IntraVitalPub Date : 2014-05-01DOI: 10.4161/intv.29728
R Dixon Dorand, Deborah S Barkauskas, Teresa A Evans, Agne Petrosiute, Alex Y Huang
{"title":"Comparison of intravital thinned skull and cranial window approaches to study CNS immunobiology in the mouse cortex.","authors":"R Dixon Dorand, Deborah S Barkauskas, Teresa A Evans, Agne Petrosiute, Alex Y Huang","doi":"10.4161/intv.29728","DOIUrl":"10.4161/intv.29728","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Fluorescent imaging coupled with high-resolution femto-second pulsed infrared lasers allows for interrogation of cellular interactions deeper in living tissues than ever imagined. Intra-vital imaging of the central nervous system (CNS) has provided insights into neuronal development, synaptic transmission, and even immune interactions. In this review we will discuss the two most common intravital approaches for studying the cerebral cortex in the live mouse brain for pre-clinical studies, the thinned skull and cranial window techniques, and focus on the advantages and drawbacks of each approach. In addition, we will discuss the use of neuronal physiologic parameters as determinants of successful surgical and imaging preparation.</p>","PeriodicalId":14512,"journal":{"name":"IntraVital","volume":"3 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4161/intv.29728","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32958340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
IntraVitalPub Date : 2014-04-30eCollection Date: 2014-01-01DOI: 10.4161/intv.28770
Hsing-Wen Wang, Yu Chen
{"title":"Clinical applications of optical coherence tomography in urology.","authors":"Hsing-Wen Wang, Yu Chen","doi":"10.4161/intv.28770","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4161/intv.28770","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Since optical coherence tomography (OCT) was first demonstrated in 1991, it has advanced significantly in technical aspects such as imaging speed and resolution, and has been clinically demonstrated in a diverse set of medical and surgical applications, including ophthalmology, cardiology, gastroenterology, dermatology, oncology, among others. This work reviews current clinical applications in urology, particularly in bladder, urether, and kidney. Clinical applications in bladder and urether mainly focus on cancer detection and staging based on tissue morphology, image contrast, and OCT backscattering. The application in kidney includes kidney cancer detection based on OCT backscattering attenuation and non-destructive evaluation of transplant kidney viability or acute tubular necrosis based on both tissue morphology from OCT images and function from Doppler OCT (DOCT) images. OCT holds the promise to positively impact the future clinical practices in urology.</p>","PeriodicalId":14512,"journal":{"name":"IntraVital","volume":"3 1","pages":"e28770"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4161/intv.28770","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"34769951","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
IntraVitalPub Date : 2014-03-01DOI: 10.4161/intv.23674
Ruben M Sandoval, Exing Wang, Bruce A Molitoris
{"title":"Finding the bottom and using it: Offsets and sensitivity in the detection of low intensity values in vivo with 2-photon microscopy.","authors":"Ruben M Sandoval, Exing Wang, Bruce A Molitoris","doi":"10.4161/intv.23674","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4161/intv.23674","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Maximizing 2-photon parameters used in acquiring images for quantitative intravital microscopy, especially when high sensitivity is required, remains an open area of investigation. Here we present data on correctly setting the black level of the photomultiplier tube amplifier by adjusting the offset to allow for accurate quantitation of low intensity processes. When the black level is set too high some low intensity pixel values become zero and a nonlinear degradation in sensitivity occurs rendering otherwise quantifiable low intensity values virtually undetectable. Initial studies using a series of increasing offsets for a sequence of concentrations of fluorescent albumin in vitro revealed a loss of sensitivity for higher offsets at lower albumin concentrations. A similar decrease in sensitivity, and therefore the ability to correctly determine the glomerular permeability coefficient of albumin, occurred in vivo at higher offset. Finding the offset that yields accurate and linear data are essential for quantitative analysis when high sensitivity is required.</p>","PeriodicalId":14512,"journal":{"name":"IntraVital","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4161/intv.23674","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32744291","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
IntraVitalPub Date : 2014-02-04eCollection Date: 2014-01-01DOI: 10.4161/intv.27935
Azusa Maeda, Ralph S DaCosta
{"title":"Optimization of the dorsal skinfold window chamber model and multi-parametric characterization of tumor-associated vasculature.","authors":"Azusa Maeda, Ralph S DaCosta","doi":"10.4161/intv.27935","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4161/intv.27935","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The dorsal skinfold window chamber (DSWC) model is a unique tool that enables analysis of various aspects of tumor biology and therapeutic response. Although the protocol for the murine DSWC model is standardized, certain tumors fail to grow or require a particular environment to promote growth. Given such limitations, we optimized the DSWC model for a slow-growing tumor that regresses spontaneously in the standard protocol. We further characterized the vascular network in the tumor model compared with that of non-tumor-bearing mice and observed significant differences in multiple parameters related to vascular structure and function.</p>","PeriodicalId":14512,"journal":{"name":"IntraVital","volume":"3 1","pages":"e27935"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4161/intv.27935","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"34769950","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
