Journal of Applied Life Sciences International最新文献

{"title":"Molecular Identification of Captive Snakes from their Shed Skin Using Cyt b & 12s rRNA Markers","authors":"Karthy Sivapushanam, A. Nadarajan, Vaishnavi Chandramouli, Kanchana Rangasamy, D. Jana","doi":"10.9734/jalsi/2022/v25i430302","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/jalsi/2022/v25i430302","url":null,"abstract":"Aims: To successfully utilize non-invasive shed skin samples for species identification of captive snake species of Tamil Nadu and create genetic repository. \u0000Study Design: The experiment was designed to apply the ammonium acetate method of DNA extraction from shed skin. Two mitochondrial markers were used to ascertain identification of species. \u0000Place and Duration of Study: Advanced Institute for Wildlife Conservation (AIWC), Tamil Nadu Forest Department, Vandalur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu. The samples were collected between May and October 2019 from Arignar Anna Zoological Park, Vandalur, Guindy National Park, Chennai, and Amirthi Zoological Park, Vellore, Tamil Nadu. \u0000Methodology: We collected fresh shed skin from 8 different snake species from captivities of zoos and dried between 48 to 72 hours to remove moisture. Independent DNA isolations were performed for each sample. The DNA isolated samples were quantified using Nanodrop Spectrophotometer for concentration. Independent PCR amplification of mitochondrial regions of cytochrome b and 12S rRNA were performed and agarose gel electrophoresis was carried out. PCR products were subjected to sanger sequencing using genetic analyzer. \u0000Results: The DNA concentration from all 8 different snake species ranged between 250 to 1600 ng/µL and average quality ratios A260/280 of 1.85 and A260/230 of 2.10. Both the mitochondrial gene regions cytochrome b and 12S rRNA showed specificity in species amplification with NCBI BLAST result ranging from 99-100%. Phylogenetic trees using maximum-likelihood method classified closely related species under the same clade, with a bootstrap support of 60-100%. Genetic distances of snake species ranged from 0.148-0.457 in cytochrome b region and 0.148-0.457 in 12S region. \u0000Conclusion: Shed skin is often overlooked from utilization for species identification. In this study, DNA from shed skin of 8 captive snakes is extracted and amplified using Cyt b and 12s mitochondrial markers. Individual phylogenetic trees are constructed for each marker to find relatedness of different snake species with one another. This work is an initiation of genetic repository creation of captive snake species of Tamil Nadu and could be effectively employed in conservation and population genetic studies of snakes.","PeriodicalId":14990,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Life Sciences International","volume":"184 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77545497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In silico and in vivo Biological Evaluation of Chenopodium quinoa on Scopolamine Induced Memory Impairment in Mice","authors":"M. Raju, Triyasha Mondal, N. Reddy, I. Khan","doi":"10.9734/jalsi/2022/v25i430300","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/jalsi/2022/v25i430300","url":null,"abstract":"Aims: The present research is focused on screening in vivo and insilico anti- amnesic activity of the ethanolic extract of seeds of Chenopodium quinoa. To establish the exact the mechanism of action, the phytochemical constituents of the extract were subjected to in silico studies using schrodinger and pass software. \u0000Methodology: The powdered material of seeds of Chenopodium quinoa were dried and extracted with ethanol by soxhlation technique. In vivo evaluation of anti- amnesic activity of the ethanolic extract of seeds of Chenopodium quinoa was carried using Transfer latency by Elevated plus maze, Novel object recognition test and Passive avoidance time by cook’s pole climbing apparatus. The major phytoconstituents were subjected to molecular docking using PDB ID: 1EVE, 6N33, 2FV5 and 6W2X. Prediction studies for biological activities, adverse effects, direct and possible targets and using PASS (Predictions of activity spectra for substances) online software. \u0000Results: The extract was administered at doses (200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg) showed significant anti- amnesic activity. The prolongation of the transfer latency time (secs) in the elevated plus-maze test is as an indicator for impairment of learning and memory. In Novel objective recognition test the time of memorizing the familiar object with that of the novel object and time taken for each animal to recognize the novel object compare to familiar object is noted. The results revealed that Quercetin, Beta sitosterol, Kaempferol, Dimethyl sulphide, Myristic acid, Palmitic acid, Stigmasterol, Lenolenic acid, Pentadecanoic acid, Tocopherols, Arachidonic acid and standard Donepezil have got highest glide scores against PDB ID: 1EVE, 6N33, 2FV5 and 6W2X. The ADME results revealed the higher oral bioavailability. The major phytoconstituents were subjected to prediction studies for biological activities, adverse effects, direct and possible targets and using PASS (Predictions of activity spectra for