Journal of alcoholism and drug dependence最新文献

{"title":"The Influence of Social Factors in Drug AddictionâÂÂA Mini Review ofWork by Miller & Carroll (2006)","authors":"P. Shanmugam","doi":"10.4172/2329-6488.1000272","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-6488.1000272","url":null,"abstract":"Substance dependents are viewed as having a behaviour, which they have impaired control over. This behaviour leads to harmful consequences while causing severe medical, psychological and social harm [1]. The impulsive conducts gradually become a harmful pattern of abuse and the dependents find themselves unable to stop the behaviour on their own [2]. Theories can be described as a set of guiding principles, which an activity is based on for practice while being an idea to rationalize action. Theories are employed to guide facts and not so much for reaching goals [3].","PeriodicalId":14921,"journal":{"name":"Journal of alcoholism and drug dependence","volume":"28 1","pages":"1-3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86139736","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Medical Response to the Opioid Epidemic","authors":"Nancy Goldstein, C. Gunderson","doi":"10.4172/2329-6488.1000270","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-6488.1000270","url":null,"abstract":"Opioid substance use disorder and related overdose deaths have reached epidemic levels throughout the United States and continue to rise. According to a recent Abell Report, there were nearly 52,500 overdose deaths in 2015, 63% of which were associated with opioid use [1]. While advances in treatment options have been made in many cities including Medication Assisted Treatment (MAT), counselling, support groups, and needle exchange programs, it has not been enough to halt the momentum of the growing epidemic. One potential road block to curbing the epidemic in the U.S. is the resistance of many states to utilize well-established treatment options. Over a decade ago, the World Health Organization reported that Needle Syringe Programs (NSPs) significantly reduce Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) infection, are cost-effective, increase recruitment into treatment programs, and have no convincing evidence of major, unintentional negative consequences [2]. The WHO’s findings continue to be replicated and gain support. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HSS) guidance describes NSPs as an effective element of a comprehensive approach to HIV prevention in People Who Inject Drugs (PWID) [3]. Furthermore, in 2016 the federal government changed its position on needle exchange programs and allocated federal funding to states experiencing or at risk for significant increases in HCV and/or HIV infection due to injection drug use [4]. Now more than ever, particularly with the introduction of the powerful and deadly fentanyl, the scope of current harm reduction strategies must broaden and begin to view addiction as a health concern instead of a crime.","PeriodicalId":14921,"journal":{"name":"Journal of alcoholism and drug dependence","volume":"59 1","pages":"1-3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83770715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Alcohol Consumption and Gender Gap in All-cause Mortality in Russia","authors":"Razvodovsky Ye","doi":"10.4172/2329-6488.1000271","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-6488.1000271","url":null,"abstract":"Background: There is extensive research literature that claims women have a mortality advantage compared to men in all developed countries. Russia has one of the highest differences in mortality between the sexes when compared to European Union countries. \u0000Objective: This study aims to test the hypothesis of alcohol consumption as a risk factor in regards to the gender gap in all-cause mortality in Russia. \u0000Method: Time-series Analytical Modelling Techniques (ARIMA) was used to examine the relation between the gender gap in all-cause mortality and trends in alcohol consumption per capita. \u0000Results: The results of the analysis also suggest that 54.6% of the difference in all-cause mortality rates between males and females in Russia could be attributed to alcohol. \u0000Conclusion: The outcomes of this study provide indirect support for the hypothesis that alcohol is a major contributor to the high gender gap in all-cause mortality and its dramatic fluctuations in Russia during the last few decades.","PeriodicalId":14921,"journal":{"name":"Journal of alcoholism and drug dependence","volume":"288 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85231816","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Buprenorphine with, or without, Naloxone for Pregnant Women? - Review of Current Evidence and Practice in Massachusetts","authors":"Martin Kršák, P. Trowbridge, N. Regan, K. Freedman","doi":"10.4172/2329-6488.1000269","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-6488.1000269","url":null,"abstract":"Opioid use disorder has reached the level of an epidemic. Potential complications of unsafe injections, lifestyle, overdose and withdrawal are particularly concerning in pregnant women as the risk therein extends also to the foetus. The main medications in treatment of opioid use disorder are methadone, naltrexone and buprenorphine products. Naloxone (pregnancy class: B) was carefully selected to be a part of Suboxone® in 4:1 ratio to buprenorphine (pregnancy class: C) as a deterrent for intravenous use. Naloxone's bioavailability, delivered sublingually, is minimal (<10%) yet there is a theoretical concern that a potential precipitated withdrawal could incite premature labor and fetal demise. For this reason, it is recommended that buprenorphine be used alone in this setting. However, a limited amount of data exists, showing relative safety of this combination in pregnant women when compared to other alternatives. Furthermore, current evidence in non-pregnant individuals shows that the risk of withdrawal due to naloxone is in most instances insignificant. The merit of adding naloxone