Journal of Agriculture of The University of Puerto Rico最新文献

{"title":"Agronomic parameters as indicators of inbred maize nitrogen status","authors":"Ada Vilches-Ortega, D. Sotomayor-Ramírez, Johanis Rivera Zayas, R. Barnes","doi":"10.46429/jaupr.v106i1.21049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46429/jaupr.v106i1.21049","url":null,"abstract":"Inbred maize (Zea mays L.) lines are grown for seed in Puerto Rico. In efforts to increase crop yields, some producers may apply nitrogen (N) fertilizer in excess of crop nutrient requirements. The use of cover crops (CC) in rotation can serve as an alternative to continuous cultivation of maize. This experiment was conducted in field plots of Güamaní (fine-loamy over sandy or sandy-skeletal, mixed, superactive, isohyperthermic Torrifluventic Haplustepts) soil in Guayama, Puerto Rico. The cropping systems evaluated were a maize-cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] cover crop rotation versus a typical practice of maize fallow (FA), each with five N fertilizer levels. The maize planting sequence was an initial spring 2014 planting, followed by a winter 2014-2015 planting and a final winter 2015-2016 planting. The cowpea cover crop was planted in the summers of 2014, 2015 and 2016. The inbred maize lines were female lines used for commercial hybrid maize production. Mean maize plant densities ranged from 59,391 to 69,182 plants per hectare for the cropping seasons. Indicators of crop N status were the Soil Plant Analysis Development (SPAD-502) Chlorophyll Meter®measuring leaf greenness; the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI, measured with GreenSeeker®) and plant height measurements. The application of N fertilizer significantly influenced (p<0.05) leaf greenness (in five out of 13 occasions) and plant height (in seven of 12 occasions) but not NDVI. The use of cover crop significantly influenced leaf greenness (in four out of nine occasions) and plant height (in three out of eight occasions). The agronomic parameters tested did not predict yield or crop N status, thus are not recommended in the decision-making process of N fertilizer management of inbred maize.","PeriodicalId":14937,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agriculture of The University of Puerto Rico","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44265430","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Container production of four sweet chili pepper (Capsicum chinense Jacq.) lines using soilless substrates","authors":"Rose Altema, L. Wessel-Beaver, Angela M. Linares Ramírez","doi":"10.46429/jaupr.v106i1.21048","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46429/jaupr.v106i1.21048","url":null,"abstract":"Sweet chili pepper (Capsicum chinense Jacq.) is an important part of the local cuisine of Puerto Rico where it is known as ají dulce. Considering opportunities for vegetable production in Puerto Rico, soilless alternatives for production of sweet chili pepper should be considered. This study evaluated five substrates: (1) PRO-MIX® BX (BX); (2) PRO-MIX® BX + Mycorrhizae (BX+Myco); (3) PRO-MIX® High porosity + Mycorrhizae (HP+Myco); (4) PRO-MIX® High porosity + Mycorrhizae + Biofungicide (HP+Myco+Fung); and (5) coconut coir. Four experimental lines of sweet chili pepper (G-2, Sel-7, G-11 and G-8, to be released as ‘Amanecer’, ‘Bonanza’, ‘Carnaval’, and ‘Pasión’, respectively) were tested with each substrate. Two outdoor plantings in containers were carried out with a factorial combination of four lines by five substrates: Trial 1 from March to September 2017 and Trial 2 from October 2017 to April 2018. In addition, the four experimental lines were transplanted to the field (Field Control Trial). All plantings took place in Mayagüez, Puerto Rico. Differences among substrates were relatively consistent in Trial 1 and Trial 2. Sweet chili pepper in BX+Myco and HP+Myco+Fung flowered 50.3 days after transplanting (DAT) while plants in coconut coir flowered about two and a half weeks later. There were few or no differences in BX, BX+Myco and HP+Myco+Fung for plant height, number of fruit and total fruit weight. Plants grown in HP+Myco and coconut coir were shorter, with fewer fruits and lower fruit weight. Average fruit weight was similar among all substrates. Relative differences among lines in the