JMIR Public Health and Surveillance最新文献

{"title":"Wastewater Monitoring During the COVID-19 Pandemic in the Veneto Region, Italy: Longitudinal Observational Study.","authors":"Honoria Ocagli, Marco Zambito, Filippo Da Re, Vanessa Groppi, Marco Zampini, Alessia Terrini, Franco Rigoli, Irene Amoruso, Tatjana Baldovin, Vincenzo Baldo, Francesca Russo, Dario Gregori","doi":"10.2196/58862","DOIUrl":"10.2196/58862","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>As the COVID-19 pandemic has affected populations around the world, there has been substantial interest in wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) as a tool to monitor the spread of SARS-CoV-2. This study investigates the use of WBE to anticipate COVID-19 trends by analyzing the correlation between viral RNA concentrations in wastewater and reported COVID-19 cases in the Veneto region of Italy.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>We aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the cumulative sum (CUSUM) control chart method in detecting changes in SARS-CoV-2 concentrations in wastewater and its potential as an early warning system for COVID-19 outbreaks. Additionally, we aimed to validate these findings over different time periods to ensure robustness.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study analyzed the temporal correlation between SARS-CoV-2 RNA concentrations in wastewater and COVID-19 clinical outcomes, including confirmed cases, hospitalizations, and intensive care unit (ICU) admissions, from October 2021 to August 2022 in the Veneto region, Italy. Wastewater samples were collected weekly from 10 wastewater treatment plants and analyzed using a reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The CUSUM method was used to detect significant shifts in the data, with an initial analysis conducted from October 2021 to February 2022, followed by validation in a second period from February 2022 to August 2022.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The study found that peaks in SARS-CoV-2 RNA concentrations in wastewater consistently preceded peaks in reported COVID-19 cases by 5.2 days. Hospitalizations followed with a delay of 4.25 days, while ICU admissions exhibited a lead time of approximately 6 days. Notably, certain health care districts exhibited stronger correlations, with notable values in wastewater anticipating ICU admissions by an average of 13.5 and 9.5 days in 2 specific districts. The CUSUM charts effectively identified early changes in viral load, indicating potential outbreaks before clinical cases increased. Validation during the second period confirmed the consistency of these findings, reinforcing the robustness of the CUSUM method in this context.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>WBE, combined with the CUSUM method, offers valuable insight into the level of COVID-19 outbreaks in a community, including asymptomatic cases, thus acting as a precious early warning tool for infectious disease outbreaks with pandemic potential.</p>","PeriodicalId":14765,"journal":{"name":"JMIR Public Health and Surveillance","volume":"11 ","pages":"e58862"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11750127/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143028258","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Association Between Posting WeChat Moments and the Risk of Depressive Symptoms Among Middle-Aged and Older Chinese Adults: Prospective National Cohort Study.","authors":"Wei Wang, Hui Wang, Xinru Hu, Qian Yu, Fangyi Chen, Xirui Qiu, Xiaoxiao Wang","doi":"10.2196/62730","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2196/62730","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The association between social media usage and the risk of depressive symptoms has attracted increasing attention. WeChat is a popular social media software in China. The impact of using WeChat and posting WeChat moments on the risk of developing depressive symptoms among community-based middle-aged and older adults in China is unknown.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>The objective was to assess the association between using WeChat and posting WeChat moments and the risk of depressive symptoms among middle-aged and older adults in China.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A prospective national cohort study was designed based on the data obtained from the fourth and fifth waves of the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS). The strength of association between using WeChat and posting WeChat moments and the risk of depressive symptoms was estimated by modified Poisson regressions. Depressive symptoms were determined using the 10-item Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. Meanwhile, the heterogeneity of the associations was explored through multiple subgroup analyses. Moreover, multiple sensitivity analyses were performed to verify the robustness of the associations between the exposures and depressive symptoms.