Virginia 1619Pub Date : 2019-06-17DOI: 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469651798.003.0009
{"title":"“A Part of That Commonwealth Hetherto Too Much Neglected”","authors":"","doi":"10.5149/northcarolina/9781469651798.003.0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469651798.003.0009","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter explores the creation of Virginia's General Assembly in a late Renaissance intellectual and political context in which safeguarding the colony's public took on new urgency. It attends to the ideals of the public and commonwealth that animated Virginia Company leaders like Robert Cecil, first earl of Salisbury, and Sir Edwin Sandys and recovers the particular political crisis the colony confronted in early 1618 from two different directions. In the first place, corporate entities like the Virginia Company faced new pressures from King James I and his Treasurer Sir Lionel Cranfield, who had come to eye such public repositories as sources of wealth to which the king had a rightful claim. The greater threat, however, came from the machinations of Robert Rich, second earl of Warwick, who had similarly come to regard Virginia's public stock as fair game, though for God's purposes rather than the king's. It was immediately after Warwick launched a raid on Virginia's public stock that the Virginia Company created the General Assembly. Its purpose would be to stand sentinel against any such pillaging missions, whether by royal treasurers or Puritan pirates, in the future.","PeriodicalId":148362,"journal":{"name":"Virginia 1619","volume":"52 3-4","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120891833","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Virginia 1619Pub Date : 2019-06-17DOI: 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469651798.003.0003
Lauren Working
{"title":"“The Savages of Virginia Our Project”","authors":"Lauren Working","doi":"10.5149/northcarolina/9781469651798.003.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469651798.003.0003","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter investigates how debates about “the Indians” or the Powhatans informed Jacobean political thought. By calling it “our project,” Gray rendered “the savages” a collective concern, one that implicated Londoners as well as colonists. Through an examination of several sources and events from 1619, contrasted against the criticisms and bitter accusations of mismanagement following the 1622 massacre and the dissolution of the Virginia Company several years later, this study suggests that the English experience in Jamestown played a vital role in shaping nascent concepts of imperium in the early seventeenth century and that English interactions with indigenous tribes played a crucial part in metropolitan articulations of civil society. Ultimately, this chapter demonstrates that the earliest attempts at colonization was not just a case of the English acting on America but also that America and its peoples informed English discourses of state and society from its inception, far earlier than is generally assumed.","PeriodicalId":148362,"journal":{"name":"Virginia 1619","volume":"55 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132702644","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Virginia 1619Pub Date : 2019-06-17DOI: 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469651798.003.0005
{"title":"Virginia Slavery in Atlantic Context, 1550 to 1650","authors":"","doi":"10.5149/northcarolina/9781469651798.003.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469651798.003.0005","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter locates the arrival of the first Africans in Virginia in 1619 with the Atlantic context of the first phase of the slave trade, during which the trade was dominated by the Spanish and Portuguese. It first explores how and why English colonists sought to revive the institution of slavery that had become largely moribund in England. They did so primarily by borrowing ideas and economic frameworks from the Spanish-American system of African enslavement. The chapter then locates the Africans who arrived in Virginia in 1619 within the broad contours of the Portuguese Atlantic slave trade. These first Afro-Virginians were captured from a Portuguese slaving vessel, and the particular patterns of African embarkation in the Portuguese trade during these years had critical implications for their attitudes, experiences, and opportunities once they arrived in the Chesapeake. The chapter argues that 1619 is best understood as merely part of a broader process through which the Iberian Atlantic system of African slavery came to be adopted and adapted by English colonists in the Americas.","PeriodicalId":148362,"journal":{"name":"Virginia 1619","volume":"62 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114891187","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Virginia 1619Pub Date : 2019-06-17DOI: 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469651798.003.0013
Melissa N. Morris
{"title":"Virginia and the Amazonian Alternative","authors":"Melissa N. Morris","doi":"10.5149/northcarolina/9781469651798.003.0013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469651798.003.0013","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter considers 1619 Virginia alongside contemporary efforts to colonize the Guianas. Though 1619 was a momentous year for Virginia, it is only in hindsight that we can recognize its importance. The 1619 charter for the Amazon Company demonstrates the appeal of contemporary alternatives. From the early seventeenth century, South American colonization schemes competed with those to the north. Many colonial enthusiasts argued that surer riches would be found closer to the Iberian empires. Building upon the explorations of Walter Ralegh, colonists there forged long-lasting indigenous alliances that were held as an ideal for the rest of the century. Guiana settlers and promoters also embraced tobacco as a viable export commodity at a time when the Virginia Company was admonishing its colonists for growing it. Yet, the Guiana settlements also provoked the protest of Spanish diplomats. The ultimate failure of the Amazon Company redirected investments and enthusiasm towards Virginia and other English settlements.","PeriodicalId":148362,"journal":{"name":"Virginia 1619","volume":"254 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114325292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Virginia 1619Pub Date : 2019-06-17DOI: 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469651798.003.0002
Peter C. Mancall
{"title":"Before 1619","authors":"Peter C. Mancall","doi":"10.5149/northcarolina/9781469651798.003.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469651798.003.0002","url":null,"abstract":"Before 1619, the English failed time and again in their efforts to establish colonies in the Western Hemisphere. But, despite the disappointments and loss of capital and human life, a group of Elizabethan promoters, led by the younger Richard Hakluyt, kept the goal of establishing American settlements alive. Yet even Hakluyt eventually grew weary of the problems that the English faced, including in Virginia. Still, efforts to maintain the nascent colony in the face of its many problems continued long enough for the colonists to recognize the value of tobacco. That economic possibility proved sufficient to sustain investment in Virginia despite the terrible relations that the newcomers had with the Pasapeghs, the local Algonquians led by Wahunsonacock, known as Powhatan to the English. The colony survived to 1619, but its existence remained precarious unless the English could identify a reliable source of labor to produce and export tobacco.","PeriodicalId":148362,"journal":{"name":"Virginia 1619","volume":"49 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133326551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Virginia 1619Pub Date : 2019-06-17DOI: 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469651798.003.0004
