Journal of Advances in Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences最新文献

{"title":"Patterns of Computed Tomography Urography Findings in a Tertiary Hospital in Rivers State: 2 Years Retrospective Study","authors":"Vivian Ndidi Akagbue, C. Wekhe, M. Amadi, E. Robinson","doi":"10.9734/jamps/2023/v25i3604","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/jamps/2023/v25i3604","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Computed tomography urography (CTU), is a radiological examination and has largely replaced traditional intravenous urography (IVU) as the gold standard in the imaging of the genitourinary tract, hence it is now used as a primary imaging technique to evaluate patients with diseases involving the urinary tract. \u0000Objective: The aim of this study is to ascertain and document the indications as well as possible findings on CTU carried out on various patients sent to the Radiology department of a tertiary hospital in our environment. \u0000Methods: A retrospective study and descriptive design was employed in this study. A total of 140 patient’s data was used. A P-value below 0.05 was considered statistically significant. \u0000Results: One-hundred and forty patients were studied over a 24months period. The commonest age range is 41 to 50 years and also with most abnormalities.  It also showed that more males presented for CTU than females. The most frequent indication for CTU is flank pain (31.4%, n=44). The most common finding in this study is hydronephrosis (39.3%, n=55) and it showed significant association with age (P-value=0.036). Stone is the next common finding with the inferior pole (n=23, 48.9%) as the commonest site for stones. Few congenital anomalies were noted with kinked ureters (n=9, 50.0%) been the most common. Right sided renal cyst is more frequent that left (n=21, 44.7% vs n=20, 42.6%) and inferior pole is the most common location. \u0000Conclusion: CTU is the imaging modality of choice in evaluating the genitourinary system with the advantage of giving additional information about other abdominal structures.  Flank pain is the most prevalent indication in this study. Hydronephrosis is the commonest finding with significant association with age.","PeriodicalId":14903,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":"30 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88063227","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pharmacognostic Evaluation and Hepatoprotective Property of Crude and Fractions of Triumfetta cordifolia A. Rich. (Tiliaceae)","authors":"C. Ikenna, Ene Erica Chiamaka, C. Theodora, U. Odoh","doi":"10.9734/jamps/2023/v25i3603","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/jamps/2023/v25i3603","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The role of phytochemicals in modern medicine is abundant with more evidence being published. Triumfetta cordifolia is a local plant known for its vast medicinal applications in traditional medicine with limited documented evidence. This study thus aims to evaluate the leaves of Triumfetta cordifolia to determine its Pharmacognostic parameters and  hepatoprotective potential. \u0000Methodology: The leaves were collected, identified, dried and subsequently pulverized before maceration in methanol. This was followed by fractionation using different solvent with increasing polarities (n-hexane, n-butanol, ethyl acetate and aqueous methanol). Physicochemical evaluations such as macroscopy, organoleptic tests, qualitative phytochemical analysis and total phenolic content was subsequently conducted on the extracts. Finally, an acute toxicity test and hepatoprotective evaluation was performed, the latter using carbon tetrachloride. \u0000Results: The leaves Triumfetta cordifolia on macroscopic evaluation  shown a simple, alternate, stipules triangular, densely stellate hairy leaves. The organoleptic evaluation indicated a pungent aromatic smell and a slightly bitter taste. Several phytochemicals such as tannins, saponins, glycosides, steroids and flavonoids were identified qualitatively.The extracts was safe at a dose less than 5,000mg/kg. The ethyl acetate fraction showed consistent hepatoprotective activity at a concentration of 400 mg/kg when compared to Gallic acid (positive control). This was possibly due to its high composition of phenolic compounds which was recorded during the study. \u0000Conclusion: The ethyl acetate fraction of  Triumfetta cordifolia leaves exhibited a hepatoprotective effect thus showcasing the potential benefits of the plant in mitigating liver damage. More research is however needed to identify specific compounds being extracted that may be responsible for the activity recorded in this study.","PeriodicalId":14903,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88811861","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Effect of Heavy Metal Contaminants in Some Herbal Cosmetics on Cardiovascular Risk Indices of Rabbits","authors":"B. Holy, N. Thompson, E. A. Matthew","doi":"10.9734/jamps/2023/v25i2602","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/jamps/2023/v25i2602","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Cosmetics are ornamental products used in the improvement of the physical outlook of either the face or skin. These may be synthetic or natural depending on the source of production. Herbal cosmetics have gained prominence in our daily lives due to the belief that they are