose significantly decreased (p<0.05) after the 8-day treatment compared to diabetic control. The extent of reversal of hyperglycemia in the physalis angulata extract treated animals compared well with the glibenclamide treated group. The results, therefore, showed that Physalis angulata extract has a significant (p<0.05) hypoglycemic effect in diabetic rats and the histopathological results of treated groups showed the regenerative/protective effect on cells of pancreas in diabetic rats. Conclusion: The current study revealed the antidiabetic potential of Physalis angulata being effective in hyperglycemia and it can effectively protect against other metabolic aberrations caused by diabetes in rats, which seems to validate its therapeutic traditional use.","PeriodicalId":15023,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Biology & Biotechnology","volume":"45 1","pages":"33-43"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79093838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Escherichia coli in Fruit Juice Dispensers","authors":"A. Chesca, Ariana da Silva Costa, C. Mangucci","doi":"10.9734/JABB/2020/V23I1130185","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/JABB/2020/V23I1130185","url":null,"abstract":"Aims: The aim of this study was to evaluate the microbiological quality of juices kept in juice dispensers and sold in retail in canteens and snack bars. Study Design: The study was done with thirty samples of juice, collected in the morning and in the afternoon, obtained at commercial establishments near Uberaba University, whereas two samples were of cashew juice, two samples of tamarind juice, two samples of passion fruit with mango juice, four samples of guava with acerola juice, eight samples of grape juice and twelve samples of passion fruit juice. Place and Duration of Study: Food Microbiology Laboratory University of Uberaba. Methodology: The temperature at the time of collection was measured. A microbiological analysis was performed. The samples that were positive for thermotolerant coliforms, the analysis was continued, reaching the isolation of Escherichia coli and its subsequent serological identification. Results: The results point to a contamination, over current legal standards, of 66.7% for the samples collected in the morning and of 73.34% for the samples collected in the afternoon. Conclusion: Greater care in good practices is suggested, especially regarding the personal hygiene of handlers, water quality, sanitation and correct temperature control of fruit juice dispensers.","PeriodicalId":15023,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Biology & Biotechnology","volume":"1 1","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88797988","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anti-Anaemic Effect of Cnidoscolus chayamansa (Mc Vaugh) Leaf Extract on Phenyl Hydrazine-Treated Rats","authors":"R. J. Kutshik, M. K. Jiyil, C. E. Mafuyai, L. L. Ichor","doi":"10.9734/JABB/2020/V23I1130189","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/JABB/2020/V23I1130189","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Anaemia is one of the world's threatening disease conditions of blood disorder that leads to the decrease in red blood cells which affects people of all ages. Aim of the Study: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of Cnidoscolus chayamansa leaf extract on phenylhydrazine hydrochloride induced anaemia in albino rats. Study Duration: This study was conducted on 30th June 2019 at the Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Jos, Nigeria. Methodology: A total of 16 rats were split into four groups. Group A the baseline for negative control, group B positive control, group C pre-treatment and group D post-treatment. Induction was done by intraperitoneal with phenylhydrazine at a dose of 40 mg/kg. Blood was taken for each 2 days interval for PCV, RBC, WBC and Hb. Preliminary phytochemical screening was investigated by standard procedures. Results: The results show a significant (P<0.05) increase in serum PCV, RBC, WBC and Hb concentration when compared with the untreated group. Decrease in serum alanine aminotransferase (15.46±4.443 & 7.80±0.429), aspartate aminotransferase (20.89±1.095 & Original Research Article Kutshik et al.; JABB, 23(11): 23-32, 2020; Article no.JABB.64038 24 11.66±0.898), total bilirubin (13.70±0.351 & 10.45±0.620), direct bilirubin (7.49±0.659 & 3.76±0.042) and alkaline phosphatase (254.25±2.287 & 192.00±1.474) and a significant (P<0.05) increase in serum protein and albumin when compared with untreated group. Iron binding shows a significantly (P<0.05) increase (153.49±0.530 & 166.09±1.334) and (85.16±0.824 &98.43±0.562) while there was a significant (p<0.05) decrease in serum Urea (2.39±0.027&4.70±0.047), Creatinine (68.38±0.404&75.01±0.891), and Uric acid (234.92±2.761&246.52±1.136) when compared with the baselines. Conclusion: The positive effect of the vegetable may be attributed to its rich