as a disincentive for injecting opioids has been debated, yet the significance of preventing maternal and fetal exposures to the risk of blood stream infections, sepsis, blood-borne pathogens, bleeding and other complications is clear and warrants focused consideration. In Massachusetts, the state health insurer requires prior authorization for all forms of buprenorphine other than buprenorphine/naloxone combination films, which further complicates access to care specifically in pregnancy. Waiting periods and treatment interruptions rather than naloxone are thus much more likely to cause adverse outcomes in this population.","PeriodicalId":14921,"journal":{"name":"Journal of alcoholism and drug dependence","volume":"35 1","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78014205","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Understanding the Factors that Impact Relapse Post-residential Addiction Treatment, a Six Month Follow-up from a Canadian Treatment Centre","authors":"C. McPherson, Holly Boyne, R. Waseem","doi":"10.4172/2329-6488.1000268","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-6488.1000268","url":null,"abstract":"Although substance use disorder is a detrimental disease that negatively affects millions of Canadians each year, recovery is possible. Varying factors, however, may impact the likelihood of recovery after the affected individual completes treatment. Understanding the related factors associated with post-treatment outcomes would allow substance use disorder professionals to foster positive outcomes, and if appropriate, provide additional support for individuals in need. This study, therefore, examines the following factors on outcomes six months following discharge from residential substance use disorder treatment: length of stay, completion of treatment, post-treatment 12-Step and other mutual help group attendance, post-treatment drug monitoring, age, gender, and drug of concern. Being male, post-treatment 12-Step and other mutual help group attendance, post-treatment drug monitoring, and treatment completion were found to be significantly related to abstinence at six months following residential treatment. The influence of length of stay in treatment, age, and drug of concern on relapse was found to be insignificant. Utilizing the findings of this study can assist healthcare professionals in promoting recovery for patients with substance use disorder.","PeriodicalId":14921,"journal":{"name":"Journal of alcoholism and drug dependence","volume":"52 1","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74673330","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Safety and Efficacy of Antipsychotics in Pregnancy and Lactation","authors":"Yassar Islamail Odhejo, Afshan Jafri, H. Mekala, Mudasar Hassan, A. M. Khan, S. Dar, Rizwan Ahmed","doi":"10.4172/2329-6488.1000267","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-6488.1000267","url":null,"abstract":"The clinical profiles of antipsychotic medications have improved dramatically since the first generation was \u0000 introduced in the 1950s. Second Generation Antipsychotic medications (SGAs), which became available in 1990, \u0000 generate fewer side effects, including reduced incidence of extrapyramidal symptoms such as hyperprolactinemia. \u0000 This improves the female patients’ ability to become pregnant, a process which is compromised by first generation \u0000 drugs. However, use of antipsychotic medications has become increasingly prevalent. The likelihood of females with \u0000 depression, bipolar disorder, psychosis to have an unplanned pregnancy, and the incidence of foetal exposure to \u0000 psychotropic drugs during the first trimester of pregnancy has also increased. The paucity of exposure and outcome \u0000 data leaves the safety and effects of use of antipsychotic medications during pregnancy as a subject to controversy. \u0000 The evidence is insufficient to provide adequate support for clinical practices, and also to the professionals in the \u0000 related fields of psychiatry, obstetrics-gynecology, and primary care. There is often contradicting information given to \u0000 patients due to the lack of current studies pertaining to this area. The studies of SGA’s use during breastfeeding \u0000 suggest that olanzapine, risperidone, and quetiapine may be safe at certain levels whereas medications like \u0000 clozapine achieve relatively high concentrations in breast milk and may cause agranulocytosis and somnolence. \u0000 Therefore, the purpose of this review is to report the most relevant and up-to-date findings of antipsychotic \u0000 medication use during pregnancy and lactation in detail, so that physicians may have more insight regarding \u0000 medications and provide female patients of childbearing potential with knowledge of the benefits and risks of \u0000 antipsychotic drugs.","PeriodicalId":14921,"journal":{"name":"Journal of alcoholism and drug dependence","volume":"7 1","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91246783","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Alcoholism on Oral Health: A Review","authors":"M. Khairnar, Umesh Wadgave, Sonam M Khairnar","doi":"10.4172/2329-6488.1000266","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-6488.1000266","url":null,"abstract":"In many parts of the world, consuming alcohol is a common feature of social meetings. However, the drinking alcohol is associated with a risk of adverse health and social effects related to its intoxicating, toxic and dependence-producing properties. In addition to the chronic diseases that may develop in those who drink large quantity of alcohol over a number of years, alcohol use also results in development of various dental diseases. Alcohol may adversely affect salivary glands which in turn may lead to tooth decay. Alcohol can cause irritation and inflammation of oral soft tissues including gingiva, tongue, etc. Non-carious destructions of teeth like dental erosion are also related to regular alcohol drinking. Hence, a review has been attempted regarding effect of alcohol