Invertebrate Neuroscience最新文献

{"title":"Novel peripheral motor neurons in the posterior tentacles of the snail responsible for local tentacle movements.","authors":"László Hernádi,&nbsp;Tibor Kiss,&nbsp;Nóra Krajcs,&nbsp;Thomas Teyke","doi":"10.1007/s10158-014-0170-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10158-014-0170-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Three flexor muscles of the posterior tentacles of the snail Helix pomatia have recently been described. Here, we identify their local motor neurons by following the retrograde transport of neurobiotin injected into these muscles. The mostly unipolar motor neurons (15-35 µm) are confined to the tentacle digits and send motor axons to the M2 and M3 muscles. Electron microscopy revealed small dark neurons (5-7 µm diameter) and light neurons with 12-18 (T1 type) and 18-30 µm diameters (T2 type) in the digits. The diameters of the neurobiotin-labeled neurons corresponded to the T1 type light neurons. The neuronal processes of T1 type motor neurons arborize extensively in the neuropil area of the digits and receive synaptic inputs from local neuronal elements involved in peripheral olfactory information processing. These findings support the existence of a peripheral stimulus-response pathway, consisting of olfactory stimulus-local motor neuron-motor response components, to generate local lateral movements of the tentacle tip (\"quiver\"). In addition, physiological results showed that each flexor muscle receives distinct central motor commands via different peritentacular nerves and common central motor commands via tentacle digits, respectively. The distal axonal segments of the common pathway can receive inputs from local interneurons in the digits modulating the motor axon activity peripherally without soma excitation. These elements constitute a local microcircuit consisting of olfactory stimulus-distal segments of central motor axons-motor response components, to induce patterned contraction movements of the tentacle. The two local microcircuits described above provide a comprehensive neuroanatomical basis of tentacle movements without the involvement of the CNS.</p>","PeriodicalId":14430,"journal":{"name":"Invertebrate Neuroscience","volume":"14 2","pages":"127-36"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s10158-014-0170-8","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32335273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"‘Invertebrate Learning and Memory’ Edited by Randolf Menzel and Paul R. Benjamin: A review","authors":"R. Walker, L. Holden-Dye","doi":"10.1007/s10158-014-0171-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10158-014-0171-7","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":14430,"journal":{"name":"Invertebrate Neuroscience","volume":"14 1","pages":"147-148"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s10158-014-0171-7","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"51963868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Regional and segmental differences in the embryonic expression of a putative leech Hox gene, Lox2, by central neurons immunoreactive to FMRFamide-like neuropeptides.","authors":"Rajendra Gharbaran,&nbsp;Susana Alvarado,&nbsp;Gabriel O Aisemberg","doi":"10.1007/s10158-013-0161-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10158-013-0161-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We performed immunofluorescence experiments using a rat polyclonal antibody on formaldehyde-fixed whole-mount embryos to characterize the expression of a putative leech Hox gene, Lox2, during embryonic development. The main goal was to determine whether the differentiation of subsets of FMRFamide-like immunoreactive (FLI) neurons coincide with the expression domain of Lox2. The earliest expression of Lox2 was detected in relatively large, prominent nuclei in the posterior region at embryonic day 4, a very early stage. Lox2 expression was also detected in subsets of central neurons (neurons located in the CNS) located in midbody ganglia 6 (M6)-M21. In addition, Lox2 was expressed by a number of segment-specific and segmentally repeated central FLI neurons. Lox2-positive FLI neurons of interest included some of those previously identified: the rostral most ventral (RMV) neurons, the circular ventral (CV) neurons, and cell 261. The paired RMVs, which are located in all midbody ganglia, expressed Lox2 only in M7-M19. The CV neurons, specialized motor neurons that innervate the circular ventral muscles of the body wall, expressed Lox2 in M7-M19. The putative cell 261 expressed Lox2 in M7-M12, where Lox1 is also expressed. FMRFamide staining in putative segmental homologs of cell 261 was not detected in other segmental ganglia. Our results suggest a role for Lox2 in very early embryonic development (before the formation of the CNS), and in the differentiation of segmentally repeated