substances) online software. \u0000Conclusion: From in vivo and in silico results it is evident that ethanolic extract seeds of Chenopodium quinoa possessed significant anti- amnesic activity.","PeriodicalId":14990,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Life Sciences International","volume":"466 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83028121","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Soot Pollution and Pathological Implications","authors":"R. Okafor, E. Onosakponome, C. Nyenke, Chikadibia Fyneface Amadi","doi":"10.9734/jalsi/2022/v25i430298","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/jalsi/2022/v25i430298","url":null,"abstract":"Carbon-based soot, a black particulate material, is produced when fossil fuels burn partially. Soot is seen as an unwelcome byproduct that results from the insufficient combustion of carbon-containing compounds. The environment is affected by the deposition of soot in water, air and soil. These environmental components serves as a means of exposure to man although, the effect of water and soil exposure are poorly studied. This reviewed has also shown that three pathological conditions may occur as a result of soot exposure; they include- respiratory disorder, cardiovascular disease and cancer. Poly aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) was reported as carcinogenic substance in soot that causes cancer. Direct contact-mediated lung cell failure and immune response involvement that results in cellular proliferation and fibrosis have been proposed as the mechanisms underlying respiratory illness. Inflammation of myocardiac tissues was considered the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease in soot exposure individuals. Treatment options were based on the mechanism of soot pathology. Based on existing literatures, this review has demonstrated that soot polluted environment can lead to cancer, cardiovascular disease and respiratory disorder.","PeriodicalId":14990,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Life Sciences International","volume":"55 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86782792","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of Malaria Parasitaemia among COVID-19 Patients in Rivers State, Nigeria","authors":"R. Nwalozie, O. Onosakponome, B. A. Nnokam, Tamunonengiye-Ofori Lenox-Prince","doi":"10.9734/jalsi/2022/v25i430297","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/jalsi/2022/v25i430297","url":null,"abstract":"This study was an exploratory prospective observational study in a cohort of patients on admission with COVID-19 in some health institutions in Nigeria. Patients within the age group of less than 25 years to greater than 50 years of age with PCR-confirmed diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection, involved only those who gave consent. Ethical concern was highly upheld. Taro Yamman formula was used to determine the sample size of 400 and probability sampling technique used. Primary and secondary data sources were used. Clinical assessments and blood sample collected at one point in time following standard protocol according to WHO. Malaria diagnosis was done using microscopy through thin and thick film using Gemisha staining. All data were analyzed for descriptive statistics- frequency and percentage distributions and prevalence rates. Total malaria prevalence rate in the study was high 327 (81.8%) and in terms of severity the older age group (>50years) had high (84.8%) malaria parasitaemia. However, low parasiteamia 154 (38.5%) was common regardless of the age groups and formed the majority of malaria parasites detected while the high malaria parasitaemia was least with 59 (14.8%). The prevalence of COVID-19 co-infection with malaria was high as recorded in this study. The age group >50years had the highest number of COVID-19 patients with high malaria parasitemia. The study findings highlight the significance of understanding the possible medical and therapeutic implications of such overlapping co-infections in malaria endemic area with high morbidity burden. Routine Malaria screening and treatment should be an integral aspect of COVID-19 treatment regimen in malaria endemic region with much emphasis among the geriatrics. All malaria elimination programme and roll back malaria core values should be strengthened from vector control, to use of insecticide treated nets and others should be regularly practiced.","PeriodicalId":14990,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Life Sciences International","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85865235","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fusion Assessment in Stand Alone Oblique lumbar interbody fusion in Adult Degenerative Lumbar Scoliosis: A Prospective Study","authors":"Mohamed K. Elkazaz, A. Abdelmonem, A. Abou-Madawi, Hassan A. Alshatoury, Mohamed Alqazaz, K. Salem","doi":"10.9734/jalsi/2022/v25i430295","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/jalsi/2022/v25i430295","url":null,"abstract":"Background data: The degenerative lumbar diseases form a burden on both the patients and the society. The development of the degenerative process is highly linked to the aging process as discussed by Kirkandly Willis where the degenerative spine passes through 3 phases