International Journal of Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance最新文献

{"title":"Future Pharmacological Prospectives and Multiple Diagnostic Recognition of Traditional Medicinal Plant Ficus racemosa","authors":"Prathamesh P Khade, Shubhangi B Sutar, Sachinkumar Patil","doi":"10.25258/ijpqa.14.3.60","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25258/ijpqa.14.3.60","url":null,"abstract":"A significant medicinal plant called ‘Ficus racemosa’ of the Moraceae species can be found in Southeast Asia, Australia, and India, Mainly in the states of Maharashtra, Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh, Karnataka, and Tamil Nadu. It is frequently referred to as “gular.” Due to the presence of bergenin as a flavonoid, it acts as an anticancer. Numerous isolated active components from various portions of this plant have been discovered to possess advantageous pharmacological characteristics. According to a literature review, it has various pharmacological actions, including liver-protective activity, anti-HIV, antidiabetic, antidiarrheal, antioxidant, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, antifungal, anticancer and antibacterial activities. This review study does a good job of discussing this particular plant’s traditional usage, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and toxicity.","PeriodicalId":14260,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135867696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Formulation and Development of Polyherbal Ointment containing Clerodendrum serratum, Solanum xanthocarpum, and Nyctanthes arbortristis Extracts and Assessment of Anti-inflammatory Activity in Carrageenan-Induced Paw Edema Model","authors":"Sandip G. Laware, Nitin L. Shirole","doi":"10.25258/ijpqa.14.3.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25258/ijpqa.14.3.10","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, our objective was to explore the phytochemical constituents of Clerodendrum serratum (CS), Solanum xanthocarpum (SX), and Nyctanthes arbortristis (NA) and evaluate their anti-inflammatory activity. Subsequently, we aimed to develop a polyherbal ointment formulation incorporating these extracts. The phytochemical screening of the CS extract showed carbohydrates, steroids, terpenoids, flavonoids, saponins, and tannins. Similarly, the SX extract exhibited the presence of all these constituents, along with the additional presence of alkaloids. The NA extract demonstrated the presence of alkaloids, tannins, glycosides, and flavonoids. CS roots exhibited notable inhibition of inflammation at the given doses and periods of 1 to 5 hours, surpassing the effectiveness of the standard anti-inflammatory drug, indomethacin. The polyherbal ointments were found to be greenish, non-transparent, and with acceptable pH. F3 formulation demonstrated excellent viscosity of 1200 cp, making it easy to apply on the skin. Furthermore, formulation F3 demonstrated exceptional spreadability, covering a diameter of 1.8 cm, surpassing the other formulations. Importantly, all polyherbal formulations were non-irritant when applied to the skin, as evidenced by the absence of edema or erythema upon application to rat skin. F3 formulation indicated no physicochemical variations in comparison to initial results in stability studies. Even after the 6-month stability study, the ointment formulation maintained a smooth and greenish consistency, signifying its durability and stability. These findings suggest that the developed polyherbal ointment formulation can be stored at room temperature without any additional requirements. Overall, this polyherbal ointment formulation represents a promising alternative approach to existing topical formulations for the effective treatment of inflammatory conditions.","PeriodicalId":14260,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135866576","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Formulation Development and Evaluation of Freeze-dried Aviptadil Injection using Mannitol as Cryoprotectant","authors":"Amit Bukkawar, Amit K Jain, Vivekanand K Chatap","doi":"10.25258/ijpqa.14.3.