natural. Evidence has shown that they contain heavy metals which may alter biochemical parameters in the cause of usage. This study aims to evaluate the effects of heavy metals on the serum lipid profile and cardiovascular risk indices of rabbits. \u0000Materials and Methods: Three herbal oil namely All things natural (Emi herbal oil), Kakiva (Kakiva herbal oil), and Amal (botanical herbal oil) as well as forty–eight rabbits were purchased from a market in an animal house in Port Harcourt respectively. The rabbits were exposed to the oil for 30, 60, and 90 days and sacrificed for blood samples. The lipid profile and cardiovascular risk indices were evaluated using standard methods. Data were analyzed using a statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) to compare means. \u0000Results: There were no significant differences in the lipid profile and cardiovascular risk indices in 30 days. However, there was significantly higher total cholesterol, triglycerides, and low-density lipoprotein but lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol after exposure in 60 days and 90 days. \u0000Conclusion: It is, therefore, pertinent to conclude that herbal cosmetics contain heavy metals which may alter the lipid profile and expose users to cardiovascular risk.","PeriodicalId":14903,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91195043","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Acute Seizure Following Isotretinoin Administration: A Detailed Case Report","authors":"May Alsane, Adnan Hajjiah, A. El-Shably","doi":"10.9734/jamps/2023/v25i2601","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/jamps/2023/v25i2601","url":null,"abstract":"Isotretinoin is considered a cutting edge treatment for Acne vulgaris. It is licensed for treating severe (cystic) acne vulgaris. Our case report represents a 28 year old female who experienced a rare neurological side-effect after ingesting Isotretinoin.","PeriodicalId":14903,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83145042","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Growing Threat of Antibiotic Resistance: Addressing the Urgency","authors":"Hania Haque, Syed Irtiza Imam, Hareer Fatima, S. M. Z. Zaidi, B. Rangwala, Hussain Sohail Rangwala","doi":"10.9734/jamps/2023/v25i2600","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/jamps/2023/v25i2600","url":null,"abstract":"Antibiotic resistance has become a critical public health issue due to the overuse and misuse of antibiotics. Despite ongoing efforts to develop stronger antibiotics, bacterial resistance continues to evolve, leading to a global crisis. Effective antibiotics are becoming scarce, and diseases that were once treatable are now becoming uncontrollable. There is a need for new solutions to preserve the current antibiotic arsenal and combat bacterial resistance. Narrow-spectrum antibiotics which do not contribute to multidrug resistance could be a solution instead of broad-spectrum antibiotics. \u0000One potential solution is phage therapy, which uses bacteriophages to target specific bacteria without harming healthy cells. Plants are another potential solution because they contain natural antibacterial compounds like polyphenols and alkaloids. Antimicrobial proteins (AMPs) from eukaryotes can also be a good substitute for antibiotics because they do not require a receptor and minimize the chance of bacterial resistance. A clinical trial on women with recurrent UTI was performed. The results of which revealed that overall methenamine hippurate is effective in reducing the intake of antibiotics. Whole genome sequencing is a rapidly evolving method through which resistance pathways are identified to tackle resistance. Developing metallophores is an area of great potential and metal complexes are more likely to advance towards becoming a clinically approved replacement to antibiotics. The development of new solutions is critical to prevent the spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and ensure that bacterial infections remain treatable.","PeriodicalId":14903,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":"62 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84702178","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative Study of the Antibacterial and Cytotoxic Activity of Leaves, Trunk and Roots of Schumanniophyton Magnificum","authors":"Thérèse Essonkene, G. Loé, C. Okalla, J. A. Nguedia, J. E. M. Teinkela","doi":"10.9734/jamps/2023/v25i2599","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/jamps/2023/v25i2599","url":null,"abstract":"Aims: Schumanniophyton magnificum is a plant reputed traditionally to treat numerous urogenital infections linked to several germs, notably: Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Neisseria gonhorhea, Treponema palidum, Candida albican. This study aims to evaluate and compare the in vitro antibacterial and cytotoxic activities of the leaves, trunk and roots of S. magnificum in order to determine the parts displaying the best activity. \u0000Study Design: This is an experimental study. \u0000Location and Duration of the Study: The work was conducted at the Pharmacochemistry and Natural Substances Laboratories of the Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Douala for the extraction and at the Medical Analysis Laboratory of the Douala General Hospital for antibacterial test as well as Biomedical Chemistry Research Center of Rhodes University in South