of process that results in the degenerative diseases. The management of the degenerative spine deformities varies and depends on various factors. Traditional surgical management involves instrumentation, decompression and fusion processes. Oblique Lumbar interbody fusion ‘OLIF’ is a novel technique when used alone as in stand-alone OLIF ‘SA-OLIF’ it could achieve degenerative deformity correction along with neural decompression, however, the final aim of SA OLIF where solid fusion is required still is under evaluation and literature lacks the essential data for this approach. This study aims to assess the fusion of the SA-OLIF in the management of degenerative lumbar scoliosis. \u0000Study Design: A Prospective clinical case study. \u0000Objective: To assess the fusion rates in patients suffering from degenerative lumbar scoliosis ADS after SA-OLIF. \u0000Patients and Methods: Patients with ADS following a specific inclusion criterion underwent SA OLIF. Pre-, and Post-operative clinical data; back and leg pain ‘VAS score’ and ODI, radiological data; for fusion assessment. Intra-operative data: operative time, amount of blood loss, complications ‘intra-operative or post-operative’ and hospital stay were all analyzed and compared statistically. \u0000Results: A total of 28 patients and 30 levels were operated by SA OLIF, with mean age 50.54±6.05 included 14 males and 14 females. The mean operative time/min, blood loss/ml and hospital stay/day was 91.29±14.23, 195.54±42.299 and 2.78±0.875 respectively. The mean of Back Pain ‘VAS’, The mean of Leg Pain ’VAS’ and ODI changed from pre-operatively 7.36±0.98, 6.36±0.911and 68.615±8.72 to 4.07±1.01, 2.07±0.9 and 20.23±4.7 in 1-year respectively. In this study we had 92.9% fusion rates after 1-year. Operative complications occurred in 3 cases with segmental artery injury. Post-operative complications were 1 cage dislodgment immediately post-operative and 2 cases of cage subsidence after 1-year. \u0000Conclusion: SA OLIF can result in high rates of fusion. There are multiple factors that determine the rate of fusion such as the quality of the vertebrae and endplate preservation during the preparation procedure.","PeriodicalId":14990,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Life Sciences International","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88261342","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Structure Based Docking of Secondary Metabolites against Alpha-amylase and Alpha-glucosidase Activities in Treating Diabetes","authors":"Y. Magaji, Z. Abdullahi, A. Haroun, A. I. Alhaji, A. M. Sani","doi":"10.9734/jalsi/2022/v25i330294","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/jalsi/2022/v25i330294","url":null,"abstract":"Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a long term disorder of metabolism characterized by high level of blood sugar (hyperglycemia) due to insufficient secretion of insulin, insulin resistance, or both, as well as poor lipid, protein and carbohydrate metabolism. These complications occur as a result of derangement in glucose storage for the regulatory system and metabolic fuel mobilization, including carbohydrate, protein and lipid anabolism and catabolism emanating from impaired action of insulin, secretion of insulin, or both. The in silico study was conducted with the help of molecular docking to treat diabetes to inhibit the activities of α-amylase and α-glucosidase by drug molecule. All the studies were based on docking with molecules. The docking was done using a docking software between all the ligands and the target protein receptors. Natural compounds, such as Conduritol A, Catechin and Quercetin were picked, and protein targets as α-amylase and α-glucosidase. Ligands were imported for visual screening into PyRx software while Biovia Discovery Studio Visualizer was used for protein preparation. Analysis of the properties of drug likeliness of the ligands was done via SwissADME online server according to Lipinski’s Rule of Five. Final docking analysis was done through AutoDockVina and Biovia Discovery Studio client 2020. Molecular docking analysis of the ligands Conduritol A, Catechin and Quercetin showed strong binding interaction with both α-amylase and α-glucosidase. The test revealed different binding affinities, hydrogen bond interactions, hydrophobicity, solvent accessibility surface (SAS), root mean square deviation lower bound (RMSD LB) and root mean square deviation upper bound (RMSD UB). Conduritol A was the strongest compound against the protein targets, with its low binding strength, according to the PyRx test and Lipinski 's Rule of Five. The same molecules were further docked, and the interactions were visualized under PyMol Via Biovia Discovery Studio. According to the in silico study, we have found that these natural compounds can inhibit the activities of α-amylase and α-glucosidase which can be promising drugs for the treatment of diabetes after subjecting them to in vitro and in vivo studies.","PeriodicalId":14990,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Life Sciences International","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73925086","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Physico-chemical and Gc-Ms Analysis of Gossypium hirsutum (Cotton