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25258/ijpqa.14.3.13","url":null,"abstract":"physiological effects that have been well-documented, including anti-inflammatory, immune-modulatory, anti-hypertensive, enhancement of cardiac contractility, vasodilation, and fostering immune-neuroendocrine connection. Aviptadil (AVP) is the name of the vasoactive intestinal polypeptide’s synthetic version. Aims and Objectives: The main goal of this work was to create a novel, stable, lyophilized version of aviptadil injection. The stability of aviptadil is of utmost importance due to its classification as a polypeptide, recommended storage condition of -20°C, and susceptibility to degradation in aqueous solutions. To achieve this, the aviptadil injection was processed using freeze-drying technology with the addition of mannitol, serving as a bulking and cryoprotectant agent, within an aqueous solvent system. The choice of cryoprotectant and solvent system was based on factors such as the drug substance’s solubility, stability, and feasibility in the manufacturing process. During the development of the formulation, the bulk solution underwent evaluation to assess the effects of process time, temperature, and compatibility with the materials it came into contact with. Results and Discussion: The incorporation of mannitol, a sugar alcohol, led to the stability of the bulk solution for up to 24 hours before lyophilization when stored at temperatures between 2 and 8°C. Moreover, enhanced stability was observed post freeze-drying. The lyophilization process was meticulously optimized, taking into account critical quality attributes such as description, active drug content, pH of the reconstituted solution, reconstitution time, moisture content, and color absorption percentage. The bulk solution demonstrated compatibility with various materials employed in manufacturing the drug product, such as stainless-steel vessels, polyethersulfone (PES) and polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) membrane filters. Notably, when the drug product bulk solution was kept refrigerated for up to 24 hours, there were no appreciable changes in the critical quality features found. The optimized freeze-dried product successfully meets the quality target product profile (QTPP)’s preset acceptance criteria. Conclusions: The stabilization of AVP injection was successfully achieved through the implementation of the lyophilization process with mannitol as the cryoprotectant. The envisaged injectable formulation proves to be safe and showcases its economic viability, convenience, and overall safety in the preparation methods. These findings strongly support the viability of the freeze-dried formulation as a technically sound solution for ensuring the stability of aviptadil as a drug substance within the freeze-dried injectable dosage form. This formulation warrants more research due to its potential to treat patients with conditions such acute respiratory distress syndrome, acute lung injury, pulmonary fibrosis, and sarcoidosis.","PeriodicalId":14260,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135866581","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Supercritical CO2 Extraction, Quantification and Pharmacological Screening of Steroidal Saponins from Fruits of Momordica charantia L","authors":"Shailaja Jadhav, Adhikarao Yadav","doi":"10.25258/ijpqa.14.3.18","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25258/ijpqa.14.3.18","url":null,"abstract":"Momordica charantia L. (MC), a Cucurbitaceae family member, is the most recognized plant for its hypoglycemic activity. Charantin, a steroidal saponin, is the most studied potent phytochemical in MC for diabetes. This research paper aims at the extraction, quantification and pharmacological screening of charantin, from fruits of MC. Extraction was performed by using traditional soxhlet extraction and modified supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) techniques, and compared the results of both techniques in terms of percent extract yield, quantity of charantin and in-vitro antidiabetic activity of both extracts. (Soxhlet extract and SC-CO2 extract). Further, quantitative estimation of charantin in both extracts was done by HPLC-UV method and it was validated as per the ICH guidelines. When compared to soxhlet extract, the SC-CO2 extract displayed high antihyperglycemic activity by blocking α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes. Study also indicates that SC-CO2 extract had higher antioxidant activity (0.25 mg/mL) than soxhlet extract (0.33 mg/mL), signifying the SFE technique’s efficiency over the traditional soxhlet extraction method. In-vitro antidiabetic study indicated that the biomolecule charantin extracted from fruits of MC possess potent antidiabetic and high antioxidant activities and, therefore, hold potential for manufacturing innovative natural remedies to treat diabetes and its complications with no side effects.","PeriodicalId":14260,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135866582","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"New Amino-Anthracene-9, 10-Dione Derivatives: Synthesis and Pharmacological Evaluation as Powerful Neuroprotective and Antidepressant Agents","authors":"Chandrakant Suryawanshi, Rajendra