three trials were less consistent than for substrates. Line G-11 was the earliest flowering line at 50.1 DAT as well as the shortest line. The other lines flowered eight to 10 days later. The tallest line varied from trial to trial. Line Sel-7 produced the greatest number of fruits per plant in Trial 1 and in the Field Trial, while G-2 and G-8 produced the greatest number in Trial 2. Line Sel-7 had the highest total fruit weight per plant in Trial 1 and in the Field Trial while G-2 had the greatest total weight in Trial 2. Despite the high number of fruits in plants of G-8, yields were 60% less because of small average fruit weight. Line Sel-7 had the greatest average fruit weight in Trial 1 while G-11 had the highest fruit weight in Trial 2. This research suggests that, based on its lower cost, BX would be a good choice for soilless production of sweet chili pepper. For production in containers, sweet chili pepper lines G-2 and Sel-7 showed better performance than G-8 and G-11.","PeriodicalId":14937,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agriculture of The University of Puerto Rico","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48273321","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Simple method of coffee-shrub biochar-ozonolysis","authors":"Geonela Lamboy, J. A. Dumas, Joaquín A. Chong, Christian Rivera-Goyco","doi":"10.46429/jaupr.v106i1.21056","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46429/jaupr.v106i1.21056","url":null,"abstract":"Biochar, the pyrolysis product of carbon-rich biomass, renders climate benefits because it helps to sequester carbon in soil. Biochar also improves soil health because it increases the nutrient retention capacity in topsoil, improving aggregate stability and water holding capacity. These benefits contribute to agricultural production because biochar provides a good substrate for nourishing root growth and plant health, thereby contributing to the nation’s food security. Biochar’s contribution depends on the quantity and type of oxygen-containing functional groups. These functional groups are determinants in biochar interactions with nutrients and redox reactions. This study aims to develop a simple and economical method to improve biochar’s agronomic traits through ozonolysis. We evaluated ozonolysis reaction time to oxidize a washed and unwashed coffee shrub biochar (WCSB and CSB, respectively). After the exposure of WCSB and CSB to ozone at different intervals, data from both collected by the FTIR-ATR spectra showed that the bands increased in intensity from 3331 to 3441 cm-1 (O-H band) and 1585 cm-1 (carbonyl functional group band). Besides, we observed a decrease in pH and an increase in specific conductance and soluble organic carbon content with the elapsing time of ozonolysis, demonstrating the effectiveness of ozonolysis in the oxidation of the biochar surface. The increase in the E4/E6 ratio suggests that the saturated products from the ozonolysis process increase with time due to the breakdown of the labile organic carbon and the formation of the functional groups of soluble acidic oxygen bonds through the breakdown of the double bonds of carbon. Furthermore, the results indicated that it is unnecessary to wash the biochar before subjecting it to the ozonolysis process.","PeriodicalId":14937,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agriculture of The University of Puerto Rico","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44041768","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"DISPONIBILIDAD DE PRODUCTOS DERIVADOS DE LA LECHE DE CABRA EN SUPERMERCADOS DE PUERTO RICO","authors":"J. A. Arellano, Abner A. Rodríguez-Carías, Myrna Comas","doi":"10.46429/jaupr.v106i1.21065","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46429/jaupr.v106i1.21065","url":null,"abstract":"DISPONIBILIDAD DE PRODUCTOS DERIVADOS DE LA LECHE DE CABRA EN SUPERMERCADOS DE PUERTO RICO","PeriodicalId":14937,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agriculture of The University of Puerto Rico","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42515643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cover crop and nitrogen fertilizer influence on inbred maize performance and soil nitrogen","authors":"Ada Vilches-Ortega, D. Sotomayor-Ramírez, Johanis