Seed) Oil","authors":"M. Hassan, Y. Abdulmumin, T. Abdulmumin, M. Murtala, Ashraf Muhammad, H. Anas, R. Mustapha, H. I. Danjaji, I. Safiyanu","doi":"10.9734/jalsi/2022/v25i330293","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/jalsi/2022/v25i330293","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction and Objectives: The fatty acid profile of cotton seed oil, can be used to assess its nutritional value as ell the industrial applications of the oil as well. The significant amino acids such as Lipase, phytase, and lecithin were confirmed to found in cotton seed oil .Additionally, cotton seed oil is made to contained substantial natural antioxidants and α-tocopherols which give it shelf life longer than other related edible oils. The aim of this study is evaluate the physicochemical properties and characterized the Gossypium hirsutum oil using GC-MS analysis. \u0000Materials and Methods: The cotton seed oil was extracted using soxhlet extraction procedure. The physicochemical parameters such as  Acid value, Free Fatty acids content, Iodine value, Saponification value, Peroxide value, Viscosity(40°C), Refractive Index, Moisture content, Specific gravity (30°C), and colour index were determined by standard procedures described by AOAC , while the ester value was determined by baltes method. The oil was characterized using gas chromatography mass spectrophotometry (GC-MS) analysis. \u0000Results: The physicochemical parameters showed that the acid value, free fatty acids content, iodine value, Saponification value, ester value, Peroxide value, viscosity, refractive index, moisture content, Specific gravity of the oil were  0.94±0.020 (mgKOH/gOil), 0.34±0.016%, 75.70±0.150gI/100g, 210.9±0.023millieqv/g, 209.4±0.027mgKOH/gOil, 8.82±0.010meq/kg, 4.41±0.113cSt, 1.383±0.003, 0.22±0.010%, 0.915±0.001  respectively. While the the oil was found to be Dark red in color. The GC-MS analysis of cotton seed oil shows the presence of  twenty five (25) chemical compound  ,in which six (6) where found to have biological activity  related to  Antibacterial activity, Anticancer Drug,  Antiseborrhoeic , Anti-inflammatory, Hypocholesterolemic, Cancer Preventive, Insectifuge, Antiarthritic, Antieczemic Hepatoprotective, Antiandrogenic, Nematicide, Antihistaminic, Cytoprotective activity and Anti-inflammatory   this includes  4,8-Diaza-2,9-dibenzoyl-5, 6-diphenyl-2,8-decadienedioic acid  tridecan-7-ol, Undecanoic acid, octadecanoic acid, 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid(Z,Z)-,  (E)-hexadec-7-enal and (Z)-7-Hexadecenoic acid  respectively. \u0000Conclusion: Cotton seed oil's physicochemical parameters were found to be within the NAFDAC and Cordex standards, liquids in nature, unsaturated, and slow to oxidation and rancidity and it is  suitable for consumption .  The GC-MS analysis of cotton seed oil reveals the presence of twenty-five (25) chemical compounds, six (6) of which exhibit biological activity and can be used in industrial, food, additive, and pharmacological formulations.","PeriodicalId":14990,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Life Sciences International","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82494146","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Isolation and Cryopreservation of Toxoplasma gondii Isolates from Cats and Chickens from Selected Households in the Thika Region, Kenya","authors":"A. Njuguna, N. Maina, J. Kagira, S. Karanja, D. Kamau, M. Ngotho, J. Mose, L. Mutharia","doi":"10.9734/jalsi/2022/v25i330290","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/jalsi/2022/v25i330290","url":null,"abstract":"There is a shortage of information in Africa regarding the genotypic and phenotypic characteristics of the Toxoplasma gondii circulating in domestic cats (Felis catus) and the intermediate hosts such as chicken. The situation is compounded by a lack of collection of well-stored isolates. The present study was aimed at creating a cryobank of T. gondii bradyzoites, tachyzoites, and oocysts. The parasites were isolated from cats and chickens kept in households in the Thika region, Kenya. Eight (8) cat fecal samples positive for T. gondii oocysts and 38 chicken brain tissue cysts (bradyzoites) were obtained and used for propagation in mice before cryopreservation. For each sample from the cats, (two donors) BALB/c mice were infected orally with 1 x 104/ml of oocysts. From each chicken sample, (two donors) BALB/c mice were infected intraperitoneally with 20-30 tissue cysts. On the third day after infection, tachyzoites were harvested from the peritoneal cavity of one donor mouse. The other two infected mice were further monitored for eight weeks, euthanized and the brain tissue harvested for toxoplasma cysts which were purified and cryopreserved. From the mice infected with oocysts from the cats’ samples, 2 (25%) tachyzoites but a higher 8 (100%) isolation was obtained from brain tissue cysts. On the other hand, from chicken samples generated 18 (47.3%) tachyzoites and 38 (100%), tissue cysts were obtained. The isolated oocysts (from cats), tachyzoites, and tissue cysts (from mice) were cryopreserved using 15% glycerol as cryoprotectant and stored in liquid nitrogen (-196oC). After 6 months of cryopreservation, the viability of the isolates was tested using Trypan blue dye exclusion on a