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 9670 eligible participants were included in the cohort study, and the incidence rate of depressive symptoms was 19.08% (1845/9670, 95% CI 19.07%-19.09%) from the fourth to fifth waves of the CHARLS. Using WeChat (adjusted relative risk [aRR] 0.691, 95% CI 0.582-0.520) and posting WeChat moments (aRR 0.673, 95% CI 0.552-0.821) reduced the risk of depressive symptoms among middle-aged and older Chinese adults. The association between the exposures and depressive symptoms was robust, proved through multiple sensitivity analyses (all P<.05). However, the associations were heterogeneous in certain subgroup catagories, such as solitude, duration of sleep at night, nap after lunch, physical activity, and having multiple chronic conditions.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Using WeChat and especially posting WeChat moments can mitigate the risk of depressive symptoms among community-based middle-aged and older Chinese adults. However, there is likely a need for a longer follow-up period to explore the impact of the exposures on the risk of long-term depressive outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":14765,"journal":{"name":"JMIR Public Health and Surveillance","volume":"11 ","pages":"e62730"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11745077/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143005534","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Awareness of Sexual Partner's HIV Status Among Men Who Have Sex With Men in China: Cross-Sec. tional Survey Study.","authors":"Qian Ma, Tingting Jiang, Wanjun Chen, Shaoqiang Jiang, Jinlei Zheng, Hui Wang, Lin He","doi":"10.2196/66139","DOIUrl":"10.2196/66139","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Men who have sex with men (MSM) constitute a significant proportion of individuals living with human immunodeficiency virus. Over the past few years, China has implemented various strategies aimed at increasing the rate of HIV testing and reducing HIV transmission among MSM. Among these, the disclosure of HIV serostatus is an effective prevention strategy.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study aimed to assess HIV serostatus disclosure and identify factors associated with awareness of sexual partners' HIV status among MSM to provide a scientific basis for promoting HIV testing and reducing HIV transmission.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A cross-sectional study based on a large-scale web-based survey was conducted among MSM in Zhejiang province, China, between July and December 2023. MSM who were HIV-negative or had an unknown HIV status were recruited from the Sunshine Test, a web-based platform that uses location-based services to provide HIV prevention services. Participants were required to complete a questionnaire on demographic characteristics, sexual behavior, rush popper use, awareness of sexual partners' HIV status, and knowledge of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) and postexposure prophylaxis (PEP). A multinomial regression model was used to identify the factors associated with awareness of sexual partners' HIV status.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 7629 MSM participated in the study, with 45.2% (n=3451) being aware, 35.4% (n=2701) being partially aware, and 19.4% (n=1477) being unaware of their sexual partner's HIV status. The multinomial logistic regression analysis revealed the following results. Compared to those who were unaware of their sexual partner's HIV status, participants who were students (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.43, 95% CI 1.09-1.86), had a monthly income of more than US $1400 (aOR 1.36, 95% CI 1.03-1.80), had insertive anal sex (aOR 1.35, 95% CI 1.12-1.63), had only male sexual partners (aOR 1.53, 95% CI 1.28-1.82), had 1 sexual partner in the past 3 months (aOR 2.36, 95% CI 2.01-2.77), had used condoms for the past 3 months (aOR 1.72, 95% CI 1.33-2.22), had frequently used rush poppers in the past 3 months (aOR 2.27, 95% CI 1.81-2.86), were aware of HIV PrEP (aOR 2.04, 95% CI 1.68-2.48), were aware of HIV PEP (aOR 1.69, 95% CI 1.39-2.06), used mail reagent self-testing (aOR 1.19, 95% CI 1.04-1.36), and had previously undergone HIV testing (aOR 1.40, 95% CI 1.16-1.69) were associated with increased odds of being aware of their sexual partner's HIV status.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Overall, 45.2% of MSM who were HIV-negative or had an unknown status were aware of their sexual partners' HIV status in China. We suggest strengthening targeted interventions through web-based platforms and gay apps to promote the disclosure of HIV serostatus and reduce HIV transmission among MSM.