{"title":"Race, Conflict, and Exclusion in Ulster, Ireland, and Virginia","authors":"","doi":"10.5149/northcarolina/9781469651798.003.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469651798.003.0004","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter compares interaction between settlers and natives in the plantation projects in Virginia and in Ulster during the early decades of the seventeenth century. It shows that, notwithstanding the condescending attitude of English people toward people who were at a cultural distance from themselves, those who advocated the interests of each enterprise purported to be concerned primarily with the moral uplift of the respective native populations and outlined quite similar strategies on how this might be achieved. From there the chapter proceeds to show that when their proposed reform measures failed to deliver the desired results, or even provoked resistance, the would-be reformers rationalized their abandonment by invoking arguments that alluded to race, conflict, and the exclusion of natives from the civil polity. While the paper devotes much attention to English presumptions and native responses, it alludes also to major differences between the two enterprises and the two “native” populations. In doing so it points to the ultimate acknowledgement by the colonists in both instances that a total separation of natives from settlers was neither practical nor desirable even when they agreed that neither group of “natives” could be considered equal with themselves.","PeriodicalId":148362,"journal":{"name":"Virginia 1619","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129129085","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Virginia 1619Pub Date : 2019-06-17DOI: 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469651798.003.0011
{"title":"“These Doubtfull Times, between Us and the Indians”","authors":"","doi":"10.5149/northcarolina/9781469651798.003.0011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469651798.003.0011","url":null,"abstract":"The proceedings of the assembly that convened at Jamestown in late July 1619 reflect the delegates’ central concerns. As one might expect, the Burgesses devoted considerable time to topics such as master-servant relationships and the marketing of tobacco. They devoted even more attention—roughly 25 percent of the published proceedings—to Native Americans and Indian traders. Something new and troubling was afoot: as governor George Yeardley warned, these were “doubtful times, between us and the Indians.” Although Yeardley framed this in binary terms, as an issue between Natives and newcomers, most people knew better. These were doubtful times within Indian country as well, for Powhatan’s successor Itoyatin and his external chief Opechancanough faced challenges internally and on the edges of their paramount chiefdom. Yeardley’s “us” also elided significant differences among the Jamestown colonists, centering on the degree and character of their involvement with Native people and their competing visions of how Indians might fit in to the colony’s future.","PeriodicalId":148362,"journal":{"name":"Virginia 1619","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123350323","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Virginia 1619Pub Date : 2019-06-17DOI: 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469651798.003.0014
J. Greene
{"title":"From John Smith to Adam Smith","authors":"J. Greene","doi":"10.5149/northcarolina/9781469651798.003.0014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469651798.003.0014","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter explores the long-term legacies of 1619 for the construction of an English settler colonial model. While contemporary Irish plantation projects gave the English colonizing movement considerable experience with settler colonization in densely populated and recognizably European areas, that experience by no means prepared that movement for planting in far-off lands inhabited by unfamiliar people with exotic cultures. As England’s first sustained experience with settler colonization at a distance, the Virginia colony played a foundational role in identifying, confronting, and working out solutions to the many problems that colonizers throughout the Anglo-American world would face as they created in the Americas the powerful and highly successful settler empire that many observers, including Adam Smith in the Wealth of Nations (1776), would celebrate during the last half of the eighteenth century. This essay treats the Virginia colony as a learning laboratory and offer a systematic survey of the problems the colony confronted and how its solutions would inform and influence later English settler colonizing projects.","PeriodicalId":148362,"journal":{"name":"Virginia 1619","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129642491","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Virginia 1619Pub Date : 2019-06-17DOI: 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469651798.003.0007
{"title":"“Poore Soules”","authors":"","doi":"10.5149/northcarolina/9781469651798.003.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469651798.003.0007","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter explores the emergence of indentured servitude in Virginia in the late 1610s. It focuses upon the Virginia Company’s increasing efforts to transport vagrants and paupers, who were often children, to the colony to serve as bound laborers. The chapter traces the roots of this policy to the political and social theories about commonwealth in Jacobean England and to the institution of pauper apprenticeship. It also uncovers the practical way in which the transportation of children and vagrants was organized in London and the ways in which it met with resistance from both local leaders and those facing transportation. The chapter offers a newly detailed analysis of the foundations of the system of bound English labor that became so critical to the development of seventeenth-century American colonialism.","PeriodicalId":148362,"journal":{"name":"Virginia 1619","volume":"66 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124334062","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Virginia 1619Pub Date : 2019-06-17DOI: 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469651798.003.0012
Paul D. Halliday
{"title":"Brase’s Case","authors":"Paul D. Halliday","doi":"10.5149/northcarolina/9781469651798.003.0012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469651798.003.0012","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter reconsiders the foundations of slave law in Virginia in the years immediately following 1619. In contrast to prevailing trends in English law, the colonial experience in Virginia granted justices extensive discretion in the application of English legal traditions, and they used this discretion to craft a customary law of slavery long before the articulation of formal statutes regulating the treatment of enslaved people. This chapter offers a detailed case study of how this process worked by examining the case of Brase, an African man captured from a Spanish ship and brought to Virginia in 1625. It recovers the legal innovations that the justices developed to ensure that Brase would be held in bondage despite the lack of a formal law of slavery in Virginia.","PeriodicalId":148362,"journal":{"name":"Virginia 1619","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125092445","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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