IntraVitalPub Date : 2014-01-01DOI: 10.4161/intv.28210
Kenneth W Dunn, Kevin S Lorenz, Paul Salama, Edward J Delp
{"title":"IMART software for correction of motion artifacts in images collected in intravital microscopy.","authors":"Kenneth W Dunn, Kevin S Lorenz, Paul Salama, Edward J Delp","doi":"10.4161/intv.28210","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4161/intv.28210","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Intravital microscopy is a uniquely powerful tool, providing the ability to characterize cell and organ physiology in the natural context of the intact, living animal. With the recent development of high-resolution microscopy techniques such as confocal and multiphoton microscopy, intravital microscopy can now characterize structures at subcellular resolution and capture events at sub-second temporal resolution. However, realizing the potential for high resolution requires remarkable stability in the tissue. Whereas the rigid structure of the skull facilitates high-resolution imaging of the brain, organs of the viscera are free to move with respiration and heartbeat, requiring additional apparatus for immobilization. In our experience, these methods are variably effective, so that many studies are compromised by residual motion artifacts. Here we demonstrate the use of IMART, a software tool for removing motion artifacts from intravital microscopy images collected in time series or in three dimensions.</p>","PeriodicalId":14512,"journal":{"name":"IntraVital","volume":"3 1","pages":"e28210"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4161/intv.28210","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33402654","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
IntraVitalPub Date : 2013-07-22DOI: 10.4161/intv.27390
José M. González, James C. H. Tan
{"title":"Semi-automated vitality analysis of human trabecular meshwork","authors":"José M. González, James C. H. Tan","doi":"10.4161/intv.27390","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4161/intv.27390","url":null,"abstract":"Glaucoma is associated with cell loss in the trabecular meshwork of the eye. Multiphoton microscopy aided by intravital dye labeling permits visualization of live and dead cells within the intact trabecular meshwork. We have developed a semi-automated method to quantify cellular viability within the human trabecular meshwork based on three-dimensional software-assisted tissue reconstruction and isosurface modeling. Live cellularity counts by the semi-automated method were obtained quickly and agreed with that of manual counting in the same group of tissues (1.6% group difference; n = 13), with counts in individual tissues showing a mean coefficient of variation of 10%.","PeriodicalId":14512,"journal":{"name":"IntraVital","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73075737","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
IntraVitalPub Date : 2013-07-22DOI: 10.4161/intv.26287
Andrius Masedunskas, Mark A Appaduray, E. Hardeman, P. Gunning
{"title":"What makes a model system great?","authors":"Andrius Masedunskas, Mark A Appaduray, E. Hardeman, P. Gunning","doi":"10.4161/intv.26287","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4161/intv.26287","url":null,"abstract":"With the advent of fluorescently tagged proteins and live cell imaging our understanding of actin cytoskeleton dynamics has been expanding at an unprecedented pace. However, the role of the actin cytoskeleton in numerous cellular processes has been elucidated primarily in cultured cells. The next stage is to understand if these processes and the mechanisms that underpin them transfer from what is essentially a 2-dimensional cell living in isolation to cells in a 3-dimensional community—a tissue. Intravital microscopy holds the promise for being able to visualize the actin cytoskeleton in its native state—a tissue in situ. The greatest challenges at the moment are in developing tractable and meaningful in vivo experimental model systems capable of addressing specific questions about the molecular machinery involved in the assembly and function of complex cytoskeletal structures. In this article we discuss important considerations for establishing such in vivo models and showcase one such model system which has proven successful in revealing the in situ dynamics of actomyosin assembly on large secretory granules.","PeriodicalId":14512,"journal":{"name":"IntraVital","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78337643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
IntraVitalPub Date : 2013-07-01DOI: 10.4161/intv.26138
Sarah Earley Coffey, Randy J Giedt, Ralph Weissleder