</p>","PeriodicalId":14765,"journal":{"name":"JMIR Public Health and Surveillance","volume":"11 ","pages":"e66139"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11745487/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142983580","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identifying Community-Built Environment's Effect on Physical Activity and Depressive Symptoms Trajectories Among Middle-aged and Older Adults: Chinese National Longitudinal Study.","authors":"Kaili Zhang, Bowen Huang, Prasanna Divigalpitiya","doi":"10.2196/64564","DOIUrl":"10.2196/64564","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background: &lt;/strong&gt;The effects of physical activity (PA) across different domains and intensities on depressive symptoms remain inconclusive. Incorporating the community-built environment (CBE) into longitudinal analyses of PA's impact on depressive symptoms is crucial.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Objective: &lt;/strong&gt;This study aims to examine the effects of PA at different intensities-low-intensity PA (eg, walking activities) and moderate-to-vigorous-intensity PA (eg, activities requiring substantial effort and causing faster breathing or shortness of breath)-across leisure-time and occupational domains on depressive symptom trajectories among middle-aged and older adults. Additionally, it investigated how CBEs influence depressive symptoms and PA trajectories.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods: &lt;/strong&gt;This longitudinal study included 6865 middle-aged and older adults from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Survey. A CBE variable system was developed using a community questionnaire to assess attributes of the physical built environment. Depressive symptoms were measured using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. Latent growth curve modeling was applied to analyze 3 waves of the cohort data (2015, 2018, and 2020) to explore the differential effects of PA on depressive symptoms and the role of the CBE.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;In the 2015 and 2018 waves, higher low-intensity leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) was associated with lower depressive symptoms (β=-.025, P=.01 and β=-.027, P=.005, respectively). Across all waves, moderate-to-vigorous-intensity LTPA showed no significant predictive effects (P=.21 in 2015, P=.57 in 2018, and P=.85 in 2020, respectively). However, higher occupational physical activity (OPA), particularly at moderate-to-vigorous intensities, was consistently associated with higher depressive symptoms. Parallel process latent growth curve modeling revealed that the initial level of total LTPA negatively predicted the initial level of depressive symptoms (β=-.076, P=.01). OPA exhibited dual effects, positively predicting the initial level of depressive symptoms (β=.108, P&lt;.001) but negatively predicting their upward trajectory (β=-.136, P=.009). Among CBE variables, better infrastructure conditions (β=-.082, P&lt;.001) and greater accessibility to public facilities (β=-.036, P=.045) negatively predicted the initial level of depressive symptoms. However, greater accessibility to public facilities positively predicted the upward trajectory of depressive symptoms (β=.083, P=.04). Better infrastructure conditions (β=.100, P=.002) and greater accessibility to public transport (β=.060, P=.01) positively predicted the initial level of total LTPA. Meanwhile, better infrastructure conditions (β=-.281, P&lt;.001) and greater accessibility to public facilities (β=-.073, P&lt;.001) negatively predicted the initial level of total OPA. Better infrastructure conditions positively predicted the declining trajectory of total ","PeriodicalId":14765,"journal":{"name":"JMIR Public Health and Surveillance","volume":"11 ","pages":"e64564"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11773281/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142970753","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Leveraging Administrative Health Databases to Address Health Challenges in Farming Populations: Scoping Review and Bibliometric Analysis (1975-2024).","authors":"Pascal Petit, Nicolas Vuillerme","doi":"10.2196/62939","DOIUrl":"10.2196/62939","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background: &lt;/strong&gt;Although agricultural health has gained importance, to date, much of the existing research relies on traditional epidemiological approaches that often face limitations related to sample size, geographic scope, temporal coverage, and the range of health events examined. To address these challenges, a complementary approach involves leveraging and reusing data beyond its original purpose. Administrative health databases (AHDs) are increasingly reused in population-based research and digital public health, especially for populations such as farmers, who face distinct environmental risks.