phytochemicals, nutrients which supports the use of the leaves for food and ethnomedicinal purposes in many parts of Nigeria.","PeriodicalId":15023,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Biology & Biotechnology","volume":"5 1","pages":"23-32"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91139481","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Comparative Review of the Traditional and Modern Methods of Water Treatment","authors":"A. O. Adeniyi","doi":"10.9734/JABB/2020/V23I1130191","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/JABB/2020/V23I1130191","url":null,"abstract":"Artificial pollution of groundwater may arise from either point or diffuse sources. Several different means to improve the microbial quality of water and reduce waterborne diseases have been documented around the world. Traditional methods of water treatment include Filtration through winnowing sieve (used widely in Mali), Filtration through cloth (commonly used in villages in India, Mali and the southern part of Niger), Filtration through clay vessels (used in Egypt), filtration through plant material (commonly used in Tamil Nadu and Kerala, India) and Jempeng stone filter method (used in Bali, Indonesia). Modern methods of water treatment include Solar Water Disinfection (SODIS), LifeStraw, Nanofilter, Ceramic water filter, Bio-sand filter and Kanchan Arsenic filter. Comparatively, traditional methods of water treatment employ crude methods which have proved to be effective in relation to filtration but the modern methods make use of newer research technologies in the elimination of pathogens and toxic chemicals to make drinking water more potable and safe.","PeriodicalId":15023,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Biology & Biotechnology","volume":"45 1","pages":"44-51"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73898965","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efficacy of Mancozeb and Ocimum gratissimum Extract in the Management of Late Blight Disease in Tomato Varieties","authors":"M. Bi, Ache NehTeke, Nkwatoh Therese Ncheuveu, Bih Nadine Toh","doi":"10.9734/JABB/2020/V23I1030183","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/JABB/2020/V23I1030183","url":null,"abstract":"Tomato late blight is an economic disease that causes 100 % yield loss of tomato in Cameroon. The objective of the study was to determine the efficacy of mancozeb and Ocimum gratissimum extract in managing late blight disease in Nadira and Rio-grande tomato varieties. Seedlings of each tomato variety were planted in replicates of three in a complete randomized block design comprising of three treatments (T1 –Ocimum gratissimum extract (1666.7 g/15 L); T2 –Mancozeb (50 g/15 L); T3 –control. Fifty grams of mancozeb (50g) and 1666.7 g of O. gratissimum extract dissolved and mixed with water in a 15 L knapsack sprayer was applied to control tomato late blight from the onset of blight symptoms, at two days intervals, to control Data for the disease incidence, severity, and yield parameters were collected at weekly intervals for four weeks from plants in the middle of the ridges. Mancozeb and O. gratissimum extract significantly reduced the disease Original Research Article Bi et al.; JABB, 23(10): 45-53, 2020; Article no.JABB.65085 46 severity of Nadira and Rio-grande tomato varieties by 0.2., resulting in a mean fruit number of 18.31 and 16.31 fruits and fruit weight of 1.44 g and 1.13 g. There was no significant difference (p =0.05) between plants sprayed with Mancozeb and O. gratissimum extract. The Nadira variety was resistant to the tomato late blight caused by Phytophthora infestans. Thus biopesticides (O. gratissimum) can be effectively used as alternatives to synthetic fungicides (mancozeb) –which pose risks to human and environmental health.","PeriodicalId":15023,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Biology & Biotechnology","volume":"86 1","pages":"45-53"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85579089","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular Diversity Analysis in Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) Using RAPD Markers","authors":"M. A. Wahab, S. Sumi, A. Islam, M. E. Houqe","doi":"10.9734/JABB/2020/V23I1030182","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/JABB/2020/V23I1030182","url":null,"abstract":"Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L) is considered as major textile fiber around the world. This research aimed to analyze the molecular diversity among 9 cotton genotypes collected from Cotton Development Board, Bangladesh using the 7 Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. Some total of 18 DNA bands were obtained and among them, 13 were polymorphic bands. The range of DNA amplification varied from 180 to 800 bp. The percentage of polymorphism was about 50.71. Genetic diversity ranged from 0.22 to 0.44 with an average value of 0.34. Nei’s genetic distance ranging from 0.1667 to 0.6667 and most importantly PIC