International Journal of Primatology最新文献

{"title":"Post-Conflict Behaviors of Wild Gelada Monkeys (Theropithecus gelada) at Guassa, Ethiopia","authors":"Triana I. Hohn, Bing Lin, Carrie M. Miller, Iris R. Foxfoot, Vivek V. Venkataraman, Kathreen E. Ruckstuhl, Nga Nguyen, Peter J. Fashing","doi":"10.1007/s10764-024-00438-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10764-024-00438-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Post-conflict behaviors are a crucial component of primate sociality, yet are difficult to study in the wild. We evaluated the presence and timing of reconciliation, victim-solicited and unsolicited third-party affiliation, and secondary and redirected aggression following observed agonistic interactions among 38 wild gelada monkeys (<i>Theropithecus gelada</i>) in eight one-male, multi-female units at Guassa, Ethiopia, from April to August 2018. We also report background rates of aggression and patterns of agonistic interactions and post-conflict behaviours among wild geladas relative to possible mediating factors for each conflict, including social rank disparity, kinship type, sex, age class, conflict intensity, and conflict decidedness. Across 55 post-conflict and 55 subsequent matched-control focal follows, we found no evidence for post-conflict reconciliation, third-party affiliation, secondary aggression, or redirected aggression. These findings contrast with previous studies of captive geladas, which find that individuals often reconcile after fights and frequently exhibit unsolicited third-party affiliation when reconciliation does not occur. Our results from wild geladas point to possible populational differences in behavioral tendencies arising from variable space, time, social grouping, and/or food availability constraints. Our findings also reveal potential limitations in applying identical data collection protocols across environmental contexts and underscore the importance of creating generalizable cross-context metrics to better understand, and contextualize, the diversity of post-conflict behavioral mechanisms underpinning primate sociality in geladas and other group-living primates.</p>","PeriodicalId":14264,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Primatology","volume":"34 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141550613","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploratory Assessment of Interunit Dominance Relationships in a Rwenzori colobus (Colobus angolensis ruwenzorii) Multilevel Society: The Importance of Social Network Position","authors":"Julie A. Teichroeb, Pengzhen Huang, Frances V. Adams, Sosthene Habumuremyi, Edward Mujjuzi, Florence Landry","doi":"10.1007/s10764-024-00444-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10764-024-00444-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Multilevel social organizations necessitate close spatial proximity of social units, making dominance hierarchies between core units potentially important to control aggression. We examined whether an interunit dominance hierarchy was present for a Rwenzori Angolan colobus multilevel society (MLS) and its potential social correlates. We recorded the outcome of interunit interactions (IUIs, <i>N</i> = 167) over 59 days in a band of 14 core units at Nabugabo, Uganda. Core units were almost always closely clustered, so we defined IUIs as approaches that decreased the distance between units and lead to changes in behaviour. We assessed dominance using network-based ranking, because the hierarchy was not linear. Tiers of dominance were evident, and we examined these relative to demographics, clan identity (MLS tier 2), male anogenital distance (AGD – a correlate of <i>in utero</i> androgen exposure), and social network analyses (SNA) of interunit association. Unit displacements without aggression occurred in 31.7% of IUIs, and some aggression occurred in 64.7%. Dominance tier was not significantly associated with unit demographics, but units with males that had longer AGDs (more androgenized) tended to be more dominant. Social network analyses showed that higher-ranking units had greater strength, eigenvector centralities, and clustering coefficients than lower-ranking units. Interunit interactions between units in different clans were more aggressive than those within clans and clan identity correlated with dominance tier, indicating that one clan outranked the other. Overall, we demonstrate complex social and spatial factors determining priority-of-access to resources in a primate MLS.</p>","PeriodicalId":14264,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Primatology","volume":"157 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141508381","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Linking Vegetation Characteristics of Madagascar’s Spiny Forest to Habitat Occupancy of Lepilemur petteri","authors":"Yedidya R. Ratovonamana, Celina Apel, Davidson H. Hajanantenaina, William J. Foley, Daniel Kübler, Stella Nevermann, S. Jacques Rakotondranary, Eleanor M. Stalenberg, Jörg U. Ganzhorn","doi":"10.1007/s10764-024-00441-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10764-024-00441-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Climatic changes with unpredictable weather conditions have negative effects on many primates. With several lemur species reaching their ecological limits in the dry and hypervariable spiny forest, Madagascar might provide an example for understanding adaptations of primates to unpredictable conditions. Here, we aimed to identify vegetation characteristics that allow <i>Lepilemur petteri</i> to persist in an environment at the limit of its ecological niche. For this, we linked the patchy distribution of the species to vegetation characteristics described on the ground and by remote sensing reflecting primary production (Enhanced Vegetation Index from MODIS) for 17 sites in nine regions, spread over 100 km along Tsimanampetsotse NP. We verified the results on a smaller scale by radio-tracking and vegetation analyses related to home ranges of 13 <i>L. petteri</i>. Remote sensing indicated that <i>L. petteri</i> is more likely to occur in forests where the variation of the annual primary production and the interannual variability of the month with the lowest primary production are low.