Journal of Addiction Research and Therapy最新文献

{"title":"Anti-Psychotic Medication and the Pattern of Cardiovascular Risk Factors: A Population Based Study (The Ayrshire Diabetes Follow-Up Cohort (ADOC) Study)","authors":"A. Collier, Karthigayan Kessavalou, L. Sit, M. Hair, Lyall Cameron, A. Abdeen","doi":"10.4172/2155-6105.1000343","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-6105.1000343","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Life expectancy in people with severe mental illness is significantly reduced: in part due to increased cardiac risk. Aim: The aims of this study were to investigate the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors and to determine the prevalence of regular screening in these patients. Method: Data was extracted from 48 General Practices in NHS Ayrshire and Arran (n=320,613) in April 2015. Results: There were 3857 patients on anti-psychotic medication (prevalence 1.2%). Female patients and those on first generation medication were older (p<0.001). Monitoring rates ranged from 75% for BP and smoking down to under 50% for lipids. Only 10% of patients monitored were free of a cardiovascular risk factor. Conclusion: Treatment with anti-psychotic medication was associated with clustering of cardiovascular risk factors. Screening varied in relation to age and sex of the patient, the anti-psychotic agent prescribed and cardiovascular risk factor.","PeriodicalId":14828,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Addiction Research and Therapy","volume":"162 1","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77211771","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Association Study on the Glutamate Pathway GRIN2A Gene Polymorphisms with Heroin Dependence","authors":"Ranjan Gupta, Tripti Grover, A. Ambekar, Renu Singh, M. Vaswani, Arundhati Sharma","doi":"10.4172/2155-6105.1000348","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-6105.1000348","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Heroin dependence (HD) is a complex disorder characterized by disruption in particular circuits of the brain and influenced by environmental and genetic factors. Glutamate pathway plays a role in normal brain functions including learning, memory, and cognition. Disturbances in Glutamate pathways are implicated in many psychiatric disorders, including heroin dependence, and polymorphisms present in these pathway genes are reported to increase the risk of developing heroin dependence. Aim: To identify association of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of Glutamate pathway genes with heroin dependence and correlate with heroin use parameters. Method: A total of 103 HD patients were recruited as per DSM IV criteria from the Department of Psychiatry, and 100 healthy volunteers from the general population. Genomic DNA from peripheral blood samples was processed for PCR followed by restriction digestion to screen for presence of GRIN2A polymorphisms in the glutamate pathway. GRIN2A SNPs i.e. rs11866328, rs1071502, rs1375067, rs1530669, rs12325652, rs16966381, rs1104068, rs16966448, rs9927871 and rs1366076 were selected based on the Hap Map project and Tagger program (r2 ≥ 0.8). Genotype and allele frequencies were estimated and the difference between patient and control groups were assessed by chi-square test of significance and the results correlated with duration, age at onset of heroin use, the quantity of heroin consumed and WHO ASSIST score. Statistical analysis was done using Haploview v4.1 and SPSSv21.0. Results: Haplotype analyses revealed three SNPs (rs1071502-rs1366076-rs1104068) with alleles A-T-A to confer risk while the haplotypes A-T-G had a protective effect on HD. Another haplotype (rs1530669-rs9927871) was also found significantly associated with heroin dependence (p=0.039). Conclusion: The study reports for the first time, a possible association of GRIN2A SNPs with age at onset of heroin use, duration and quantity of use, and also suggests an important role in severity of heroin dependence.","PeriodicalId":14828,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Addiction Research and Therapy","volume":"53 1","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74769077","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Patterns and Perceptions of Maternal Alcohol Use among Women with Pre-School Aged Children: A Qualitative Exploration of Focus Group Data","authors":"S. Baker","doi":"10.4172/2155-6105.1000347","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-6105.1000347","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Quantitative studies of women’s alcohol use suggest that social advantage is associated with increased frequency of alcohol use and disadvantage with increased quantities. Very few studies have examined patterns among mothers; even fewer have explored mothers’ perceptions and understandings of their alcohol use. We examine how mothers describe and make sense of their patterns of alcohol use in the context of advantaged and disadvantaged circumstances. Methods: Four focus groups were conducted with mothers from advantaged (n=9) and disadvantaged (n=9) backgrounds. To facilitate discussion, mothers were invited to comment on a number of images and diary extracts that depicted varying patterns of maternal alcohol use (from abstinence to ‘risky’). The focus groups discussions were audio recorded and transcribed verbatim. Qualitative data was analysed thematically and framed within an interpretivist paradigm. Results: Mothers recalled how their social circumstances influenced their alcohol use. Emerging themes related to where (drinking location) and why (reasons for drinking) individuals drank alcohol, they included: Drinking in the home, drinking outside the home, identity and individuality, portrayal of age and emotional well-being. Conclusion: Our research suggests that social circumstances influence mothers’ drinking locations, and reasons for consuming alcohol. Our qualitative study points to the social patterning of alcohol use and begins to explore the ways alcohol is integrated into the daily lives of women with children. The results have the potential to inform future alcohol intervention strategies in this population group.","PeriodicalId":14828,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Addiction Research and Therapy","volume":"36 