value ranged from 0.18 to 0.35 with an average value of 0.27. The PIC value indicated that most of the studied cotton genotypes were moderately diversified and homogenous as well as no heterozygosity found. A dendrogram indicating the relative genetic similarity of the Bangladeshi cotton genotypes was constructed which followed in two major clusters (A and B) among the studied material. The Cotton Development Board (CDB), Bangladesh committed to working on cotton improvement and this investigation will be helpful for the selection of diversified genotypes in varietal improvement in cotton. The output of this research will be a baseline for future molecular research work on cotton genotypes in Bangladesh.","PeriodicalId":15023,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Biology & Biotechnology","volume":"50 1","pages":"33-44"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86106244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Morphological and Molecular Identification of Mycobiota Associated with Juniperus monosperma (Engelm.) Sarg. Blight in Mexico","authors":"Ma. Elizabeth Galindo-Cepeda, Abiel Sánchez-Arizpe, E. Angel, S. F. Velázquez-Morales, J. L. Arispe-Vázquez","doi":"10.9734/JABB/2020/V23I1030180","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/JABB/2020/V23I1030180","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of the investigation was to identify the agents associated with blight in Juniperus monosperma at Lirios region, Arteaga, Coahuila. Botanical material was collected at Lirios, Arteaga, and taken to the laboratory. Pathogens were isolated in ADP culture medium and identifying by morphological criteria and molecular using primers ITS1 and ITS4. DNA extraction by the Dellaporta method, the visualization of obtained DNA was performed by electrophoresis on a 2% (p/v) agarose gel. DNA quantification was performed on a NanoDrop 1000 spectrophotometer, and DNA amplification was carried out in the Veriti thermocycler. Obtained sequences were aligned and compared with those available in the GenBank database of the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), using the BLAST algorithm (Basic Local Aligment Search Tool) to find conserved sequences. Pathogens were inoculated in stems of J. monosperma. The agents associated with blight were Alternaria sp., Aspergillus sp. and Rosellinia sp. and the sequence obtained compared with BLAST coincided only with Alternaria sp. and Aspergillus sp. with the Original Research Article Galindo-Cepeda et al.; JABB, 23(10): 1-7, 2020; Article no.JABB.63730 2 access codes KP027305.1 and MG551283.1, respectively. According to data taken in field, Alternaria sp. behaved as the highest prevalence species and severity associated with blight in J. monosperma, and Rosellinia sp. in laboratory conditions.","PeriodicalId":15023,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Biology & Biotechnology","volume":"128 1","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88009412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Probiotics as Agents of Health Improvement, Infection Control and Diseases Treatment: A Review","authors":"Francis A. Gbadamosi, I. R. Akaniro, M. Olaitan, Theresa O. Nnamocha","doi":"10.9734/JABB/2020/V23I930179","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/JABB/2020/V23I930179","url":null,"abstract":"Aims: This review presents valuable information on the contribution of probiotics to the improvement of health and quality of life. Background: Due to their roles in normal physiology and impacts on human health, probiotics have become a subject of great interests especially in the field of Microbiology. The results of several well-designed clinical studies have shown probiotics to be reliable therapeutic option for the prevention, treatment and control of various health conditions; gastrointestinal diseases, respiratory diseases, neurological disorders, depressive symptoms and autoimmune disorders. Probiotics enhance gastrointestinal tract (GIT) health via vitamins production and supply to the human host and have also been reported to improve immune function thus, inhibiting pathogen invasion and colonization/development. Some show direct/indirect immune modulating capabilities by enhancing mucosal barrier functions, modulating sensory motor functions and delivering antigens. Many Review Article Gbadamosi et al.; JABB, 23(9): 37-48, 2020; Article no.JABB.64397 38 probiotic foods possess antioxidant properties that enable them to withstand oxidative stress and strengthen hosts’ anti oxidative defense mechanism. Findings/Conclusion: The potential application of probiotics in functional foods and pharmaceuticals could demonstrate the improvement of health and quality of life.","PeriodicalId":15023,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Biology & Biotechnology","volume":"76 1","pages":"37-48"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76213851","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}