</p><p><i>Lepilemur petteri</i> was more likely to occur with increasing densities of large trees, large food tree species (diameter ≥ 10 cm) and octopus trees (<i>Alluaudia procera</i>). <i>Alluaudia procera</i> provide food year-round and shelter in the spiny forest where large trees with holes are absent. High tree species diversity might buffer food availability against failure of certain tree species to produce food. These findings illustrate limiting constraints of climatic hypervariability for lemurs and indicate benefits of forest restoration with high numbers of tree species for biodiversity conservation.</p>","PeriodicalId":14264,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Primatology","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141508380","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How and Why Kyoto University’s Primate Research Institute was Dismantled","authors":"Yukimaru Sugiyama, Mitsuru Aimi, Suehisa Kuroda, Osamu Sakura","doi":"10.1007/s10764-024-00439-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10764-024-00439-1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":14264,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Primatology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141255067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Maternal Behavior in Sumatran Orangutans (Pongo abelii) is Modulated by Mother-Offspring Characteristics and Socioecological Factors","authors":"T. Revathe, Roger Mundry, Sri Suci Utami-Atmoko, Deana Perawati, Paul-Christian Bürkner, Maria A. van Noordwijk, Caroline Schuppli","doi":"10.1007/s10764-024-00435-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10764-024-00435-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Mammalian mothers flexibly invest in their offspring to maximize their lifetime fitness. Flexible maternal investment may be particularly important in large-brained species with prolonged maternal care, e.g., in great apes. We investigated the effects of socioecological factors and mother–offspring characteristics on nine maternal behaviors in wild Sumatran orangutans (<i>Pongo abelii</i>; <i>N</i> = 22 mother-offspring pairs; &gt;11,200 hr of focal data from 2007–2022) using generalized linear mixed models. The behaviors fall under four maternal functions: locomotory support (carrying), skill acquisition support (feeding in proximity, food transfer), protective proximity maintenance (body contact and proximity initiation, following), and independence promotion (body contact and proximity termination, avoiding). Mother’s parity was not significantly associated with any maternal behavior. Mothers were more likely to show locomotory support, skill acquisition support, and protective proximity maintenance toward younger than older offspring, whereas they were more likely to promote independence in older than younger offspring. Mothers with male offspring were more likely to show skill acquisition support to their offspring than those with female offspring. With increasing food availability, skill acquisition support reduced. With increasing association size (i.e., the number of individuals within 50 m of each other), mothers were more likely to show protective proximity maintenance and less likely to promote independence. When males were present, mothers were more likely to show locomotory support to their offspring. Sumatran orangutan mothers thus flexibly adjust offspring-directed behavior in response to prevailing socioecological factors and mother–offspring characteristics. Our findings add support to the evolutionary theory that mammalian mothers flexibly invest in their offspring.</p>","PeriodicalId":14264,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Primatology","volume":"121 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141193408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Persistent Infant Handling Despite an Infant’s Negative Reaction by Female Japanese Macaques in Yakushima (Macaca fuscata yakui): Exploring its Function, Process, and Relationship to Social Tolerance","authors":"Boyun Lee, Takeshi Furuichi","doi":"10.1007/s10764-024-00440-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10764-024-00440-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Females other than the mother often handle infant primates. In some cases, this infant handling can affect the infant negatively and persist after that (excessive infant handling [EIH]). We tested two hypothesized functions (reproductive competition and social bridging) and three hypothesized mechanisms (social exchange, inexperience, and accessibility) for EIH to investigate why and how handlers perform EIH. We recorded infant handling bouts (<i>n</i> = 1446) involving 12 wild, 0- to 16-week-old Japanese macaques inhabiting Yakushima Island (<i>Macaca fuscata yakui</i>) through all-occurrence sampling. We found that aggression tended not to become