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Objective: &lt;/strong&gt;We aimed to explore the reuse of AHDs in addressing health issues within farming populations by summarizing the current landscape of AHD-based research and identifying key areas of interest, research gaps, and unmet needs.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods: &lt;/strong&gt;We conducted a scoping review and bibliometric analysis using PubMed and Web of Science. Building upon previous reviews of AHD-based public health research, we conducted a comprehensive literature search using 72 terms related to the farming population and AHDs. To identify research hot spots, directions, and gaps, we used keyword frequency, co-occurrence, and thematic mapping. We also explored the bibliometric profile of the farming exposome by mapping keyword co-occurrences between environmental factors and health outcomes.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;Between 1975 and April 2024, 296 publications across 118 journals, predominantly from high-income countries, were identified. Nearly one-third of these publications were associated with well-established cohorts, such as Agriculture and Cancer and Agricultural Health Study. The most frequently used AHDs included disease registers (158/296, 53.4%), electronic health records (124/296, 41.9%), insurance claims (106/296, 35.8%), population registers (95/296, 32.1%), and hospital discharge databases (41/296, 13.9%). Fifty (16.9%) of 296 studies involved &gt;1 million participants. Although a broad range of exposure proxies were used, most studies (254/296, 85.8%) relied on broad proxies, which failed to capture the specifics of farming tasks. Research on the farming exposome remains underexplored, with a predominant focus on the specific external exposome, particularly pesticide exposure. A limited range of health events have been examined, primarily cancer, mortality, and injuries.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusions: &lt;/strong&gt;The increasing use of AHDs holds major potential to advance public health research within farming populations. However, substantial research gaps persist, particularly in low-income regions and among underrepresented farming subgroups, such as women, children, and contingent workers. Emerging issues, including exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, biological agents, microbiome, microplastics, and climate change, warrant further research. Major gaps also persist in understanding vari","PeriodicalId":14765,"journal":{"name":"JMIR Public Health and Surveillance","volume":"11 ","pages":"e62939"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11757986/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142949279","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Strategies to Increase Response Rate and Reduce Nonresponse Bias in Population Health Research: Analysis of a Series of Randomized Controlled Experiments during a Large COVID-19 Study.","authors":"Christina J Atchison, Nicholas Gilby, Galini Pantelidou, Sam Clemens, Kevin Pickering, Marc Chadeau-Hyam, Deborah Ashby, Wendy S Barclay, Graham S Cooke, Ara Darzi, Steven Riley, Christl A Donnelly, Helen Ward, Paul Elliott","doi":"10.2196/60022","DOIUrl":"10.2196/60022","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>High response rates are needed in population-based studies, as nonresponse reduces effective sample size and bias affects accuracy and decreases the generalizability of the study findings.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>We tested different strategies to improve response rate and reduce nonresponse bias in a national population-based COVID-19 surveillance program in England, United Kingdom.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Over 19 rounds, a random sample of individuals aged 5 years and older from the general population in England were invited by mail to complete a web-based questionnaire and return a swab for SARS-CoV-2 testing. We carried out several nested randomized controlled experiments to measure the impact on response rates of different interventions, including (1) variations in invitation and reminder letters and SMS text messages and (2) the offer of a conditional monetary incentive to return a swab, reporting absolute changes in response and relative response rate (95% CIs).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Monetary incentives increased the response rate (completed swabs returned as a proportion of the number of individuals invited) across all age groups, sex at birth, and area deprivation with the biggest increase among the lowest responders, namely teenagers and young adults and those living in more deprived areas. With no monetary incentive, the response rate was 3.4% in participants aged 18-22 years, increasing to 8.1% with a £10 (US $12.5) incentive, 11.9% with £20 (US $25.0), and 18.2% with £30 (US $37.5) (relative response rate 2.4 [95% CI 2.0-2.9], 3.5 [95% CI 3.0-4.2], and 5.4 [95% CI 4.4-6.7], respectively). Nonmonetary strategies had a modest, if any, impact on response rate. The largest effect was observed for sending an additional swab reminder (SMS text message or email). For example, those receiving an additional SMS text message were more likely to return a completed swab compared to those receiving the standard email-SMS approach, 73.3% versus 70.2%: percentage difference 3.1% (95% CI 2.2%-4.0%).