and region-specific FLI neurons. </p>","PeriodicalId":14430,"journal":{"name":"Invertebrate Neuroscience","volume":"14 1","pages":"51-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s10158-013-0161-1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"31669180","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Excitatory neurotransmitters in the tentacle flexor muscles responsible for space positioning of the snail olfactory organ.","authors":"N Krajcs,&nbsp;L Hernádi,&nbsp;K Elekes,&nbsp;S Kimura,&nbsp;T Kiss","doi":"10.1007/s10158-013-0164-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10158-013-0164-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Recently, three novel flexor muscles (M1, M2 and M3) in the posterior tentacles of the snail have been described, which are responsible for the patterned movements of the tentacles of the snail, Helix pomatia. In this study, we have demonstrated that the muscles received a complex innervation pattern via the peritentacular and olfactory nerves originating from different clusters of motoneurons of the cerebral ganglia. The innervating axons displayed a number of varicosities and established neuromuscular contacts of different ultrastructural forms. Contractions evoked by nerve stimulation could be mimicked by external acetylcholine (ACh) and glutamate (Glu), suggesting that ACh and Glu are excitatory transmitters at the neuromuscular contacts. Choline acetyltransferase and vesicular glutamate transporter immunolabeled axons innervating flexor muscles were demonstrated by immunohistochemistry and in Western blot experiments. Nerve- and transmitter-evoked contractions were similarly attenuated by cholinergic and glutamatergic antagonists supporting the dual excitatory innervation. Dopamine (DA, 10⁻⁵ M) oppositely modulated thin (M1/M2) and thick (M3) muscle responses evoked by stimulation of the olfactory nerve, decreasing the contractions of the M1/M2 and increasing those of M3. In both cases, the modulation site was presynaptic. Serotonin (5-HT) at high concentration (10⁻⁵ M) increased the amplitude of both the nerve- and the ACh-evoked contractions in all muscles. The relaxation rate was facilitated suggesting pre- and postsynaptic site of action. Our data provided evidence for a DAergic and 5-HTergic modulation of cholinergic nerves innervating flexor muscles of the tentacles as well as the muscles itself. These effects of DA and 5-HT may contribute to the regulation of sophisticated movements of tentacle muscles lacking inhibitory innervation.</p>","PeriodicalId":14430,"journal":{"name":"Invertebrate Neuroscience","volume":"14 1","pages":"59-69"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s10158-013-0164-y","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"31829759","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evolution of the techniques used in studying associative olfactory learning and memory in adult Drosophila in vivo: a historical and technical perspective.","authors":"Nicholas J D Wright","doi":"10.1007/s10158-013-0163-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10158-013-0163-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Drosophila melanogaster behavioral mutants have been isolated in which the ability to form associative olfactory memories has been disrupted primarily by altering cyclic adenosine monophosphate signal transduction. Unfortunately, the small size of the fruit fly and its neurons has made the application of neurobiological techniques typically used to investigate the physiology underlying these behaviors daunting. However, the realization that adult fruit flies could tolerate a window in the head capsule allowing access to the central structures thought to be involved plus the development of genetically expressed reporters of neuronal function has allowed a meteoric expansion of this field over the last decade. This review attempts to summarize the evolution of the techniques involved from the first use of a window to access these brain areas thought to be involved in associative olfactory learning and memory, the mushroom bodies and antennal lobes, to the current refinements which allow both high-resolution multiphoton imaging and patch clamping of identified neurons while applying the stimuli used in the behavioral protocols. This area of research now appears poised to reveal some very exciting mechanisms underlying behavior. </p>","PeriodicalId":14430,"journal":{"name":"Invertebrate Neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s10158-013-0163-z","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40256229","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cephalopods in neuroscience: regulations, research and the 3Rs.","authors":"Graziano Fiorito,&nbsp;Andrea Affuso,&nbsp;David B Anderson,&nbsp;Jennifer Basil,&nbsp;Laure Bonnaud,&nbsp;Giovanni Botta,&nbsp;Alison Cole,&nbsp;Livia D'Angelo,&nbsp;Paolo