Rivera-Zayas, R. Barnes","doi":"10.46429/jaupr.v106i1.21051","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46429/jaupr.v106i1.21051","url":null,"abstract":"The response of inbred maize (Zea mays L.) lines to nitrogen (N) fertilizer and cowpea (Vigna unguiculata cv. Iron Clay) cover cropping was evaluated in three consecutive croppings from 2014 to 2016 in a Guamaní (Torrifluventic Haplustepts) soil. The crop rotation sequence was maize (spring 2014), cowpea (summer 2014), maize (winter 2014-2015), cowpea (summer 2015), maize (winter 2015-2016) and cowpea (summer 2016). The N fertilizer levels were 0, 90, 135, 180 and 225 kg N/ha for 2014 and 2014-2015 seasons, and 0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 kg N/ha for the 2015-2016 season. Soils were sampled to a depth of 90 cm before and after each successive cropping. Cover crop did not affect maize yields. The effect of N fertilizer on seed yield was observed in two out of the three years with optimum seed yields of 7,034 and 4,708 kg/ha with fertilizer N of 135 and 90 kg N/ha, respectively. Residual soil N tended to increase due to N fertilizer and cover crop. A partial aboveground N budget showed that the net N balance was more positive and increased with each successive fertilizer N level, reaching values of +516 kg N/ha in fallow and +621 kg N/ha with cover crop after three consecutive croppings over a 30-month period. Part of the excess N (not taken up by the crop) was accounted for in the soil profile. A slightly greater positive N balance at higher N fertilizer rates was due to the cover crop rotation. Cover-cropping with cowpea continues to be an important practice that in the long term will result in improved N recycling due to scavenging of residual soil N after maize cropping or by N fixation. Nitrogen fertilizer rates in the range of 90 to 135 kg N/ha can result in good inbred maize yields and can be adjusted with knowledge of soil inorganic N to a depth of 30 cm, that will result in higher yields, improved N use efficiency and reduced losses to the environment.","PeriodicalId":14937,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agriculture of The University of Puerto Rico","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46097813","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"FIRST REPORT OF LASIODIPLODIA BRASILIENSIS CAUSING LEAF BLIGHT ON RAMBUTAN","authors":"Ashley Avilés-Noriega, Luz M. Serrato-Diaz, R. Goenaga, L. Rivera-Vargas, Paul Bayman-Gupta","doi":"10.46429/jaupr.v106i1.21060","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46429/jaupr.v106i1.21060","url":null,"abstract":"FIRST REPORT OF LASIODIPLODIA BRASILIENSIS CAUSING LEAF BLIGHT ON RAMBUTAN","PeriodicalId":14937,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agriculture of The University of Puerto Rico","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41756274","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"FIRST REPORT OF LASIODIPLODIA THEOBROMAE AND COLLETOTRICHUM QUEENSLANDICUM, FOLIAR PATHOGENS OF BREADFRUIT (ARTOCARPUS ALTILIS) IN PUERTO RICO","authors":"Daniel González-Rodríguez, Casiani Soto-Ramos, L. Rivera-Vargas","doi":"10.46429/jaupr.v106i1.21061","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46429/jaupr.v106i1.21061","url":null,"abstract":"FIRST REPORT OF LASIODIPLODIA THEOBROMAE AND COLLETOTRICHUM QUEENSLANDICUM, FOLIAR PATHOGENS OF BREADFRUIT (ARTOCARPUS ALTILIS) IN PUERTO RICO","PeriodicalId":14937,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agriculture of The University of Puerto Rico","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41612438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"WOODCHIP PATHOGEN DECONTAMINATION WITH A BENEFICIAL MICROBIAL MIXTURE","authors":"Joaquín A. Chong, J. A. Dumas","doi":"10.46429/jaupr.v106i1.21058","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46429/jaupr.v106i1.21058","url":null,"abstract":"WOODCHIP PATHOGEN DECONTAMINATION WITH A BENEFICIAL MICROBIAL MIXTURE","PeriodicalId":14937,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agriculture of The University of Puerto Rico","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48041006","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chemical and mineralogical properties of Guanajibo clay (Plinthic Kandiudults)","authors":"Bianca