{"title":"Automated analysis of clonal cancer cells by intravital imaging.","authors":"Sarah Earley Coffey, Randy J Giedt, Ralph Weissleder","doi":"10.4161/intv.26138","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4161/intv.26138","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Longitudinal analyses of single cell lineages over prolonged periods have been challenging particularly in processes characterized by high cell turn-over such as inflammation, proliferation, or cancer. RGB marking has emerged as an elegant approach for enabling such investigations. However, methods for automated image analysis continue to be lacking. Here, to address this, we created a number of different multicolored poly- and monoclonal cancer cell lines for in vitro and in vivo use. To classify these cells in large scale data sets, we subsequently developed and tested an automated algorithm based on hue selection. Our results showed that this method allows accurate analyses at a fraction of the computational time required by more complex color classification methods. Moreover, the methodology should be broadly applicable to both in vitro and in vivo analyses.</p>","PeriodicalId":14512,"journal":{"name":"IntraVital","volume":"2 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4161/intv.26138","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"31965376","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
IntraVitalPub Date : 2013-04-01DOI: 10.4161/intv.25745
D. Natale, S. Soriano, F. Coelho, Miroslav Hons, J. Stein
{"title":"Comprehensive assessment of quantum dots for multispectral twophoton imaging of dynamic leukocyte migration in lymph nodes","authors":"D. Natale, S. Soriano, F. Coelho, Miroslav Hons, J. Stein","doi":"10.4161/intv.25745","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4161/intv.25745","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, intravital twophoton microscopy (2PM) has emerged as the appropriate technique for direct in situ imaging of immune cell dynamics inside peripheral lymph nodes (PLNs) of live, anesthetized mice, yielding important insights into the regulation of immune responses. However, most current 2PM approaches are limited by the scarce availability of near-infrared (NIR) probes for multispectral time-lapse imaging, and by the use of a single excitation wavelength for multiple fluorophores. The recent availability of quantum dots (QDs) nanoparticles displaying unique optical properties have the potential to overcome this limitation but their suitability has not been yet comprehensively tested for 2PM imaging in vivo. In this study, we explored the use and delivery of NIR-emitting QDs into dendritic cells. Furthermore, we functionalized the surface of these nanoparticles with antibodies that recognize specific antigens expressed on the endothelium of the PLN microvasculature or their use as NIR plasma markers and examined the homeostatic recirculation of lymphocytes. This approach allowed to simultaneously visualize up to six different cell populations and lymphoid structures and identified varying lymphocyte migration patterns in defined microenvironments. Yet, QDs were more difficult to reproducibly couple to antibodies and showed a tendency to cause clustering of targeted antigens. Our data provide an in-depth analysis of the usefulness and shortcomings of QDs as imaging tools for anatomical landmarking in 2PM studies.","PeriodicalId":14512,"journal":{"name":"IntraVital","volume":"62 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90247072","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
IntraVitalPub Date : 2013-04-01DOI: 10.4161/intv.25294
Antonia Patsialou, Jose Javier Bravo-Cordero, Yarong Wang, David Entenberg, Huiping Liu, Michael Clarke, John S Condeelis
{"title":"Intravital multiphoton imaging reveals multicellular streaming as a crucial component of in vivo cell migration in human breast tumors.","authors":"Antonia Patsialou, Jose Javier Bravo-Cordero, Yarong Wang, David Entenberg, Huiping Liu, Michael Clarke, John S Condeelis","doi":"10.4161/intv.25294","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4161/intv.25294","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Metastasis is the main cause of death in breast cancer patients. Cell migration is an essential component of almost every step of the metastatic cascade, especially the early step of invasion inside the primary tumor. In this report, we have used intravital multiphoton microscopy to visualize the different migration patterns of human breast tumor cells in live primary tumors. We used xenograft tumors of MDA-MB-231 cells as well as a low passage xenograft tumor from orthotopically injected patient-derived breast tumor cells. Direct visualization of human tumor cells in vivo shows two patterns of high-speed migration inside primary tumors: (1) single cells and (2) multicellular streams (i.e., cells following each other in a single file but without cohesive cell junctions). Critically, we found that only streaming and not random migration of single cells was significantly correlated with proximity to vessels, with intravasation and with numbers of elevated circulating tumor cells in the bloodstream. Finally, although the two human tumors were derived from diverse genetic backgrounds, we found that their migratory tumor cells exhibited coordinated gene expression changes that led to the same end-phenotype of enhanced migration involving activating actin polymerization and myosin contraction. Our data are the first direct visualization and assessment of in vivo migration within a live patient-derived breast xenograft tumor.</p>","PeriodicalId":14512,"journal":{"name":"IntraVital","volume":"2 2","pages":"e25294"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4161/intv.25294","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32497095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}