Deep Carbon最新文献

{"title":"Earth as Organic Chemist","authors":"E. Shock, C. Bockisch, C. Estrada, K. Fecteau, I. Gould, H. Hartnett, Kristin Johnson, K. Robinson, Jessie Shipp, L. Williams","doi":"10.1017/9781108677950.014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108677950.014","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":146724,"journal":{"name":"Deep Carbon","volume":"109 26","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120820762","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Carbon-Bearing Phases throughout Earth’s Interior","authors":"V. Stagno, V. Cerantola, S. Aulbach, S. Lobanov, C. McCammon, M. Merlini","doi":"10.1017/9781108677950.004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108677950.004","url":null,"abstract":"Carbon (C) occurs in the mantle in its elemental state in the form of graphite and diamond, but also as oxidized compounds that include carbonate minerals and carbonated magmas, as reduced components such as methane and carbide, and as gaseous phases in the C–O–H chemical system. The occurrence of C-bearing phases characterized by different oxidation states reflects magmatic processes occurring in Earth’s interior that link to its oxygenation through space and time. Improving our understanding of the physical and chemical behavior of carbon at extreme conditions sheds light on the type and depth of possible reactions taking place in the interior of Earth and other planets over time and allows the identification of deep carbon reservoirs and mechanisms that move carbon among different reservoirs from the surface to the atmosphere, thereby affecting the total terrestrial budget of carbon ingassing and outgassing. Carbon occurs in diverse forms depending on surrounding conditions such as pressure, temperature, oxygen fugacity (fO2), and the availability of chemical elements that are particularly reactive with carbon to form minerals and fluids. Despite the low abundance of carbon within Earth, the stability of C-rich phases in equilibrium with surrounding minerals provides an important geochemical tracer of redox evolution in Earth and other planets, as well as an important economic resource in the form of diamonds. Knowledge of carbon cycling through the mantle requires an understanding of the stable forms of carbon-bearing phases and their abundance at pressures, temperatures, and fO2 values that are representative of Earth’s interior. Such information is necessary to identify potential carbon reservoirs and the petrogenetic processes by which carbon may be (re) cycled through the mantle over time, eventually being brought to the surface by magmas and to the atmosphere as dissolved gaseous species. Accurate estimates of carbon abundance in Earth’s interior are challenging for many reasons, such as the unknown primordial budget of carbon, the low solubility of carbon in the dominant silicate minerals of the upper and lower mantle, the low modal abundance of accessory carbon-bearing minerals and graphite/diamond in mantle xenoliths, and because magmas occurring at shallow depths are the product of igneous differentiation, magma chamber processes, and degassing. Experimental studies conducted at high","PeriodicalId":146724,"journal":{"name":"Deep Carbon","volume":"47 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125059638","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Framework for Understanding Whole-Earth Carbon Cycling","authors":"Cin-Ty A. Lee, Hehe Jiang, R. Dasgupta, M. Torres","doi":"10.1017/9781108677950.011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108677950.011","url":null,"abstract":"increasing the sensitivity of the global weathering feedback (states a to b), which buffers the rise of pCO 2 . After magmatism ends, physical and chemical weathering persist, driving pCO 2 to low levels. Magmatic orogens can potentially drive greenhouses, but are followed by global cooling due to protracted weathering.","PeriodicalId":146724,"journal":{"name":"Deep Carbon","volume":"61 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116604144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"CO2-Rich Melts in Earth","authors":"G. Yaxley, S. Ghosh, E. Kiseeva, A. Mallik, C. Spandler, A. Thomson, M. Walter","doi":"10.1017/9781108677950.006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108677950.006","url":null,"abstract":"deep Earth, from lower mantle to crust. We fi rst outline constraints from high-pressure experimental petrology and thermodynamic considerations on their stability, as functions of variables such as pressure (P), temperature (T), and oxygen fugacity ( f O 2 These constraints are then used in the context of different tectonic settings in Earth to infer the presence and nature of carbonate melts in those various locations. vapor at pressures lower than 2 GPa At the redox front, reduced carbon present in the eclogite or peridotite oxidizes to form trace to minor amounts of carbonatitic melt (labeled (1)). carbonatitic melt causes fl uxed partial melting of eclogite and peridotite because the carbonated of peridotite and eclogite are at much lower of of produces of with surrounding subsolidus volatile-free peridotite, and a similar melt-rock reaction as proposed (i) takes place.","PeriodicalId":146724,"journal":{"name":"Deep Carbon","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122178680","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Carbon in the Deep Biosphere","authors":"S. Lang, M. Osburn, A. D. Steen","doi":"10.1017/9781108677950.016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108677950.016","url":null,"abstract":"The form, fate, and biogeochemical cycling of carbon in subsurface environments impacts and reflects microbial activity and has important implications for global elemental fluxes. Photosynthetically derived organic matter (OM) is transported to a depth where it can continue to fuel life far from solar inputs. Alternative energy-yielding reactions such as the oxidation of minerals and reduced gases can fuel life in the rocky subsurface of both the ocean and continents, altering the distribution and characteristics of carbon compounds. Nonbiological reactions such as the precipitation of calcium carbonate influence the availability of dissolved inorganic carbon for lithoautotrophs and, simultaneously, the carbon cycle over geologic time. The abundances, characteristics, and distributions of carbon in the subsurface can therefore provide an integrated history of biotic and abiotic processes and a template for interpreting similar patterns from other planetary bodies. The goal of this chapter is to compile insights from disparate environments in order to build a mechanistic understanding of the controls on carbon abundance and distribution in the subsurface. The sections below summarize what is known from the oceanic and continental subsurface, realms that are often studied separately. We synthesize commonalities across these environments, highlight what remains unknown, and propose ideas for future directions. One challenge