{"title":"The Role of Thyroid Antibodies in Thyroid Eye Disease.","authors":"Rachel Shemesh, Guy J Ben Simon, Ofira Zloto","doi":"10.1097/IIO.0000000000000451","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/IIO.0000000000000451","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":14338,"journal":{"name":"International Ophthalmology Clinics","volume":"63 3","pages":"225-231"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10227682","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Diagnostic Modalities in Giant Cell Arteritis.","authors":"Tomas Andersen, Madhura A Tamhankar, Jae W Song","doi":"10.1097/IIO.0000000000000467","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/IIO.0000000000000467","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":14338,"journal":{"name":"International Ophthalmology Clinics","volume":"63 2","pages":"25-38"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9444567","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Ophthalmic Manifestations of Giant Cell Arteritis.","authors":"Adam M Kruszewski, Madhura A Tamhankar","doi":"10.1097/IIO.0000000000000465","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/IIO.0000000000000465","url":null,"abstract":"Giant cell arteritis (GCA), also referred to as temporal or Horton’s arteritis, is a vasculitis with both systemic and ophthalmic manifestations. The incidence of GCA in those aged 50 years or older varies based on the geographic location and ranges from 1.1 to 43.6 per 100,000.1 The prevalence of GCA increases with age, is highest in those older than age 70, and is rare in those younger than age 50.1–4 It is more common in White populations, although GCA has been reported in other racial groups.1,5,6 There is a greater incidence of GCA in women compared with men by a ratio of about 3 to 1.1,5,6 The incidence of reported visual complications associated with GCA varies widely and ranges from about 12% to 70%.7–9 Furthermore, about 16% to 26% of patients with visual dysfunction from GCA can follow an occult form, which consists of ophthalmologic signs and symptoms in the absence of systemic symptoms, though in these cases serum erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein are almost always elevated.10,11 Visual symptoms due to GCA represent a neuro-ophthalmologic emergency, and thus warrant expeditious diagnosis and treatment to avoid preventable blindness or permanent visual impairment. This review discusses the ophthalmic manifestations of GCA, which include dysfunction of both the afferent and efferent visual pathways. The vasculitis caused by GCA tends to affect mid-sized and largesized arteries that are extradural and contain elastic lamina. There is a predilection for involvement of the ophthalmic, posterior ciliary, central retinal, vertebral, and superficial temporal arteries.12 Inflammation within the arterial wall causes vessel lumen narrowing, which in turn can lead to thrombosis, vascular occlusion, and tissue ischemia.13 The vasculitis from GCA can cause ischemia of the optic nerve, retina, ocular","PeriodicalId":14338,"journal":{"name":"International Ophthalmology Clinics","volume":"63 2","pages":"13-23"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9815443","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Systemic Thyroid Dysfunction in Graves Disease.","authors":"Jorge L Jo Kamimoto, Jeremy J Flood","doi":"10.1097/IIO.0000000000000463","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/IIO.0000000000000463","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":14338,"journal":{"name":"International Ophthalmology Clinics","volume":"63 2","pages":"55-63"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9815446","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Pathogenesis of Thyroid Eye Disease.","authors":"Jane Z Spadaro, Anita A Kohli","doi":"10.1097/IIO.0000000000000464","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/IIO.0000000000000464","url":null,"abstract":"Thyroid eye disease (TED), also known as Graves ophthalmopathy, Graves orbitopathy, and thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy is an in- fl ammatory autoimmune disease, which results in the progressive enlargement of the orbital extraocular muscle and tissues. 1 – 3 Orbital fi broblasts, the primary autoimmune target cells in TED, are capable of responding to immune stimuli and amplifying the orbital in fl ammatory process. 4 – 6 The resultant in fl ammation, orbital tissue volume expansion, and remodeling lead to the characteristic clinical fi ndings in TED, such as upper eyelid retraction, edema and erythema of the periorbital tissues and conjunctivae, and proptosis. Approximately 3% to 5% of TED patients develop vision-threatening changes from corneal exposure/ ulceration or compressive optic neuropathy. 6 During inactive disease, atrophy and fi brosis of the muscle fi bers occur, which may result in a persistent restrictive strabismus. 6 To date, there are no effective methods to prevent","PeriodicalId":14338,"journal":{"name":"International Ophthalmology Clinics","volume":"63 2","pages":"65-80"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9444568","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Surgery in Thyroid Eye Disease.","authors":"Javiera Araya, Sabhyta Sabharwal, César A Briceño","doi":"10.1097/IIO.0000000000000462","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/IIO.0000000000000462","url":null,"abstract":"The clinical manifestations of thyroid eye disease (TED) vary among patients and typically follow a biphasic course with active and inactive phases. Ocular proptosis, periorbital edema, eyelid retraction, orbital fat congestion, and infiltration causing fibrosis of enlarged extraocular muscles are several classic active phase signs. These changes may persist in the inactive phase, or regress only partially, necessitating reconstructive surgical intervention. In addition to cosmetic disfigurement, patients may develop strabismus, exposure keratopathy, and compressive optic neuropathy.1 Surgical rehabilitation in TED is complex, requiring a stepwise approach. Orbital decompression, followed by strabismus surgery, followed by eyelid surgery, is the accepted sequence of surgical intervention, as each step may affect the next.1","PeriodicalId":14338,"journal":{"name":"International Ophthalmology Clinics","volume":"63 2","pages":"91-107"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9444570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Medical Management of Thyroid Eye Disease.","authors":"Alisha Kamboj, Michael S Lee, Collin M McClelland","doi":"10.1097/IIO.0000000000000468","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/IIO.0000000000000468","url":null,"abstract":"tissue swelling and ocular motility and precipitated lower rates of conjunctivitis","PeriodicalId":14338,"journal":{"name":"International Ophthalmology Clinics","volume":"63 2","pages":"81-89"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9815442","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Academic Global Ophthalmology: Insights From the Field and Future Opportunities for Engagement.","authors":"Steven Yeh, R V Paul Chan","doi":"10.1097/IIO.0000000000000444","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/IIO.0000000000000444","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":14338,"journal":{"name":"International Ophthalmology Clinics","volume":"63 1","pages":"1-3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9825441","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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