Africa for cytotoxic essay. All the experiments were carried out from the 15th November 2020 to the 31th May 2021. \u0000Methodology: The in vitro Antibacterial activity essay was conducted on two strains, one Gram+ bacteria: Staphylococcus aureus and one Gram- bacteria: Escherichia coli, while cytotoxicity was evaluated on HeLa cell line. \u0000Results: The root wood extract and the root bark extract presented a good antibacterial activity (MIC = 195.31 µg/mL) and average activity (MIC = 390.63 µg/mL) respectively with E. coli. The different extracts were found to be bactericidal against the tested micro-organisms. At the concentration of 20 µg/mL, all extracts tested did not significantly reduce HeLa cells, with an inhibition rate ranging from 13.5 to 37.6%, suggesting a low cytotoxicity of S. magnificum extracts towards these human cells line. \u0000Conclusion: This is the first comparative report on the antibacterial and cytotoxic study conducted on the different parts of S. magnificum. It appears from this study that these results could justify the use of the stem bark of S. magnificum in the traditional pharmacopeia for the treatment of urogenital infections. However, the roots wood having presented the best antibacterial activity (MIC = 195.31 µg/mL), it would be beneficial to suggest this plant part to the local populations for the treatment of bacterial diseases specific to E. coli and S. aureus, after the preclinical and clinical tests are carried out.","PeriodicalId":14903,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":"38 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84980936","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microbiology of Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media amongst Children Attending a Tertiary Health Facility in North-Western Nigeria","authors":"M. Inoh, E. E. Inoh, Y. Mohammed, K. Iseh, S. S. Yikawe, Nasiru Aliyu","doi":"10.9734/jamps/2023/v25i2598","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/jamps/2023/v25i2598","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM) is a global middle ear disease worst in developing nations of the world. The burden in our environment of repeated episodes of childhood CSOM, and the resultant difficulty in the management of these patients because of improper or inadequate treatment is quite worrisome. \u0000Aim: The aim of this study was to prospectively analyze the aspirated middle ear exudates of paediatric patients with CSOM for both facultative aerobic bacteria and fungi, with their antimicrobial sensitivity patterns. \u0000Materials and Methods: A total of 166 children clinically diagnosed with CSOM were enrolled in the study, of which 219 middle ear discharge samples were obtained using sterile disposable plastic Pasteur pipettes and cultured for microbial flora. Drug susceptibility testing for the isolated microbes was conducted using the Kirby‑Bauer disc diffusion method. \u0000Results: The ratio of facultative aerobic bacteria to fungi was 2.1: 1, while the ratio of Gram-positive to Gram-negative aerobic bacteria was 1: 1.7. The most common causative aerobic organisms isolated were Staphylococcus aureus 41/202 (20.3%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa 30/202 (14.9%), Klebsiella pneumonia 23/202 (11.4%), and Proteus mirabilis 21/202 (10.4%).  Aspergillus species 47/202 (23.3%) and Candida albicans 21/202 (10.4%) were the commonest fungal isolates.  The antimicrobial profile of aerobic isolates revealed maximum sensitivity to gentamycin (91.1%), ceftriaxone (90.1%), and ciprofloxacin (85.6%); while the isolated fungi were completely sensitive to all the antifungals. \u0000Conclusion: The main isolates were Gram-negative aerobic bacteria, though Gram-positive aerobes and fungi were also isolated. Their varying antimicrobial susceptibility brings to the fore, the therapeutic significance of these drugs in CSOM management.","PeriodicalId":14903,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":"98 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72934272","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Coagulation Parameters among Individuals with Hepatitis B Infections in Okada, Edo State, Nigeria","authors":"M. Olley, Sule Zekeri, Aghatise Kevin Erhamwonyi, M. Okwu, Aiyanyor David Osayomwanbo, Osaiyuwu Osarenren Clement, Izevbuwa Osazee Ekundayo","doi":"10.9734/jamps/2023/v25i1597","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/jamps/2023/v25i1597","url":null,"abstract":"Hepatitis B Viral (HBV) infection is a condition of inflammation of the liver. The Liver plays a vital role in the body which includes filtration of the blood, production of coagulation proteins and also as a storage organ. In this study, alteration of some coagulation parameters which include, Prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), Platelets counts (PLATS) were determined in sixty (60) known seropositive individuals using standard haemostatic techniques. There was a significant reduction in the mean value (mean values) on platelet counts in the seropositive individuals (p- value) compared to the control group (mean value), also revealed in this study is an increase in the mean-time which was significant of PT among test individuals compared to seronegative controls individuals, there was an increase prothrombin time as well as Activated partial prothrombin time with both having p- values < 0.001. The average PT and APTT were 25.53 