manual hemocytometer. Viability (99.5% - 96%) of the cryopreserved samples was maintained for the three toxoplasma stages and there was no significant change (p>0.05) in the viability of the parasites before and after cryopreservation. The cryobank will serve as a repository for subsequent studies on molecular and phenotypic characterization of T. gondii isolates from Kenya. ","PeriodicalId":14990,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Life Sciences International","volume":"69 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83888224","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phytochemical Screening and Antibacterial Activities of Dillenia indica and Ficus exasperata","authors":"O. Ilori, Iyioluwa Esther Abe, A. Ibrahim, Temiloluwa Folasayo Afolayan, Omolola Abiola Bassey","doi":"10.9734/jalsi/2022/v25i330289","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/jalsi/2022/v25i330289","url":null,"abstract":"It has been proven that antimicrobials of plant origin work more efficiently with fewer side effects. This study aimed to identify the phytochemicals in extracts of Dillenia indica and Ficus exasperata and also to examine their antibacterial effect on clinical bacterial isolates (Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes). Dry leaves of D. indica and F. exasperata were extracted in ethanol, methanol, distilled water and hot water. The 100% extract solution was further diluted to different concentrations (75%, 50%, and 25%). The extracts were concentrated using a rotary evaporator. Using the agar well diffusion method, the isolates were subjected to the antibacterial action of various concentrations of these extracts. The diameter of the zones of inhibition were measured in millimeters. The data obtained were analyzed by Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) to determine significant (P<0.05) effects. Significant differences between means were determined using Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT). The phytochemical screening indicated the presence of alkaloids, phenols, glycosides, flavonoids, saponins, quinones, and anthrax quinones. Terpenoids were absent. The extracts of the plants inhibited the growth of the bacteria tested with varied effectiveness. The diameter of the zones of inhibition were concentration dependent in all extracts. The maximum antibacterial activities were observed in the organic solvent extracts. When the activity of the plant extract was compared with that of the standard antibiotics used in this work, it was observed that the plant extract compared favourably with those of these standard antibiotics. In conclusion, the results showed that leaf extract of D. indica and F. exasperata have antibacterial activity. Based on the antibacterial activity of D. indica and  F. exasperata extracts as revealed by this research, the extracts of these plants can be used in the development of new pharmaceuticals which can be useful as strong therapeutic agent against bacterial pathogenic infections.","PeriodicalId":14990,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Life Sciences International","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82242587","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimization of Biogas Production from Cassava Peels Mixed with Urea by Central Composite Design Methodology","authors":"M. T. Nkodi, S. Kayembe, G. Ekoko, R. Kizungu, M. Mabela, K. Mulaji, K. Taba","doi":"10.9734/jalsi/2022/v25i330288","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/jalsi/2022/v25i330288","url":null,"abstract":"The amount of cassava wastes is increasing day by day especially in the developing countries like  Nigeria and Democratic Republic of Congo because of the high demand of cassava as food or as raw matter in starch factories.  In the both process, 1/3 of wastes is generated from 1 Kg of cassava tubers which could be used as substrate to produce biogas which is the renewable energy to decrease oil dependence and therefore atmospheric pollution depletion. The present study aims to know the optimal conditions for biogas production from biomethanization of cassava peels mixed with urea in mesophilic conditions during 14 days in sixteen reactors of 1 Litre capacity, using response surface methodology (RSM). Two parameters were studied, organic loading rate (OLR) and urea concentration (UC). The variations used for OLR was 5% and 15% TS and for UC, it was 0.01 % and 0.05 %. The variations obtained inside were determined by Central Composite Design (CCD) made from rsm package of R software 4.1.1. Based on experimental results analysis, it was found that urea concentration affect biogas production (P<0.05), the optimum value of Organic Loading Rate and urea concentration were 6.688%TS and 0.0067% respectively, with a optimal biogas yield of 3260.694 mL. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed a high coefficient of determination value (R2=0.8146) at 95% confidence level and a p-value of 0.002. The results show that urea concentration has a major impact on biogas production (P<0.05).","PeriodicalId":14990,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Life Sciences International","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72899913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}