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Conditional monetary incentives improved response rates to a web-based survey, which required the return of a swab test, particularly for younger age groups. Used in a selective way, incentives may be an effective strategy for improving sample response and representativeness in population-based studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":14765,"journal":{"name":"JMIR Public Health and Surveillance","volume":"11 ","pages":"e60022"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11737284/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142949280","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Population Size Estimation of Men Who Have Sex With Men in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: Google Trends Analysis.","authors":"Carly M Malburg, Steve Gutreuter, Horacio Ruiseñor-Escudero, Abu Abdul-Quader, Wolfgang Hladik","doi":"10.2196/58630","DOIUrl":"10.2196/58630","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background: &lt;/strong&gt;Population size estimation (PSE) for key populations is needed to inform HIV programming and policy.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Objective: &lt;/strong&gt;This study aimed to examine the utility of applying a recently proposed method using Google Trend (GT) internet search data to generate PSE (Google Trends Population Size Estimate [GTPSE]) for men who have sex with men (MSM) in 54 countries in Africa, Asia, the Americas, and Europe.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods: &lt;/strong&gt;We examined GT relative search volumes (representing the relative internet search frequency of specific search terms) for \"porn\" and, as a comparator term, \"gay porn\" for the year 2020. We assumed \"porn\" represents \"men\" (denominator) while \"gay porn\" represents a subset of \"MSM\" (numerator) in each county, resulting in a proportional size estimate for MSM. We multiplied the proportional GTPSE values with the countries' male adult population (15-49 years) to obtain absolute size estimates. Separately, we produced subnational MSM PSE limited to countries' (commercial) capitals. Using linear regression analysis, we examined the effect of countries' levels of urbanization, internet penetration, criminalization of homosexuality, and stigma on national GTPSE results. We conducted a sensitivity analysis in a subset of countries (n=14) examining the effect of alternative English search terms, different language search terms (Spanish, French, and Swahili), and alternative search years (2019 and 2021).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;One country was excluded from our analysis as no GT data could be obtained. Of the remaining 53 countries, all national GTPSE values exceeded the World Health Organization's recommended minimum PSE threshold of 1% (range 1.2%-7.5%). For 44 out of 49 (89.8%) of the countries, GTPSE results were higher than Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) Key Population Atlas values but largely consistent with the regional UNAIDS Global AIDS Monitoring results. Substantial heterogeneity across same-region countries was evident in GTPSE although smaller than those based on Key Population Atlas data. Subnational GTPSE values were obtained in 51 out of 53 (96%) countries; all subnational GTPSE values exceeded 1% but often did not match or exceed the corresponding countries' national estimates. None of the covariates examined had a substantial effect on the GTPSE values (R2 values 0.01-0.28). Alternative (English) search terms in 12 out of 14 (85%) countries produced GTPSE&gt;1%. Using non-English language terms often produced markedly lower same-country GTPSE values compared with English with 10 out of 14 (71%) countries showing national GTPSE exceeding 1%. GTPSE used search data from 2019 and 2021, yielding results similar to those of the reference year 2020. Due to a lack of absolute search volume data, credibility intervals could not be computed. The validity of key assumptions, especially who (males and females) searches for porn and gay porn, could not","PeriodicalId":14765,"journal":{"name":"JMIR Public Health and Surveillance","volume":"11 ","pages":"e58630"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11737527/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143023451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Contribution of Travelers to <i>Plasmodium Vivax</i> Malaria in South West Delhi, India: Cross-Sectional Survey.","authors":"Deepali Savargaonkar, Bina Srivastava, Chander Prakash Yadav, Mrigendra Pal Singh, Anup Anvikar, Amit Sharma, Himmat Singh, Abhinav Sinha","doi":"10.2196/50058","DOIUrl":"10.2196/50058","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>India is committed to malaria elimination by the year 2030. According to the classification of malaria endemicity, the National Capital Territory of Delhi falls under category 1, with an annual parasite incidence of <1, and was targeted for elimination by 2022. Among others, population movement across states is one of the key challenges for malaria control, as it can result in imported malaria, thus introducing local transmission in an area nearing elimination.