Pérez-Lizasuain, M. Munoz, J. O’Hallorans, W. I. Lugo","doi":"10.46429/jaupr.v106i1.21055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46429/jaupr.v106i1.21055","url":null,"abstract":"A profile of Guanajibo clay (Plinthic Kandiudults) was evaluated to determine the ironstone content in the horizons and its chemical, physical and mineralogical properties. The mineralogy was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and the iron and aluminum oxide content determined by selective dissolution, using citrate-bicarbonate dithionite (CBD) and ammonium oxalate (OX) extractions. Soil color and the color of ground ironstone were determined with Munsell color charts. Soil texture, pH, and effective cation exchange capacity (ECEC) were also evaluated. The highest content of ironstone per unit mass was found in the Ap horizon (4.6%), decreasing in the Bt (0.9%) and Btv1 (1.0%) horizons. An increase in ironstone content was observed in the Btv2 horizon (3.8%), which suggests that this horizon was formed from alluvial deposits containing ironstone. No ironstone was found in the Btv3 horizon. The texture of the Ap horizon was a sandy clay, and the other horizons had a clay texture. Clay content reached a maximum value of 92.8% in the Btv3. The ECEC was low for the whole profile, ranging from 2.37 cmolc/kg in the Ap horizon to 4.37 cmolc/kg in the Btv3 horizon. The low ECEC is indicative of mineralogy dominated by highly weathered clay minerals like kaolinite and iron and aluminum oxides. The XRD analysis confirmed the presence of kaolinite, goethite, quartz, hematite and gibbsite in the clay fraction (< 2 mm) of the soil. A small peak corresponding to 2:1 clay minerals, probably Al-hydroxy interlayer vermiculite or montmorillonite, was observed in clay samples from the Ap, Bt and Btv1 horizons. The major mineral components of the ironstone were goethite, kaolinite and quartz. The fine earth fraction (150 µm) of the Btv1 horizon had a 2.8% CBD extractable iron content and a ratio of OX/CBD less than 0.10, meeting the two requirements established by Soil Taxonomy to qualify as plinthic. The other horizons met the requirement of OX/CBD ratios of less than 0.10, but had less than 2.5% iron extractable by the CBD method. Soil management practices that prevent soil erosion must be implemented in this soil to ward off exposure of plinthite to the surface and its irreversible hardening to ironstone.","PeriodicalId":14937,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agriculture of The University of Puerto Rico","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41316472","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biodiversity of Heteroptera in Puerto Rico: Part III. Conspectus of Pentatomomorpha: Aradoidea, Pyrrhocoroidea, Coreoidea, and Concluding Notes on Endemism and Biogeography","authors":"A. Segarra-Carmona, R. Franqui, Hariette Pérez-Martínez","doi":"10.46429/jaupr.v105i4.19295","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46429/jaupr.v105i4.19295","url":null,"abstract":"Superfamilies Aradoidea, Pyrrhocoroidea and Coreoidea from Puerto Rico are discussed as part of an updated account of Hemiptera: Heteroptera. In this final part, we present 48 species belonging to the three superfamilies, with six families known from Puerto Rico: Aradoidea: Aradidae (12); Pyrrhocoroidea: Largidae (1) and Pyrrhocoridae (3); and Coreoidea: Alydidae (5), Rhopalidae (7) and Coreidae (20). Taxonomic accounts presented here include synonymies, known distribution, lists of host plants and a listing of examined specimens. Taxonomical keys are also provided for the identification of all taxa included. Color plates for 43 species are included. Five species are new records for Puerto Rico: Brachyrhynchus membranaceus (F.), Leptoglossus confusus Alayo and Grillo, Eubule scutellata (Westwood), Mamurius cubanus Barber and Bruner, and Merocoris typhaeus (F.). Most species are widespread in the West Indies, with the largest number of island endemics in the Aradidae. A discussion of the origins, biodiversity, biogeography, and endemism of all Puerto Rican Pentatomomorpha is presented.","PeriodicalId":14937,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agriculture of The University of Puerto Rico","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47511065","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}