De Girolamo,&nbsp;Ngaire Dennison,&nbsp;Ludovic Dickel,&nbsp;Anna Di Cosmo,&nbsp;Carlo Di Cristo,&nbsp;Camino Gestal,&nbsp;Rute Fonseca,&nbsp;Frank Grasso,&nbsp;Tore Kristiansen,&nbsp;Michael Kuba,&nbsp;Fulvio Maffucci,&nbsp;Arianna Manciocco,&nbsp;Felix Christopher Mark,&nbsp;Daniela Melillo,&nbsp;Daniel Osorio,&nbsp;Anna Palumbo,&nbsp;Kerry Perkins,&nbsp;Giovanna Ponte,&nbsp;Marcello Raspa,&nbsp;Nadav Shashar,&nbsp;Jane Smith,&nbsp;David Smith,&nbsp;António Sykes,&nbsp;Roger Villanueva,&nbsp;Nathan Tublitz,&nbsp;Letizia Zullo,&nbsp;Paul Andrews","doi":"10.1007/s10158-013-0165-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10158-013-0165-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cephalopods have been utilised in neuroscience research for more than 100 years particularly because of their phenotypic plasticity, complex and centralised nervous system, tractability for studies of learning and cellular mechanisms of memory (e.g. long-term potentiation) and anatomical features facilitating physiological studies (e.g. squid giant axon and synapse). On 1 January 2013, research using any of the about 700 extant species of \"live cephalopods\" became regulated within the European Union by Directive 2010/63/EU on the \"Protection of Animals used for Scientific Purposes\", giving cephalopods the same EU legal protection as previously afforded only to vertebrates. The Directive has a number of implications, particularly for neuroscience research. These include: (1) projects will need justification, authorisation from local competent authorities, and be subject to review including a harm-benefit assessment and adherence to the 3Rs principles (Replacement, Refinement and Reduction). (2) To support project evaluation and compliance with the new EU law, guidelines specific to cephalopods will need to be developed, covering capture, transport, handling, housing, care, maintenance, health monitoring, humane anaesthesia, analgesia and euthanasia. (3) Objective criteria need to be developed to identify signs of pain, suffering, distress and lasting harm particularly in the context of their induction by an experimental procedure. Despite diversity of views existing on some of these topics, this paper reviews the above topics and describes the approaches being taken by the cephalopod research community (represented by the authorship) to produce \"guidelines\" and the potential contribution of neuroscience research to cephalopod welfare. </p>","PeriodicalId":14430,"journal":{"name":"Invertebrate Neuroscience","volume":"14 1","pages":"13-36"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s10158-013-0165-x","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"31996551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Arm regeneration in two species of cuttlefish Sepia officinalis and Sepia pharaonis.","authors":"Jedediah Tressler,&nbsp;Francis Maddox,&nbsp;Eli Goodwin,&nbsp;Zhuobin Zhang,&nbsp;Nathan J Tublitz","doi":"10.1007/s10158-013-0159-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10158-013-0159-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>To provide quantitative information on arm regeneration in cuttlefish, the regenerating arms of two cuttlefish species, Sepia officinalis and Sepia pharaonis, were observed at regular intervals after surgical amputation. The third right arm of each individual was amputated to ~10-20 % starting length. Arm length, suction cup number, presence of chromatophores, and behavioral measures were collected every 2-3 days over a 39-day period and compared to the contralateral control arm. By day 39, the regenerating arm reached a mean 95.5 ± 0.3 % of the control for S. officinalis and 94.9 ± 1.3 % for S. pharaonis. The process of regeneration was divided into five separate stages based on macroscopic morphological events: Stage I (days 0-3 was marked by a frayed leading edge; Stage II (days 4-15) by a smooth hemispherical leading edge; Stage III (days 16-20) by the appearance of a growth bud; Stage IV (days 21-24) by the emergence of an elongated tip; and Stage V (days 25-39) by a tapering of the elongated tip matching the other intact arms. Behavioral deficiencies in swimming, body postures during social communication, and food manipulation were observed immediately after arm amputation and throughout Stages I and II, returning to normal by Stage III. New chromatophores and suction cups in the regenerating arm were observed as early as Stage II and by Stage IV suction cup number equaled that of control arms. New chromatophores were used in the generation of complex body patterns by Stage V. These results show that both species of cuttlefish are capable of fully regenerating lost arms, that the regeneration process is predictable and consistent within and across species, and provide the first quantified data on the rate of arm lengthening and suction cup addition during regeneration. </p>","PeriodicalId":14430,"journal":{"name":"Invertebrate Neuroscience","volume":"14 1","pages":"37-49"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s10158-013-0159-8","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"31687882","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Invertebrate Neuroscience introduces Continuous Article Publishing","authors":"Ó. Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg","doi":"10.1007/s10158-014-0174-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10158-014-0174-4","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":14430,"journal":{"name":"Invertebrate Neuroscience","volume":"14 1","pages":"149"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s10158-014-0174-4","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"51963878","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mercuric chloride-induced gastrin/cholecystokinin 8 immunoreactivity in the central nervous system of the terrestrial slug Semperula maculata: an immunohistochemical study.","authors":"Sunil Londhe,&nbsp;Nitin Kamble","doi":"10.1007/s10158-013-0162-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10158-013-0162-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We measured the immunoreactivity of the neuropeptide gastrin cholecystokinin 8 (gastrin/CCK 8) in neurons of the terrestrial slug Semperula maculata following acute treatment with mercuric chloride (HgCl2). The distribution of gastrin/CCK 8 was analyzed in neurons of different regions, specifically from cerebral ganglia (procerebrum (pro-c), mesocerebrum (meso-c) and metacerebrum (meta-c). In the control group, neurons of pedal, pleural, parietal and visceral ganglia showed positive immunoreactivity using vertebrate antiserum against gastrin/CCK 8. Gastrin/CCK 8 immunoreactivity was also seen in the fibers and neuropil region of all ganglia. In the cerebral ganglion, 10, 12 and 8 % of the neurons from pro-c, meso-c and meta-c, respectively, were stained with the antibody. The immunostaining was increased in neurons (giant, large, medium and small) after HgCl2 treatment. The treatment greatly increased the mucin content within the neurons. Exposure to HgCl2 enhanced gastrin immunoreactivity in the neurons and this increased with time. Results are discussed in the context of neuropathology in cerebral ganglia associated with the feeding behavior of Semperula maculata. </p>","PeriodicalId":14430,"journal":{"name":"Invertebrate Neuroscience","volume":"13 2","pages":"179-88"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s10158-013-0162-0","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"31665268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"NMDA receptor expression and C terminus structure in the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis and long-term potentiation across the Metazoa.","authors":"Nathan J Kenny,&nbsp;Peter K Dearden","doi":"10.1007/s10158-013-0154-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10158-013-0154-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The C termini of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor NR2 subunits are thought to play a major role in the molecular establishment of memory across the Bilateria, via the phenomenon known as long-term potentiation (LTP). Despite their long history of use as models in the study of memory, the expression and structure of the NR2 subunit in the Lophotrochozoa has remained uncategorized. Here, we report the phylogenic relationships of NR subunits across the Bilateria, and the cloning and in situ analysis of expression of NMDA NR1 and NR2 subunits in the monogont rotifer Brachionus plicatilis. RNA in situ hybridization suggests expression of NMDA receptor subunits in B. plicatilis is neural, consistent with expression observed in other species, and ours is the first report confirming NR2 expression in the lophotrochozoan clade. However, the single NR2 subunit identified in B. plicatilis was found to lack the long C terminal domain found in vertebrates, which is believed to modulate LTP. Further investigation revealed that mollusc and annelid NR2 subunits possess long intracellular C terminal domains. As data from molluscs (and particularly Aplysia californica) are the basis for much of our understanding of LTP, understanding how these diverse lophotrochozoan C termini function in vivo will have many implications for how we consider the evolution of the molecular control of learning and memory across the Metazoa as a whole and interpret the results of experiments into this vital component of cognition. </p>","PeriodicalId":14430,"journal":{"name":"Invertebrate Neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":"125-34"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s10158-013-0154-0","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40242230","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}