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>This descriptive study attempts to assess the contribution of such imported Plasmodium vivax cases to the malaria burden in South West Delhi (SWD).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A cross-sectional study was carried out at the fever clinic of the Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Malaria Research in SWD from January 2017 to December 2019. Demographic and travel history data were recorded for all P vivax confirmed malaria cases diagnosed at the fever clinic. Vector and fever surveys along with reactive case detection were conducted in SWD and Bulandshahr district of Uttar Pradesh, 1 of the 6 geographical sources for a high number of imported malaria cases.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 355 P vivax malaria cases were reported during the study period. The proportion of imported cases was 63% (n=222). Of these, 96% (n=213) of cases were from Uttar Pradesh. The distribution of malaria cases revealed that imported cases were significantly associated with travel during the transmission season compared with that in the nontransmission season. Entomological and fever surveys and reactive case detection carried out in areas visited by imported P vivax malaria cases showed the presence of adults and larvae of Anopheles species and P vivax parasitemia.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Population movement is a key challenge for malaria elimination. Although additional P vivax infections and vector mosquitoes were detected at places visited by the imported malaria cases, the inability to detect the parasite in mosquitoes and the possibility of relapses associated with P vivax limit the significance of malaria associated with the travel. However, there remains a need to address migration malaria to prevent the introduction and re-establishment of malaria in areas with very low or 0 indigenous cases.</p>","PeriodicalId":14765,"journal":{"name":"JMIR Public Health and Surveillance","volume":"11 ","pages":"e50058"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11734761/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142949278","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Trends in Prescription of Stimulants and Narcoleptic Drugs in Switzerland: Longitudinal Health Insurance Claims Analysis for the Years 2014-2021.","authors":"Tamara Scharf, Carola A Huber, Markus Näpflin, Zhongxing Zhang, Ramin Khatami","doi":"10.2196/53957","DOIUrl":"10.2196/53957","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Stimulants are potent treatments for central hypersomnolence disorders or attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorders/attention deficit disorders but concerns have been raised about their potential negative consequences and their increasing prescription rates.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>We aimed to describe stimulant prescription trends in Switzerland from 2014 to 2021. Second, we aimed to analyze the characteristics of individuals who received stimulant prescriptions in 2021 and investigate the link between stimulant prescriptions and hospitalization rates in 2021, using hospitalization as a potential indicator of adverse health outcomes.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Longitudinal and cross-sectional data from a large Swiss health care insurance were analyzed from all insureds older than 6 years. The results were extrapolated to the Swiss general population. We identified prescriptions for methylphenidate, lisdexamfetamine, modafinil, and sodium oxybate and calculated prevalences of each drug prescription over the period from 2014 to 2021. For 2021 we provide detailed information on the prescribers and evaluate the association of stimulant prescription and the number and duration of hospitalization using logistic regression models.