and 48.89 respectively. Individuals with Hepatitis B infection are thus liable to thrombocytopenia if not managed.","PeriodicalId":14903,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75206724","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"siRNA: A Comprehensive Review of Marketed Products till August 2022","authors":"R. Ghosh, M. Nayan, Tirtha Nandi","doi":"10.9734/jamps/2023/v25i1596","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/jamps/2023/v25i1596","url":null,"abstract":"Small interference RNA (siRNA) is a double-stranded RNA of 21~25 nucleotides. siRNA functions using a natural phenomenon known as RNA interference (RNAi), a gene silencing mechanism. Hypothetically, siRNA can target and regulate the expression of any disease-related gene in a sequence-specific manner. In 1993, this mechanism was noticed in a nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, later discovered in humans. After two decades, in 2018, the first siRNA therapeutics (Patisiran) were developed successfully and got approval from USFDA. Followed by three more siRNA drugs (Givosiran, Lumasiran, and Inclisiran) approved in consecutive years to treat rare, inherited genetic disorders. Recently approved one is Vutisiran with a similar indication of patisiran. Limitation of conventional therapies, this new & standard pharmacotherapy opens a new era of changing the treatment options of human diseases. Six siRNA candidates are in phase III clinical trials and are hoped to enter the pharmaceutical market soon. Challenges faced during the development of these novel therapies were off-target effects, target-specific delivery, cellular uptake, recognition by the innate immune system, limited efficacy, and others. However, chemical modification of the siRNA nucleotides in sugar, base, and phosphate moiety makes it successful in overcoming obstacles. In addition, a non-viral delivery carrier also helped in many aspects during formulation. This study is a narrative review and will summarize pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, design approaches, and other attributes faced during the development of marketed siRNA products.","PeriodicalId":14903,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86135203","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Impact of Delayed Separation of Plasma and Serum Sample on Glucose Parameter of Apparently Healthy Students of Federal School of Medical Laboratory Technology (Science), Jos, Nigeria","authors":"U. Abara, ImohEtim Ibanga, Lucy Larrycarr Nwapi, Matina Imaobong Ekpo, Hilary Andrew Akpan, Obinna Nkechi, John Okon Mkpani, Nduese Innocent Joseph, Nanle Ibrahim Konglam, Brendan Chukwueke Nkwocha, Manji Bala Dalen","doi":"10.9734/jamps/2023/v25i1595","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/jamps/2023/v25i1595","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Estimation of glucose is very important in clinical diagnosis of diabetes mellitus, hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia. The core aim of clinical laboratory service is to produce accurate, precise and reliable test results. The ability of laboratories to do this lies in the availability of well trained personnel, equipment, electricity etc. There has been a progressive increase in the prevalence of diabetes mellitus in Nigeria and the burden is expected to increase even further and the need for proper diagnosis cannot be overemphasized. \u0000Aim: In this study we have tried to evaluate the impact of delayed separation of plasma and serum from cells and clot on glucose level. \u0000Method: A total of fifty (50) randomly selected apparently healthy students of Federal School of Medical Laboratory Technology (Science), Jos were recruited as subject into this study. Blood samples were collected from each of the subjects into plain and anticoagulant bottles for serum and plasma respectively. An aliquot was analyzed within 10 minutes to obtain a baseline value where other values after timely delays were compared. The samples were spun but not separated from the cells/clot all through the period of the analysis. Blood glucose was determined by glucose Oxidase Colourimetric assay kit obtained from Randox Laboratories Limited United Kingdom. Data were analyzed using student’s t-test and performed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20.0. \u0000Results: Result obtained shows the mean and standard deviation of all timing for plasma and serum. In plasma it shows that the means±SD of 2, 4 and 24hours (5.2±0.7, 5.1±0.4 and 5.3±0.5 respectively) were not significantly varied when compared to the baseline (0 hour) value (5.3±0.5). That of baseline and 24 hours (5.3±0.5 and5.3±0.5 respectively) were significantly higher (P<0.001) than that of 48 and 74 hours (1.0±0.20 and 7±0.2 respectively). In serum, similar results were obtained. \u0000Conclusion: In conclusion, where possible, it is advised that the established best practices in processing and analysis of samples be adhered to. However, the results of this work shows reasonably stable results for blood glucose determination could be obtained within 24 hours. Therefore, instead of discarding the sample, it might seem more appropriate that the sample be analyzed and the result reported indicating the number of hours delayed within 24hours.","PeriodicalId":14903,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86785638","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}