1","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87159609","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Risk Factors for Early Discharge from a Residential Addiction TreatmentProgram","authors":"Robert Gundel, Normand Allen III, S. Osborne, Sahel Shwayhat","doi":"10.4172/2155-6105.1000338","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-6105.1000338","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: To identify potential risk factors for subjects who leave residential treatment against staff advice (ASA). Methods: We have completed a retrospective chart review of 4095 subjects admitted to a residential substance use disorder (SUD) treatment program to identify specific factors that may contribute to the risk of subjects leaving treatment ASA. All data including demographic information, co-occurring symptoms information obtained from standardized questionnaires, and discharge status were stored in an electronic medical record database. Results: Of the 4095 subjects, 3448 (84%) completed the program, 340 (8.3%) left ASA, 154 (3.8%) were discharged for non-compliance with rules, and 153 (3.7%) were transferred to other facilities better suited for a subjects’ needs. The average length of stay (LOS) for subjects that left ASA was 11.5 days compared to those subjects who completed treatment had an average LOS of 29.5 days. The highest to lowest ASA risk by substance type was cannabis, cocaine, heroin, sedatives, opioids and alcohol. Females in heroin and sedative groups had a significantly lower completion rate compared to males (74.9% vs. 81.6% and 63.4% vs. 87.0%). There were no differences in completion rates between males and females in the other substance groups. Questionnaires for symptoms of co-occurring disorder were completed by a subset of subjects admitted to the residential facility from January to December 2016 and used to compare the average LOS and scores for anxiety, depression, craving and insomnia. Scores above threshold levels for anxiety, depression and/or insomnia were identified as risk factors for subjects in the heroin group. Risk factors for leaving treatment early in the alcohol group included scores above threshold for cravings and/or insomnia. Conclusion: Several characteristics were identified as risk factors for leaving treatment ASA. This information is important for use in further development of evidence based treatment strategies that maximize long-term recovery.","PeriodicalId":14828,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Addiction Research and Therapy","volume":"33 1","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85587265","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nomophobia: Clinical and Demographic Profile of Social Network ExcessiveUsers","authors":"A. L. King, Eduardo Guedes, J. Neto, Flávia Leite Guimarães, A. Nardi","doi":"10.4172/2155-6105.1000339","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-6105.1000339","url":null,"abstract":"Inroduction: The new technologies-computer, internet, cell phone (CIC)-and the daily interactivity of the individuals, have produced significant changes in the clinical, cognitive-behavioral, social, professional and environmental aspects which need to be analyzed constantly. The nomophobia [1] has to do with the dependence on technology. Are the symptoms of anxiety, distress and discomfort, among others that the pathological dependent technologies tend to feel when they can't be connected. Objective: Our focus intends to define the psychopathological and social demographic profile of the daily abusive users of the CIC, as well as to point out the difference between pathological dependent individuals of the CIC. Methods: A descriptive and quantitative study taken into effect for 18 months, using specific instruments, evaluated 113 volunteers showing an abusive daily use of CIC, there being 72 individuals with an associated disorder and 41 individuals of the control group showing no disorders. For both groups, we offered orientation for a conscious use of the technologies as well as medical and psychological treatments. Results: we were able to trace the profile of the men and women of the “Disorder Group”, in relation to the abusive use of the CIC technologies. The most abusive daily users of these technologies were the women (69%) ranging from 18 to 29 years of age. The psychopathologic profile revealed that within the mental disorders researched, the generalized anxiety disorder (85%), following it, panic (51%), agoraphobia (49%), depression (43%), social phobia (15%, obsessive compulsive disorder (13%), post-traumatic stress (6%) and anorexia (1%). Conclusion: We can conclude that there is a relationship between the psychiatric disorders with the abusive use of technologies.","PeriodicalId":14828,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Addiction Research and Therapy","volume":"415 1","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76818520","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Social and Family Determinants of Substance Abuse among the Patients of Two Hospitals in Bangladesh","authors":"T. Soron, Pathan Mohammad Asraful Siddike, H. Ahmed, Chaman Afrooz Chowdhury","doi":"10.4172/2155-6105.1000340","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-6105.1000340","url":null,"abstract":"Substance use related disorders are major concerns for Bangladesh due to the increasing burden on family, society and nation. Various family and social factors contribute to the development of these disorders. However, the relevant factors were yet to be explored in the Bangladesh from multiple sites study. This study aimed to attempt find out the Social and Family determinants of substance abuse. It was a cross sectional study where one hundred and one substance users were interviewed from two tertiary level hospitals in the Dhaka. Peer pressure and parental disputes were significant contributing factors for substance dependence and discussion about the adverse effect of the substance abuse in family had protective role. The study findings will help in planning the preventive program substance dependence.","PeriodicalId":14828,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Addiction Research and Therapy","volume":"7 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83284904","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Spine Density on Excitability in Accumbal Medium Spiny Neurons-A Computational