IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering最新文献

{"title":"Experimental Measurement of the Stress Gradient in a Bent Sheet","authors":"Audrie Corral, Eric Colllie, Zhaojun Lu, Grayson Womble, Chester J. Van Tyne","doi":"10.1088/1757-899x/1307/1/012041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1307/1/012041","url":null,"abstract":"Stress gradients were experimentally measured in a 316 stainless steel sheet after bending with a press brake. Two different tool radii and three different bend angles were used to produce plastically bent sheets. Microhardness tests were performed across the thickness of the bent sheet, and a correlation between microhardness and strength was experimentally determined and was used to obtain the stress gradient. The position of the experimentally determined neutral plane correlated well with theory. Theoretical calculations of the stress gradient were made using a power law constitutive equation along with a simple mechanics analysis of plastic bending. Four of the six bending experimental conditions had reasonable correlation with the theoretical calculations. Ideas for improving this experimental method are discussed.","PeriodicalId":14483,"journal":{"name":"IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering","volume":"344 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141505714","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Laboratory Scale Evaluation of the Slag Foaming Behavior","authors":"Andreas Pfeiffer, Kathrin Thiele, Gerald Wimmer, Johannes Schenk","doi":"10.1088/1757-899x/1309/1/012007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1309/1/012007","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Due to the ambitious climate targets of the European Union, one can expect that the electric arc furnace (EAF) will gain greater importance in the future of steelmaking. Since slag foaming is a decisive factor in an efficient process, understanding this phenomenon is essential when applying hydrogen-based direct reduced iron (DRI). Therefore, a method was developed to check different slag compositions concerning their foaming behavior. Slag samples are melted, and a carbon carrier is added. After a selected reaction time, the crucible is quenched in liquid nitrogen, superficially freezing the state while foaming. Afterward, it is halved, providing metallographic examination and height measurement possibilities. Three slags were tested, MgO-saturated EAF slag, MgO-unsaturated EAF slag, and electrical Smelter-like slag. Digital and scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy are used to compare the slags and evaluate the method. The Smelter slag shows no foamability, unaffected by the FeO content. Contrary, good foamability can be observed for EAF slags.","PeriodicalId":14483,"journal":{"name":"IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering","volume":" 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141130679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Inline Monitoring of the Geometry of Free-form Bent Components","authors":"Lorenzo Scandola, Daniel Maier, Johannes Meier, Wolfram Volk","doi":"10.1088/1757-899x/1307/1/012036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1307/1/012036","url":null,"abstract":"The free-form bending process shows a high potential for the manufacturing of bent structural components. Especially in the automotive sector, the process can be employed for the production of arbitrary geometries evolving in the 3D-space, reducing tooling costs and production times. In addition, it is characterised by an outstanding flexibility, and allows the manufacturing of variants of a single component just with the adaption of the tool kinematics. Nevertheless, the reproducibility of the process is a challenging task, and a process monitoring approach is required. In this contribution, an inline-measurement strategy for evaluating the resulting geometry of free-form bent parts is developed. First, a review of the actual measurement system is given. Successively, the inline measurement of the bending radius using a laser displacement sensor, as well as of the bending angle by means of an IR-camera are presented. The obtained inline signals are then processed to retrieve the geometry of the obtained part, and the strategy is validated by comparison with the offline measurement results. The developed inline-system represents the first step towards the development and the monitoring of the free-form bending process.","PeriodicalId":14483,"journal":{"name":"IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering","volume":"55 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141523502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Airplane motors employing superconducting DC field windings and conventional conductor AC windings","authors":"S S Kalsi, J G Storey, G Lumsden, R A Badcock","doi":"10.1088/1757-899x/1302/1/012017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1302/1/012017","url":null,"abstract":"Many organizations are developing compact lightweight highly efficient rotating machines for airplane applications. These machines include permanent magnets for excitation and an iron-core with and without superconducting windings. Air-core (no magnetic iron) machines have the potential to be the most lightweight and efficient. Such machines can use superconductors for both DC excitation field coils and AC armature coils, which need conductors under development, like MgB₂ and Bi2212. If liquid-hydrogen (LH₂) is available on a plane and can be used as a coolant, it becomes feasible to develop machines with AC armature coils made from conventional conductors like copper, aluminium, and high-conductivity aluminium.This paper describes conceptual designs for a 3 MW, 4,500 RPM motor employing REBCO CORC conductor for the DC field coils and conventional conductor Litz cable for the AC armature coils cooled by LH₂ available on the plane. Both rotor and stator coils are contained in