EIH and that adults performed EIH more than subadults and juveniles. We also found that handlers groomed mothers less before EIH than before non-EIH. Handlers performed EIH, rather than non-EIH, toward infants who were out of contact with mothers and those of closer-ranking, higher-ranking, and unfamiliar females. These results suggest that EIH is not performed for reproductive competition but for social bridging with higher-value social partners. Social bridges with such individuals may be important in despotic species, such as that of the Japanese macaque. Our findings also suggest that EIH does not occur through proximate mechanisms of social exchange and inexperience with infants but partially through accessibility of infants. Handlers reduce the cost of EIH by choosing accessible infants (those who were out of contact with mothers and those of closer-ranking females), but at the same time, maternal tolerance allows the handlers to choose inaccessible infants (those of higher-ranking and unfamiliar females). Our study provides clear evidence of social tolerance in a despotic system and insights into natal attraction that negatively affects infants in wild primates.</p>","PeriodicalId":14264,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Primatology","volume":"54 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141193404","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Perspectives on Conservation Impacts of the Global Primate Trade","authors":"Gal Badihi, Daniel R. K. Nielsen, Paul A. Garber, Mike Gill, Lisa Jones-Engel, Angela M. Maldonado, Kerry M. Dore, Jennifer D. Cramer, Susan Lappan, Francine Dolins, Emerson Y. Sy, Agustin Fuentes, Vincent Nijman, Malene F. Hansen","doi":"10.1007/s10764-024-00431-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10764-024-00431-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The global trade in nonhuman primates represents a substantial threat to ecosystem health, human health, and primate conservation worldwide. Most of the primate trade involves trade for pet-keeping, consumption, or biomedical experimentation. We present an overview of international primate trade through five case studies; each describes a different facet of this trade. We draw on published scientific literature, media outlets, and open access datasets, including the CITES Trade Database to build these case studies. Case study 1 describes the role of introduced island populations of <i>Macaca</i> and <i>Chlorocebus</i> in trade for biomedical experimentation; case study 2 covers the global health threats posed by the primate trade, including zoonotic disease transmission once animals enter the trade pipeline; case study 3 addresses the ways that changing patterns of primate trade, from local markets to online, have increased the demand for primates as pets; case study 4 recognizes the role that local environmental activism can play in mitigating trade; and case study 5 shows variation between global regions in their contribution to the primate trade. We recommend greater oversight of primate trade, especially domestic trade within primate range countries, and real-time reporting to CITES to accurately track primate trade. Effective conservation-focused regulations that can minimise the negative effects of primate trade must be tailored to specific regions and species and require transparency, careful regulation, field research, and an understanding of the magnitude of this trade.</p>","PeriodicalId":14264,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Primatology","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140939829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dental Topographic Analysis of Living and Fossil Lorisoids: Investigations into Markers of Exudate Feeding in Lorises and Galagos","authors":"Keegan R. Selig, Sergi López-Torres, Anne M. Burrows, Mary T. Silcox","doi":"10.1007/s10764-024-00433-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10764-024-00433-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Studies integrating patterns of molar morphology and diet are particularly useful to address questions of evolutionary history and diet in extinct taxa. However, such studies are lacking among lorisoids compared with other primates. Lorisoidea is distinctive when considering diet as some taxa consume large quantities of gums or exudates, whereas others consume none. Although there has been previous study of the relationship between craniodental form and exudate feeding, little is known about how patterns of exudate feeding covary with variation in molar topography. We analyzed a sample (n = 52) of lorisoids representing 17 extant taxa and one extinct taxon (<i>Karanisia clarki</i>). We used dental topographic metrics to quantify functional aspects (i.e., curvature, complexity, and relief) of occlusal morphology. We also used ancestral state reconstruction to estimate topographic parameters for the last common ancestors (LCA) of Lorisoidea, Lorisidae, and Galagidae. As with previous studies, we found that higher topographic values characterize insectivores, whereas frugivores tend to have lower values. We reconstructed the LCA of Lorisoidea, Lorisidae, and Galagidae as insectivorous, with Lorisidae slightly more insectivorous, and potentially more exudativorous than Galagidae. Moreover, we identified a significant interaction between the primary dietary component (i.e., fruit or insects) and the level of exudate feeding in our sample, with exudate-feeding insectivores being associated with lower topographic values than exclusive insectivores. Finally, we reconstruct <i>K.