Approach","authors":"M. Rane, R. Manchanda","doi":"10.4172/2155-6105.1000337","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-6105.1000337","url":null,"abstract":"The nucleus accumbens (NAc), the major subdivision of the ventral striatum plays an important role in the reward pathway. GABAergic Medium Spiny Neurons (MSNs) are the principal cell type of NAc. These neurons receive excitatory synaptic inputs over the numerous spines which are present on their complex dendritic arbours. Alterations in spine density and morphology can affect the integrative properties of MSNs. We developed a biophysically realistic, spiny model of MSN. We found that inclusion of spines in an existing aspiny model changed passive as well as active properties of the cell. The spiny model was tuned to match its properties with that of the earlier aspiny model. We found that a total of 192 inputs from middle and distal dendrites were required to generate a characteristic bimodal behaviour of the membrane potential. Using this model, we investigated the effect of loss of spines on the excitability of the cell. We found that with no spine loss, when only the number of activated inputs was reduced by 15%, spike frequency of the cell reduced to zero, rendering the cell completely inexcitable. However, spine loss of 15% along with 15% reduction in activated synaptic inputs decreased the spike frequency to 1.1 Hz. Our results suggest that when spines are lost along with synaptic inputs, excitability of the cell is not abolished completely, although this might happen when only synaptic inputs are lost. Instead, in such a case the excitability can be increased by slightly enhancing the input connections.","PeriodicalId":14828,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Addiction Research and Therapy","volume":"161 1","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83585369","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Routine Outcome Monitoring in Mental Health Care and Particularly inAddiction Treatment: Evidence-Based Clinical and Research Recommendations","authors":"I. Carlier, W. V. Eeden","doi":"10.4172/2155-6105.1000332","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-6105.1000332","url":null,"abstract":"Routine Outcome Monitoring (ROM) concerns the repeated measurement of the progress of a patient’s treatment during the course of therapy. ROM is receiving mounting attention as an important quality tool, and because of increased emphasis on health care accountability and cost containment. ROM seems especially relevant for complicated chronic patients that require a long-term treatment. Although addictive patients often have these clinical characteristics, ROM is relatively less investigated within addiction treatment. The present article summarizes recent state-of-the-art information concerning the use of ROM in mental health care and particularly in addiction treatment. First, some basics about ROM in general are described. Next, evidence for the effectiveness of ROM in mental health care and addiction treatment is reviewed. Finally, some clinical & research recommendations are suggested for the use of ROM in addiction treatment.","PeriodicalId":14828,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Addiction Research and Therapy","volume":"30 1","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87970304","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study on Prevalence and It's Contributing Factors of Psychoactive Substance Abuse among Homeless Children","authors":"Manjinder Singh, K. Thapar, J. Kaur, Pankaj Kumar, Prabhjot Saini","doi":"10.4172/2155-6105.1000333","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-6105.1000333","url":null,"abstract":"Homeless children are those who live alone on the street. UNICEF estimated that India has 18 million homeless children which is the largest population in the world. Use of psychoactive substance is particularly high in street children as seen in 40-70% of street children across various Indian cities are substance abusers. The study was conducted at District Ludhiana, Punjab. 60 Homeless children of age group 6-18 years were selected by snowball sampling. WHO Assist V 3.0 and a structured questionnaire were used to collect data. Findings reveals that 55 (91.7%) of the homeless children were psychoactive substance abusers with 14.95 ± 02.50 years as mean age of initiation of the substance abuse. Major factors to initiate substance abuse were enjoyment and peer pressure. Age (p=0.02), Male gender (p=0.43), Illiteracy (p=43) were associated with substance abuse among homeless children.","PeriodicalId":14828,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Addiction Research and Therapy","volume":"54 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78332950","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Effects of 528 Hz Sound Wave to Reduce Cell Death in Human Astrocyte Primary Cell Culture Treated with Ethanol","authors":"Tohid Babayi, G. Riazi","doi":"10.4172/2155-6105.1000335","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-6105.1000335","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: Alcohol consumption, because of damaging effects on various tissues including nerves system, causes a major problem in human societies. Nowadays, Usages of the non-pharmacological and non-invasive agents is common. Sound waves which are classified in non-invasive agent, beside on stimulation the auditory cells, also impact on non- auditory cells. It has been reported that the frequency of 528 HZ is related to the note MI and it shown some strange effects such as increasing the ability of DNA repair. \u0000Materials and methods: In this paper, with MTT, LDH and ROS assays, it was evaluated the effect of ethanol on astrocytes primary cell culture which exposed to this frequency. \u0000Results: The current results show that in IC50 of ethanol, the frequency of 528 Hz increased cells viability about 20% and the level of ROS production has been reduced up to 100%. \u0000Conclusion: Therefore, the use of these sound waves can be useful to reduce the toxic effects of ethanol on astrocytes cells culture.","PeriodicalId":14828,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Addiction Research and Therapy","volume":"3 1","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73707238","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}