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We observed increasing prescription rates of all stimulants in all age groups from 2014 to 2021 (0.55% to 0.81%, 43,848 to 66,113 insureds with a prescription). In 2021, 37.1% (28,057 prescriptions) of the medications were prescribed by psychiatrists, followed by 36.1% (n=27,323) prescribed by general practitioners and 1% (n=748) by neurologists. Only sodium oxybate, which is highly specific for narcolepsy treatment, was most frequently prescribed by neurologists (27.8%, 37 prescriptions). Comorbid psychiatric disorders were common in patients receiving stimulants. Patients hospitalized in a psychiatric institution were 5.3 times (odds ratio 5.3, 95% CI 4.63-6.08, P<.001) more likely to have a stimulant prescription than those without hospitalization. There were no significant associations between stimulant prescription and the total length of inpatient stay (odds ratio 1, 95% CI 1-1, P=.13).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The prescription of stimulant medication in Switzerland increased slightly but continuously over years, but at lower rates compared to the estimated prevalence of central hypersomnolence disorders and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorders/attention deficit disorders. Most stimulants are prescribed by psychiatrists, closely followed by general practitioners. The increased odds for hospitalization to psychiatric institutions for stimulant receivers reflects the severity of disease and the higher psychiatric comorbidities in these patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":14765,"journal":{"name":"JMIR Public Health and Surveillance","volume":"11 ","pages":"e53957"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11731861/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142949281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Establishment, Implementation, Initial Outcomes, and Lessons Learned from Recent HIV Infection Surveillance Using a Rapid Test for Recent Infection Among Persons Newly Diagnosed With HIV in Thailand: Implementation Study.","authors":"Kriengkrai Srithanaviboonchai, Thitipong Yingyong, Theerawit Tasaneeyapan, Supaporn Suparak, Supiya Jantaramanee, Benjawan Roudreo, Suvimon Tanpradech, Jarun Chuayen, Apiratee Kanphukiew, Thananda Naiwatanakul, Suchunya Aungkulanon, Michael Martin, Chunfu Yang, Bharat Parekh, Sanny Chen Northbrook","doi":"10.2196/65124","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2196/65124","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>A recent infection testing algorithm (RITA) incorporating case surveillance (CS) with the rapid test for recent HIV infection (RTRI) was integrated into HIV testing services in Thailand as a small-scale pilot project in October 2020.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>We aimed to describe the lessons learned and initial outcomes obtained after the establishment of the nationwide recent HIV infection surveillance project from April through August 2022.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted desk reviews, developed a surveillance protocol and manual, selected sites, trained staff, implemented surveillance, and analyzed outcomes. Remnant blood specimens of consenting newly diagnosed individuals were tested using the Asanté HIV-1 Rapid Recency Assay. The duration of HIV infection was classified as RTRI-recent or RTRI-long-term. Individuals testing RTRI-recent with CD4 counts <200 cells/mm3 or those having opportunistic infections were classified as RITA-CS-long-term. Individuals testing RTRI-recent with CD4 counts >200 cells/mm3, no opportunistic infections, and not on antiretroviral treatment were classified as RITA-CS-recent.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Two hundred and one hospitals in 14 high-burden HIV provinces participated in the surveillance. Of these, 69 reported ≥1 HIV diagnosis during the surveillance period. Of 1053 newly diagnosed cases, 64 (6.1%) were classified as RITA-CS-recent. On multivariate analysis, self-reporting as transgender women (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 7.41, 95% CI 1.59-34.53) and men who have sex with men (AOR 2.59, 95% CI 1.02-6.56) compared to heterosexual men, and students compared to office workers or employers (AOR 3.76, 95% CI 1.25-11.35) were associated with RITA-CS-recent infection. The proper selection of surveillance sites, utilizing existing surveillance tools and systems, and conducting frequent follow-up and supervision visits were the most commonly cited lessons learned to inform the next surveillance phase.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Recent HIV infection surveillance can provide an understanding of current epidemiologic trends to inform HIV prevention interventions to interrupt ongoing or recent HIV transmission. The key success factors of the HIV recent infection surveillance in Thailand include a thorough review of the existing HIV testing service delivery system, a streamlined workflow, strong laboratory and health services, and regular communication between sites and the Provincial Health Offices.</p>","PeriodicalId":14765,"journal":{"name":"JMIR Public Health and Surveillance","volume":"10 ","pages":"e65124"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142894398","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}