</i> <i>clarki</i> as an insectivore, contrary to previous findings, although whether the animal fed on exudates remains ambiguous. Overall, our results provide a framework for testing ecological hypotheses about lorisoids and may point to a unique pattern of molar topography among exudativores.</p>","PeriodicalId":14264,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Primatology","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140939695","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hidden in the Dark: A Review of Galagid Systematics and Phylogenetics","authors":"Anna Penna, Luca Pozzi","doi":"10.1007/s10764-024-00430-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10764-024-00430-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p>An accurate representation of species diversity is critical in primatology; most of the questions in evolutionary biology, ecology, and conservation hinge on species as a fundamental unit of analysis. Galagos are among the least-known primates. Because of their cryptic morphology, broad distribution, and sampling challenges arising from elusive habits and political instability, substantial knowledge gaps about their taxonomy, evolutionary history, and biogeography remain. Despite these limitations, recent research that integrated field surveys, acoustic, morphological, and genetic analyses helped us to better understand the taxonomic diversity of this primate group. In this paper, we (1) review the current status of galagid taxonomy; (2) synthesize our current understanding of their phylogenetics, origins, and biogeography; and (3) explore current and future approaches to elucidate galagid cryptic species diversity. The onset of galago systematics dates back to the early 19^th century, with taxonomic descriptions following natural history expeditions and comparative anatomy studies. Although morphology has historically dominated systematic research on galagos, the coupling of acoustic analyses with genetic data has revolutionized the field. Taxonomic rearrangements include the discovery of new species in the wild (e.g., <i>Galagoides kumbirensis</i>) and the description of a new genus (<i>Paragalago</i>). Technological advances have allowed the collection of acoustic data in remote areas, and molecular techniques have the potential to help researchers fill important geographic gaps. Improving the resolution of galago species diversity also has implications for the conservation of wild populations, as a better understanding of species boundaries and ranges can aid in the implementation of conservation strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":14264,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Primatology","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140885261","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Environmental Effects on Nocturnal Encounters of Two Sympatric Bushbabies, Galago moholi and Otolemur crassicaudatus, in a High-Altitude South African Northern Mistbelt Montane Habitat","authors":"Michelle L. Sauther, James B. Millette, Frank P. Cuozzo, Channen Long, Vümboni Harry Msimango, Laetitia Confuron","doi":"10.1007/s10764-024-00427-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10764-024-00427-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Temperate living primates cope with a variety of environmental stressors, which may vary by body mass. We studied two sympatric galagos, the thick-tailed greater galago, <i>Otolemur crassicaudatus</i> (1.5 kg) and the southern lesser galago, <i>Galago moholi </i>(146 g), living in a South African northern mistbelt forest. We used 75 nightly encounter walks using thermal imaging from July 2017 to June 2018 to locate galagos (245 thick-tailed greater galago encounters, 207 southern lesser galago encounters). For each species’ encounters we documented survey location, growing season, insect and gum availability, ambient temperature, temperature season, rainfall, humidity, night length, hour, moon phase and fraction of moon illumination. We encountered the southern lesser galago at both cooler and warmer temperatures, later in the night, and more often during greater lunar illumination, e.g., they were lunarphilic. We had few encounters of the thick-tailed greater galago during very cold and very warm temperatures, more encounters earlier in the night, and more encounters during periods of low lunar illumination, e.g., they were lunarphobic. Our results can be understood in terms of body mass differences. A smaller body mass requires greater and more consistent energy, meaning the southern lesser galago needs to both maintain energy needs across different temperature regimes and to forage more extensively later in the night to attain enough food to support them throughout the following day. The thick-tailed greater galago’s larger body mass may buffer them during colder periods and allow them to forage earlier in the night. Being either lunarphobic or lunarphilic may relate to activity patterns of their predators. The southern lesser galago are visually oriented insect predators and being lunarphilic may facilitate both predator detection and enhance successful insect predation. Understanding how body mass may facilitate or hinder physiological and behavioral responses to environmental stressors is thus relevant to understanding species’ resilience to climate change.</p>","PeriodicalId":14264,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Primatology","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140567711","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}