on oral health.","PeriodicalId":14921,"journal":{"name":"Journal of alcoholism and drug dependence","volume":"603 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77341584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cocaine Versus Methamphetamine Users in the Emergency Department: How Do They Differ?","authors":"J. Richards, Nabil Tabish, Colin G. Wang, Connor D. Grant, Sheiva Hamidi, R. Derlet","doi":"10.4172/2329-6488.1000264","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-6488.1000264","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Stimulant use disorder is a worldwide problem. Users present to the ED for diverse reasons including trauma, chest and abdominal pain, altered mental status, stroke, suicidality, and skin infection. \u0000Objective: To determine what differences exist between stimulant users. \u0000Methods: We compared Stimulant users presenting to an urban ED Level I trauma center over a 3-month period with toxicology screens positive for cocaine and/or methamphetamine. \u0000Results: Of 718 subjects (465 male, 253 female), 610 (85%) were positive for methamphetamine, 80 (11%) cocaine, and 28 (4%) both. Significant racial differences existed, but not for age, gender, and insurance status. Ethanol co-ingestion was higher for cocaine users, otherwise no significant differences were detected for laboratory values and maximum heart rate, and systolic/diastolic blood pressure. For presenting complaint, the proportion of cocaine users was higher for trauma and lower for altered level of consciousness than other subgroups. There was no significant difference in proportion of subjects admitted to the hospital, but cocaine users had a higher rate of elopement and were placed on 72-h psychiatric holds and/or transferred to inpatient psychiatric facilities at a significantly lower rate than the other subgroups. \u0000Conclusion: Cocaine users were more likely to present with trauma, elope from the ED, and have alcohol intoxication. Methamphetamine users were more likely to be Caucasian, have altered level of consciousness, be placed on psychiatric holds, or transferred to inpatient psychiatric facilities. These differences may be explained by regional preferences, socialization, personality types, and the unique neuropsychopharmacological differences between cocaine and methamphetamine.","PeriodicalId":14921,"journal":{"name":"Journal of alcoholism and drug dependence","volume":"19 1","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87154005","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Maalox Plusî Antacid and PureCalî Calcium Supplements on Haematological and Biochemical Parameters of Rats Subjected to AlcoholIntoxication","authors":"Onyango To, Mburu Dn, Ngugi Mp, J. Kamau, J. Kk","doi":"10.4172/2329-6488.1000265","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-6488.1000265","url":null,"abstract":"Habitual intake of alcohol is associated with health complications including depletion of the body’s stores of magnesium and calcium. In chronic alcoholism, treatment with magnesium and calcium has shown to normalize elevated enzyme activities and clinically relevant parameters. This study examined the effects of Maalox plus® antacid and PureCal® calcium which are rich in magnesium and calcium, respectively, on the haematological and biochemical profiles of rats exposed to acute alcohol intoxication. Alcohol was administered orally at a dosage 5 g/kg body weight for five days and supplements for two days of the week in duration of 28 days. Haematological and biochemical profiles were determined using automated analyzer. Statistical comparison was done using one way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s test. Alcohol caused neutrophilia, eosinophilia and basopenia. Maalox plus® and PureCal® were ineffective against neutrophilia but effective in normalizing eosinophilia. Basopenia was normalized by 4.25 mg/kg magnesium and calcium at 4.25 mg/kg and 8.5 mg/kg. Macrocytic anaemia was another alcohol disorder that was reversed by Maalox plus® and PureCal® except in animals given 8.5 mg/kg Mg and those cotreated with Ca and Mg. The alcohol induced thrombocytopenia was unaffected by the drugs. Alcohol did not significantly affect liver enzymes, lipids, creatinine and BUN levels. However, the drugs lowered BUN levels in animals given 8.5 mg/kg Mg, 4.25 mg/kg calcium and those co-treated with calcium and magnesium. Alcohol did not influence serum levels of Mg2+ but it significantly increased Ca2+ and lowered K+. Maalox plus® and PureCal® normalized the hypercalcemia in a dose-dependent manner. Alcohol induced hypokalemia was normalized by 4.25 mg/kg Mg and 17 mg mg/kg Ca. Maalox plus® and PureCal® had alleviated the alcohol induced adverse effects. These findings suggest that the drugs are useful agents that could have applications in the management of adverse effects associated with acute alcohol intoxication.","PeriodicalId":14921,"journal":{"name":"Journal of alcoholism and drug dependence","volume":"88 1","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79002060","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anticholinergic Use and Misuse in Psychiatry: A Comprehensive and Critical Review","authors":"W. Naja, A. Halaby","doi":"10.4172/2329-6488.1000263","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-6488.1000263","url":null,"abstract":"Anticholinergic medications such as Trihexyphenidyl; Biperidine are widely prescribed to prevent or to treat extrapyramidal side effects produced by neuroleptic drugs. Concomitant use of anticholinergic drugs is more common with the first generation antipsychotic medications. There is a considerable body of data suggesting that anticholinergic drugs have a potential of abuse. In this article, we review the psychiatric use, mechanism of action and the abuse of each anticholinergic drug.","PeriodicalId":14921,"journal":{"name":"Journal of alcoholism and drug dependence","volume":"219 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76601308","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}