Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes最新文献_第10页

HIV, drug-use paraphernalia, and bleach. 艾滋病毒，吸毒用具和漂白剂。

Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes Pub Date : 1994-07-01

H W Haverkos, T S Jones

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Preliminary laboratory studies of inactivation of HIV-1 in needles and syringes containing infected blood using undiluted household bleach. 使用未稀释的家用漂白剂对含有受感染血液的针头和注射器进行HIV-1灭活的初步实验室研究。

Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes Pub Date : 1994-07-01

P Shapshak, C B McCoy, S M Shah, J B Page, J E Rivers, N L Weatherby, D D Chitwood, D C Mash

{"title":"Preliminary laboratory studies of inactivation of HIV-1 in needles and syringes containing infected blood using undiluted household bleach.","authors":"P Shapshak, C B McCoy, S M Shah, J B Page, J E Rivers, N L Weatherby, D D Chitwood, D C Mash","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"To evaluate the effectiveness of bleach disinfection of injection equipment, we tested HIV-1 inactivation by household bleach in needles and syringes. We obtained blood from HIV-1 infected injecting drug users (IDUs), placed small aliquots in needles and syringes. Blood with and without anticoagulant was incubated at room temperature for 3, 6, 18, and 24 h, and some needles and syringes from each condition were exposed to undiluted bleach for 15 and 30 s. The needles and syringes were then rinsed and the rinses were used to inoculate peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMNCs). HIV-1 replication was monitored using p24 enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). We describe results that HIV-1 is inactivated in clotted and unclotted blood allowed to stand at room temperature for 3, 6, 18, and 24 h in needles and syringes using undiluted household bleach at 30 s of exposure time. These results are consistent with earlier findings that micropellets of HIV-1 were inactivated by bleach under similar conditions of exposure to bleach; 10% bleach was not effective at an exposure time of 30 s and undiluted bleach was not effective at an exposure time of 15 s to inactivate HIV-1 in clotted blood. Bleach concentration and exposure time are critical and HIV disinfection may not occur with inadequate exposure to bleach HIV.","PeriodicalId":14827,"journal":{"name":"Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes","volume":"7 7","pages":"754-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"19196998","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Field effectiveness of needle disinfection among injecting drug users. 注射吸毒人员针头消毒的现场效果。

Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes Pub Date : 1994-07-01

D Vlahov, J Astemborski, L Solomon, K E Nelson

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Interpreting the power law relationship observed in studies of sexual behaviour. 解释在性行为研究中观察到的幂律关系。

Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes Pub Date : 1994-07-01

R C Brunham, N J Nagelkerke, F A Plummer, S Moses

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Historical perspective on the use of bleach in HIV/AIDS prevention. 使用漂白剂预防爱滋病毒/爱滋病的历史回顾。

Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes Pub Date : 1994-07-01

J K Watters

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Stimulation of HIV replication in mononuclear phagocytes by leukemia inhibitory factor. 白血病抑制因子刺激HIV在单核吞噬细胞中的复制。

Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes Pub Date : 1994-07-01

S Broor, A B Kusari, B Zhang, P Seth, D D Richman, D A Carson, W Wachsman, M Lotz

{"title":"Stimulation of HIV replication in mononuclear phagocytes by leukemia inhibitory factor.","authors":"S Broor, A B Kusari, B Zhang, P Seth, D D Richman, D A Carson, W Wachsman, M Lotz","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"This study examined the effects of leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) on human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) replication in mononuclear phagocytes (MNP). LIF induced a dose-dependent increase in p24 antigen production in the chronically infected promonocytic cell line U1. The magnitude and time kinetics of the LIF effects were similar to interleukin 1 (IL-1), IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF), other cytokines known to induce HIV replication in this cell line. To characterize mechanisms responsible for these LIF effects, levels of HIV mRNA, activation of the DNA binding protein nuclear factor (NF)-kB, signal transduction pathways, and potential interactions with other cytokines were analyzed. LIF increased steady-state levels of HIV mRNA at 2.0, 4.3, and 9.2 kB. This was detectable by 24 h and persisted until 72 h. The DNA binding protein NF-kB is a central mediator in cytokine activation of HIV transcription. NF-kB levels were higher in unstimulated U1 cells as compared to the parent cell line U937. In both cell lines LIF increased NF-kB activity. Induction of NF-kB and HIV replication by cytokines are at least in part dependent on reactive oxygen intermediates. The oxygen radical scavenger N-acetyl-L-cysteine, but not an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase, inhibited LIF-induced HIV replication. LIF induces the production of other cytokines in monocytes but its effects on HIV replication were not inhibited by antibodies to IL-1, TNF, or IL-6. These results identify LIF as a stimulus of HIV replication.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)","PeriodicalId":14827,"journal":{"name":"Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes","volume":"7 7","pages":"647-54"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"19197676","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

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Construction and characterization of a potent HIV-2 Tat transdominant mutant protein. 一种强效HIV-2 Tat跨显性突变蛋白的构建和表征。

Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes Pub Date : 1994-07-01

C O Echetebu, H Rhim, C H Herrmann, A P Rice

{"title":"Construction and characterization of a potent HIV-2 Tat transdominant mutant protein.","authors":"C O Echetebu, H Rhim, C H Herrmann, A P Rice","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"The human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2 (HIV-1 and HIV-2) Tat proteins Tat-1 and Tat-2 stimulate transcription of the viral long terminal repeat (LTR) sequences and are required for efficient viral replication. A class of mutant Tat proteins, termed \"transdominant mutants,\" has been described that possesses relatively low transactivation activity, yet is able to inhibit the function of wild-type Tat. These mutant proteins contain a nonfunctional TAR RNA-binding domain but apparently retain a functional activation domain. A potential limitation for therapeutic use of transdominant mutants described to date is their low but significant basal level of transactivation for the HIV-1 or HIV-2 LTRs. In order to make an improved transdominant mutant, we have constructed Tat-2 proteins that contain mutations in four contiguous arginines at residues 81 to 84 in the RNA-binding domain. Using purified proteins and in vitro RNA-binding assays, we verified that these mutant Tat-2 proteins are defective for TAR RNA binding. We also verified that these mutant Tat-2 proteins bind to a cellular protein kinase in vitro that we have previously shown to bind specifically to the Tat-1 and Tat-2 activation domain. Using plasmid cotransfection assays, we compared the phenotypes of these mutant Tat-2 proteins with the most potent Tat-1 transdominant mutant described to date. One Tat-2 mutant, named \"R81-84A,\" was found to be equivalent to the Tat-1 mutant in ability to inhibit wild-type Tat transactivation of HIV-1 and HIV-2 LTRs. Moreover, the R81-84A mutant possessed a significantly lower basal level of transactivation than the Tat-1 mutant. The R81-84A Tat-2 mutant is therefore a promising reagent for future development as an anti-HIV agent. Additionally, our results suggest that wild-type Tat-2 transactivation of the HIV-2 LTR is especially sensitive to inhibition by transdominant mutants.","PeriodicalId":14827,"journal":{"name":"Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes","volume":"7 7","pages":"655-64"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"19197677","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

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NIDA/CSAT/CDC Workshop on the Use of Bleach for the Decontamination of Drug Injection Equipment. Proceedings. Baltimore, Maryland, February 9-10, 1994. NIDA/CSAT/CDC使用漂白剂净化药物注射设备讲习班。程序。1994年2月9日至10日，马里兰州巴尔的摩。

Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes Pub Date : 1994-07-01

引用次数: 0

HTLV-II infection is rare in patients with large granular lymphocyte leukemia. HTLV-II感染在大颗粒淋巴细胞白血病患者中是罕见的。

Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes Pub Date : 1994-07-01

W Heneine, W C Chan, J A Lust, S D Sinha, S R Zaki, R F Khabbaz, J E Kaplan

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In vitro activity of readily available household materials against HIV-1: is bleach enough? 现成的家庭用品对HIV-1的体外活性:漂白剂够吗?

Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes Pub Date : 1994-07-01

N Flynn, S Jain, E M Keddie, J R Carlson, M B Jennings, H W Haverkos, N Nassar, R Anderson, S Cohen, D Goldberg

{"title":"In vitro activity of readily available household materials against HIV-1: is bleach enough?","authors":"N Flynn, S Jain, E M Keddie, J R Carlson, M B Jennings, H W Haverkos, N Nassar, R Anderson, S Cohen, D Goldberg","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"This report describes experiments assessing the effectiveness against HIV of potential disinfecting agents that are commonly available to IDU when they are sharing syringes. We exposed cell-free HIV, HIV-infected cells, and HIV-infected blood containing known quantities of HIV to household cleaning agents, alcohols, peroxide, and highly acidic materials for 1 min, in order to examine the effects of these materials on the infectivity of the HIV. Undiluted liquid laundry bleach and dilute liquid dish detergent reduced the number of culturable HIV to an undetectable level under the experimental conditions used. Diluted bleach was not completely effective. Other potential disinfecting agents, including ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, and hydrogen peroxide, were unable to disinfect high numbers of HIV-infected cells or infected blood. Liquid dish detergent warrants further study as a possible acceptable alternative to bleach. Our data provide support for recommendations to IDU that they disinfect shared syringes every time between users with full-strength liquid laundry bleach to reduce their risk of acquiring or transmitting HIV. When bleach is not available, liquid dish detergent or other available disinfecting agents such as rubbing alcohol, hydrogen peroxide, or high alcohol content beverages are more effective than water at disinfecting HIV, recognizing that these materials are less effective than bleach. Although these materials are effective, they should not be viewed as a substitute for decreased sharing of injection equipment by IDU, or increased availability of sterile needles and syringes.","PeriodicalId":14827,"journal":{"name":"Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes","volume":"7 7","pages":"747-53"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"19196997","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0