separate cryostats. The DC excitation coils on the rotor are operated at 40 K to work successfully with a brushless flux pump exciter. Likewise, stator AC coils are cooled with available LH₂ to take advantage of the lower resistivity of conventional conductors at cryogenic temperatures. Motor size, mass and losses are compared for stator windings employing copper, aluminium, and high-conductivity aluminium (Hyper-Al). Compared with copper and aluminium machines, the machine employing Hyper-Al has smaller size, mass and total losses.","PeriodicalId":14483,"journal":{"name":"IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141567297","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thermal conductivity and mechanical properties of polymeric aerogels for cryogenic insulation applications","authors":"G Churu, J A Demko, K Kimminau, D Lantz, H McGuire, G Van der Weil, M Field, S Malakooti, S L Vivod","doi":"10.1088/1757-899x/1302/1/012007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1302/1/012007","url":null,"abstract":"Non-vacuum insulation systems are frequently applied in the thermal management of low temperature systems as well as for the use and storage of cryogens. Aerogels are known for their low density, high mesoporosity, high surface areas, low thermal conductivity and high acoustic impedance. This study focuses on polymeric aerogels that can be mass produced as large monoliths while maintaining the low thermal conductivity over a wide temperature range. The manufacturing flexibility of polymeric aerogels allows fabrication of monolithic blocks and sheets that can be applied in various configurations to insulate cryogenic and superconducting devices. To measure the thermal conductivity, an immersion calorimeter was developed and has been operated at different cold boundary temperatures. The calorimeter heats a hollow cylinder of insulating material on the inside surface and the surrounding bath maintains a cold boundary. This calorimeter was used to measure the thermal conductivity of commercially available FoamGlass and a hollow cylinder of a polymeric aerogel machined from a cast cylinder. The thermal conductivity of the FoamGlass and the polymeric aerogel are compared at room temperature (290 K), ice bath (273 K), and at liquid nitrogen (80 K) cold boundary temperatures. Room temperature measurements of the modulus of elasticity and yield strength using an optical technique are also reported for flat specimens of the aerogel made from the same stock as the cylindrical specimens tested for thermal conductivity. Mechanical properties of aerogels are also reported under compression and both at room temperature and at cryogenic temperature (Liquid nitrogen).","PeriodicalId":14483,"journal":{"name":"IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141567304","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Oxidized structure and Compositional properties of 1144 phase FBS by analytical electron microscopy","authors":"Z-H Sung, A Masi, JY Lee, A Duchenko, X Hu, A G Kim, G Celentano","doi":"10.1088/1757-899x/1302/1/012035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1302/1/012035","url":null,"abstract":"The 1144 phase (Ae1A1Fe4As4) shows a strong advantage of engineering fabrication among Fe (Iron)-based superconductor (FBS) family due to the robustness of its superconducting properties with respect to chemical inhomogeneities, granted by its uniform crystalline-layered structure. This regularity is furthermore associated to crystalline defects capable of acting as efficient pinning centers, from which high critical currents can achieved at high fields. Like other FBS phases, its lossless current-carrying capability can be remarkably degraded by distractions at grain boundaries (GBs). GB oxidation is an issue of upmost importance to the realization of the practical FBS application for high field (> 20T) magnet. In this study, we explore oxidized grain boundary and intrinsic grain structural properties of 1144 polycrystalline samples by applying analytical electron microscopy such as atomic resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy and atom probe tomography. These structural properties of samples produced by a mechanochemically assisted synthesis are evaluated following the degradation of superconducting properties due to oxidation. We observe a strong correlation between the contamination at grain boundaries and the decrease of transport properties of the bulk sample, while the crystallin structure seems to be not affected by the oxidation.","PeriodicalId":14483,"journal":{"name":"IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering","volume":"2015 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141567397","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ultimate Tensile Strengths and Elastic Moduli at 20 K of Additively Manufactured PA840-GSL, A6061-RAM2, and AlSi10Mg","authors":"R Adams, G Rinauro, J Leachman","doi":"10.1088/1757-899x/1302/1/012006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1302/1/012006","url":null,"abstract":"The additive manufacturing (AM) of polymer matrix composites (PMCs) and metal matrix composites (MMC) systems presents novel opportunities for reducing the mass of aerospace vehicles. These solutions also have the potential to reduce the cost of terrestrial applications where cryogenic temperatures are present. To address this need, this paper explores the mechanical characterization of three AM materials at 20 K: a nylon-based PMC PA840-GSL, and two aluminum-based MMCs A6061-RAM2 and AlSi10Mg. A Cryogenic Accelerated Fatigue Tester (CRAFT) used for the mechanical testing is first detailed. Next, ultimate tensile strengths and elastic moduli of the additively manufactured AlSi10Mg alloy and A6061-RAM2 are obtained. Third, the mechanical performance of an additively manufactured PMC liquid hydrogen tank constituent is collected in addition to an analysis on the effect the processing parameters, such as scan spacing, have on the mechanical