with working across the marine–continental divide is that the terminology used to describe organic carbon varies between the two. We will use the following terms and abbreviations: particulate organic carbon (POC), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC). Another discrepancy between communities is in the use of units, with ppm or mg/L dominating the continental literature and μM or mM in the marine literature. We will use molar units throughout for comparison’s sake. Finally, while the soil community has moved away from the terms “refractory” and “recalcitrant” OM, they are still common in the marine community. Here, these terms refer to OM that has escaped remineralization due to its inherent molecular structure, physical associations with minerals, energetically unfavorable conditions, or the lack of a specific microbial community adapted to carry out the necessary degradative processes.","PeriodicalId":146724,"journal":{"name":"Deep Carbon","volume":"478 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123411157","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Carbon in the Convecting Mantle","authors":"E. Hauri, E. Cottrell, Katherine A. Kelley, J. Tucker, K. Shimizu, M. L. Voyer, J. Marske, A. Saal","doi":"10.1017/9781108677950.009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108677950.009","url":null,"abstract":"melt inclusions. This provides independent evidence that the MORB source is not graphite saturated; however, these curves could be relevant when considering more reduced planetary bodies, such as Mars.","PeriodicalId":146724,"journal":{"name":"Deep Carbon","volume":"84 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121387937","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Origin and Early Differentiation of Carbon and Associated Life-Essential Volatile Elements on Earth","authors":"R. Dasgupta, D. Grewal","doi":"10.1017/9781108677950.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108677950.002","url":null,"abstract":"coef fi cients and solubilities of LEVEs in the silicate melts to examine the effect of core formation, with varying degrees of alloy – silicate equilibration, with or without loss of an early atmosphere formed via MO degassing on the remnant abundances of LEVEs in the bulk silicate reservoir. (a) LEVEs, when delivered as 0.015 M E late-accreting materials (i.e. 0% alloy – silicate equilibration), cause the volatile abundance to be higher than the present-day BSE. Core formation with increasing degrees of alloy – silicate equilibration increasingly the remnant MO in all LEVEs, with C being much more depleted than other LEVEs, leading to subchondritic C/N, C/H, and C/S ratios. (b) Combining early atmospheric loss with core formation cannot offset C loss to the core due to the lower solubility of C relative to the other LEVEs in the silicate MOs. Bulk Earth volatile abundance data are from McDonough, 83 while the alloy – silicate partition coef fi cients in a deep MO (P = 50 GPa, T = 3500 K; e.g. Siebert et al. 104 ) for C, N, S, and H are from the parametrized relationships of Chi et al., 71 Grewal et al., 105 Boujibar et al., 106 and Clesi et al., 107 respectively. Solubility constant data for C, N, S, and H in the silicate melt are from Armstrong et al., et O and","PeriodicalId":146724,"journal":{"name":"Deep Carbon","volume":"3 1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116545503","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biogeography, Ecology, and Evolution of Deep Life","authors":"C. Magnabosco, J. Biddle, C. Cockell, S. Jungbluth, K. I. Twing","doi":"10.1017/9781108677950.017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108677950.017","url":null,"abstract":"When we ponder the existence of life extending deep into Earth, a phrase from the movie Jurassic Park is often used: that “life finds a way.” Numerous investigations into the continental and marine subsurface have shown that life indeed finds a way to exist deep into the subsurface, provided that physical influences, particularly heat, allow for the existence of biomolecules. In this chapter, we will review what is known about the biogeography, ecology, and evolution of deep life, acknowledging along the way that this field is rapidly developing with every new set of experiments and continued exploration. The subsurface biosphere is loosely defined as the habitable region beneath the soil and sediments where the limits of habitability are typically defined by some physical process (also see Chapter 19, this volume). Current estimates of the habitable volume of the subsurface range from ~2.0 to 2.3 10 km, or roughly twice the volume of our oceans (Table 17.1). This large biosphere is estimated to hold ~70% of all bacterial and archaeal cells (Figures 17.1 and 17.2) and potentially over 80% all bacterial and archaeal species (for a review, see 1). A variety of habitats and sampling techniques to study the subsurface biosphere have been explored by scientists for nearly a century and are further described throughout this chapter (Sections 17.1.1–17.1.5; also see Figure 16.1 in Chapter 16, this volume).","PeriodicalId":146724,"journal":{"name":"Deep Carbon","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126128221","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Subaerial Volcanic Regions","authors":"C. Werner, T. Fischer, A. Aiuppa, M. Edmonds, C. Cardellini, S. Carn, G. Chiodini, E. Cottrell, M. Burton, H. Shinohara, P. Allard","doi":"10.1017/9781108677950.008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108677950.008","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":146724,"journal":{"name":"Deep Carbon","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132271541","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Link between the Physical and Chemical Properties of Carbon-Bearing Melts and Their Application for Geophysical Imaging of Earth’s Mantle","authors":"F. Gaillard, N. Sator, E. Gardes, B. Guillot, M. Massuyeau, D. Sifre, T. Hammouda, G. Richard","doi":"10.1017/9781108677950.007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108677950.007","url":null,"abstract":"Significant investment in new capacities for experimental research at high temperatures and pressures have provided new levels of understanding about the physical properties of carbon in fluids and melts, including its viscosity, electrical conductivity, and density. This chapter reviews the physical properties of carbon-bearing melts and fluids at high temperatures and pressures and highlights remaining unknowns left to be explored. The chapter also reviews how the remote sensing of the inaccessible parts of the Earth via various geophysical techniques – seismic shear wave velocity, attenuation, and electromagnetic signals of mantle depths – can be reconciled with the potential presence of carbon-bearing melts or fluids","PeriodicalId":146724,"journal":{"name":"Deep Carbon","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115348540","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}