behavior. A6061-RAM2 exhibited superior mechanical performance and is recommended for structural applications. Variation of PA840-GSL scan spacing resulted in decreased mechanical performance.","PeriodicalId":14483,"journal":{"name":"IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering","volume":"241 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141567303","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ca-repaired BaZrO3 nanorods/YBa2Cu3O7-x interface for enhanced pinning in YBa2Cu3O7-x nanocomposites with 2-8% BaZrO3 doping","authors":"Judy Wu, Mohan Panth, Victor Ogunjimi, Mary Ann Sebastian, Di Zhang, Timothy Haugan, Haiyan Wang","doi":"10.1088/1757-899x/1302/1/012013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1302/1/012013","url":null,"abstract":"C-axis aligned BaZrO₃ (BZO) nanorods formed via strain-mediated self-assembly in BZO-doped YaBa₂Cu₃O_7-x (BZO/YBCO) nanocomposite films can provide strong pinning to the quantized magnetic vortices. While the strain initiated from the BZO/YBCO lattice mismatch plays a critical role in nucleation and evolution of the BZO nanorods, it also leads to a highly defective BZO/YBCO interface and hence reduced pinning efficiency of BZO nanorods. This work reports a recent study in probing the effect of BZO/YBCO interface on the pinning efficiency of the BZO nanorods as the interface is repaired dynamically during the BZO nanorod growth using Ca doping. Within the BZO doping range of 2-8 vol.%, significantly enhanced pinning efficiency of the BZO nanorods have been observed. A peak enhancement up to five-fold of critical current density at 9.0 T and 65-77 K has been obtained in the 6 vol.% BZO/YBCO nanocomposites after the interface repair. This result not only illustrates the critical importance of the BZO/YBCO interface in the pinning efficiency, but also provides a facile scheme to achieve such an interface to restore the pristine pinning efficiency of the BZO nanorods.","PeriodicalId":14483,"journal":{"name":"IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering","volume":"213 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141870263","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Can process intensification of liquefaction technology for LNG and LH2 accelerate adoption for transportation use?","authors":"J A Barclay, C C Archipley","doi":"10.1088/1757-899x/1302/1/012025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1302/1/012025","url":null,"abstract":"One of the reasons gaseous fuels, methane, and hydrogen, are renewable and sustainable replacements for traditional liquid hydrocarbon-based transportation fuels is their small carbon footprint. Global awareness of the immediate need to address impacts of emissions from transportation energy use has emphasized urgency of changes from business as usual. However, the transition from existing fuels to new fuels is complex because fuel usage is huge, and so many variables influence the rate of adoption. When one reads excellent energy outlooks of major energy companies, data driven reports of international and national energy agencies, along with thoughtful studies of the water, energy, food nexus, the systemic complexities are daunting. Marchetti’s insightful numerical modeling of the rate of transition among different energy sources over the past two centuries with credible validation from recorded usage data shows the time scale for appreciable changes among energy systems is several decades. A further important observation of Marchetti’s work is that transitions among energy sources were and are driven by substitution of superior technology rather than by depletion of prevalent sources. These observations incentivize developments of more efficient, less expensive, robust, scalable methods of production, liquefaction, storage, transport, delivery, and dispensing of hydrogen and natural gas to accelerate adoption by transportation customers. This paper presents a few examples of process intensification in advanced liquefiers for LNG and LH₂ at the same location could reduce capital costs, energy costs, and footprints of different sized liquefiers. These combinations could help address gaps in existing technology for several essential needs such as liquefiers for heavy-duty vehicle refueling stations or marine vessel bunkering systems, or refrigerators for storage tank boil-off management systems. Modular, containerized liquefiers plants with several tonne/day capacity could be scaled by interconnecting multiple units to make small industrial plants that match localized fuel demands from distributed mobile users.","PeriodicalId":14483,"journal":{"name":"IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141567398","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Magnetic Laminates for Motor Slot Wedges and Other Applications","authors":"A. Krzak, G. Matula, A.J Nowak, C. Ebbing, T. Haugan, M. Sumption","doi":"10.1088/1757-899x/1302/1/012004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1302/1/012004","url":null,"abstract":"We have examined the properties of G-10-Fe, a commercially manufactured fiber-reinforced epoxy with a 70 wt% inclusion of Fe powder, and the advantages of this material in motor slot wedges are presented. The microstructure of G-10-Fe was observed by SEM/EDS and its magnetic properties were measured in terms of magnetization, saturation magnetization and AC loss. The saturation magnetization was 150 Am²/kg, as determined by vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM). Core losses were measured by spinning magnet calorimetry (SMC). In loss measurements made at applied field frequencies of 10 to 120 Hz essentially only hysteretic loss was present, the per cycle loss was ≅ 19 mJ/cm³. The absence of eddy current loss made G-10-Fe more suitable than bulk Fe for use as motor slot wedge material.","PeriodicalId":14483,"journal":{"name":"IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141567307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}