Wagh","doi":"10.25258/ijpqa.14.3.50","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25258/ijpqa.14.3.50","url":null,"abstract":"The monoamine oxidase (MAO) enzyme resides in the outer mitochondrial membranes of all body cells, including the ones found in the brain, liver, and intestinal mucosa. Dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine, tyramine, and tryptamine are extrinsic and indigenous amines that MAO oxidatively deaminates. MAO-A has been correlated with depression and other mental health issues, while MAO-B has been associated with the conditions Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease. In a targeted assessment of naturally occurring anthraquinones, two isoforms of recombinant human MAOs were utilized. The inhibitory effects of purpurin and alizarin on MAO-A were observed, with calculated IC50 values of 2.50 and 30.1 M, respectively. This research on anthraquinones, purpurin, and alizarin offers promising new information that might eventually be used as a lead molecule in the discovery of the unique synthetic anthraquinones, anthracene 9, 10-dione compounds 1 to 9. On 96-well black polystyrene microtiter plates, both MAOs inhibiting action of 9 distinct synthetic anthracene 9,10-dione compounds has been evaluated. Compared to clorgyline, compounds 1, 2, 5, 8, and 9 inhibit MAO-A significantly, while compounds 1, 3, 5, 8, and 9 considerably inhibit MAO-B. Significant findings indicate that these compounds may be beneficial When employed to treat depression owing to their intense selective MAO-B activity and antidepressant effects as a result of their selective MAO-inhibition.","PeriodicalId":14260,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135866878","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Engineering Low-Cost Banana Peel Derived Biochar for the Highly Adsorption Capacity of Metformin Hydrochloride Drug from Aqueous Solution on Chemical Activation","authors":"Ali H Aboreghif, Sarmad D Noori, Saja H Kareem, Mohammed S Hamza, Talib K Hussein","doi":"10.25258/ijpqa.14.3.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25258/ijpqa.14.3.14","url":null,"abstract":"Adsorption is one of the easiest and best ways to purify water. In recent years, the adsorption process has been adopted to purify drinking water. Using adsorption technology to remove the most dangerous types of pharmaceuticals in drinking water, such as (metformin hydrochloride MF-HCl drug), and a primary goal of this empirical study utilizing banana peels as derived biochar activated carbon (ACBP) to remove MF-HCl drug. The FTIR, FE-SEM, XRD and TEM technique was utilized to estimate the surface characteristics before and after the adsorption process. The adsorption capacity Qe mg/g and percentage removed E% increase with increasing equilibrium time and, solution temperature and pH. The adsorption capacity Qe mg/g Qe mg/g decreases with increasing of adsorbent dosage. Thermodynamics including (ΔH), (ΔS) and (ΔG) are found to be endothermic and spontaneous. Results show that the MF-HCl drug adsorbed amount on ACBP was 147.59 mg/g. The adsorbent was treated via several acids like as (H3PO4, HNO3, HCl and H2SO4). The obvious from the results the best removal percentage E% when the adsorbent was treated via HCl. This is may be due to the increase in acid acidity caused by reactivating the active sites for the adsorbent surface. From the results obtained, ACBP are eco-friendly, extensive, and effective as an adsorbent, giving a promising prospect for removing wastewater.","PeriodicalId":14260,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135866879","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Removal of Cr (III) by using Chitosan-Grafting-Poly(Acryl Acid-Crotonic Acid) Characterization and Kinetic Study","authors":"Rasha A Mohammed, Hazim A Walli","doi":"10.25258/ijpqa.14.3.35","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25258/ijpqa.14.3.35","url":null,"abstract":"Hydrogel nanocomposites were prepared using free radical polymerization chitosan and acrylic acid (AA) in combination with crotonic acid. KPS was employed as the initiating agent, while MBA functioned as the cross-linking agent. The nanocomposite of Ch-g-P(AA-co-CA) is a powerful pollutant absorber. Cr (III) was removed from the water using the combination. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were used to examine the nanocomposites’ structure and morphology. The kinetics of Cr (III) adsorption was studied using these rates. Pseudo-second order kinetics characterize the adsorption process. Hydrogel nanocomposite efficiently removes Cr by adsorption (III).","PeriodicalId":14260,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135867454","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Novel HYDALJSS08 Polyherbal Formulation Development and Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatographic Separation, Estimation of Gallic Acid in Terminalia chebula Dried Fruits, and a Marketed Siddha-based Polyherbal Formulation “Kabusura Kudineer”","authors":"Ramkishan Jatoth, Dhanabal S.P, Duraiswamy Basavan, Venkatachalam Senthil, Thangavel Ganesh, Jubie Selvaraj, Jeyprakash M","doi":"10.25258/ijpqa.14.3.25","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25258/ijpqa.14.3.25","url":null,"abstract":"The Siddha-based polyherbal formulation known as “Kabusura Kudineer (Marketed)” contains fifteen plants materials in dried raw form and The Ayush Ministry, Govt. of India highly endorsed for use of “Kabusura kudineer” during the pandemic of COVID-19, due to its immuno-booster properties. The current study aims to develop and document an analytical strategy for the estimation of gallic acid (GA) and methyl, ethyl acetate fraction of Terminalia chebula dried fruits and in polyherbal formulations (Marketed, & Developed). One of the active substances of Kabusura Kudineer and developed “HYDALJSS08” Polyherbal formulation is Myrobalan (T. chebula dried fruit-Combretaceae). Myrobalan restrains active principal substances are GA. GA is proven for its Anti-viral and immunomodulatory activity. During the pandemic of, COVID-19 ministry of Ayush, Govt of India highly recommended the immuno-booster Siddha-based polyherbal formulation “Kabusura Kudineer” for immune-boosting and treatment of COVID-19. TLC, and FTIR carried out the preliminary identification of GA and the sample. The HPLC method was developed on an Inertsil C18 (150*4.6 mm and 5 μm) column. The mobile phase was enhanced for water: Acetonitrile (50:50). The flow rate was 1-mL/min and was GA tracked at 272 nm in a UV detector. The total run time of the chromatogram is 8 minutes and the retention time of GA is observed. The Rf value of GA and sample was found to be 0.27. Validation was carried out according to ICH guidelines. The retention time of GA was 2.2 min, and the Valid parameter of GA is system precision, SD (14247.75), %RSD (0.9), Regression equation y = 25511 x−947505, Correlation coefficient (R2) 0.9999. The adequate Linearity concentration was found to be 50 to 150 μg/mL, LoDs (1.70 μg/mL), LoQs (5.16 μg/mL), Method precision %RSD (0.8), SD (11626.7), Recovery 99.8, and 101.1%. GA content was found in a formulation (“Kabusura Kudineer”- 1.39 μg/mL, developed “HYDALJSS08” Polyherbal formulation-379.4 μg/mL), and ethyl, methyl acetate fraction of T. chebula dried fruits was 105.59 and 29.17 μg/mL. The developed (HPLC) UPLC methods have enabled novel, simple, accurate, rapid, easy, reproducible, rugged, and linear analysis in these two fractions, and Siddha-based formulation “Kabusura kudineer” (Marketed), a developed “HYDALJSS08” Polyherbal formulation.","PeriodicalId":14260,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135867555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antimicrobial Activity and Cytotoxicity of “Bang Chang” Thai Cultivar Chili Pepper (Capsicum annuum Var. acuminatum)","authors":"Kanittada Thongkao, Pimporn Thongmuang, Yuttana Sudjaroen","doi":"10.25258/ijpqa.14.3.24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25258/ijpqa.14.3.24","url":null,"abstract":"Capsaicin is found naturally in the Solanaceae family of plants and linked to numerous health advantage. Capsaicin is also responsible for the antimicrobial properties of chili pepper. Thai Capsicum cultivar “Bang Chang chili pepper” (Capsicum annuum var. acuminatum), initially cultivated in Bang Chang subdistrict, Samut Songkhram, Thailand. This study aims to determine bioactive substances such as capsaicin and phenolic content, as well as antimicrobial activity against pathogenic bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermidis, Escherichia coli and Cutibacterium acnes) and yeast, Candida albicans, and cytotoxicity with human skin fibroblast cells. The TPC and capsaicin in the ethanol extract were 2.50 ± 0.13 mg GAE/g and 0.0104 ± 0.0 mg/100 mL, while in the oil extract were 0.0020 ± 0.0 mg/100 mL and 1.05 ± 0.05 mg GAE/g. Antimicrobial of this chili pepper was found in only oil extract that was inhibited against to C. albicans (inhibition zone = 10.68 ± 0.49 mm) There was preferrable when compared to fluconazole ((inhibition zone = 24.65 ± 0.25 mm). Both extracts (0.0001-1.0 mg/mL) had no effect on human fibroblast cells, implying that they are non-toxic. The finding may imply that non-pungent capsicum strains cannot inhibit bacterial growth due to low amount of phenolics and capsaicin contained. Capsicum variety and temperature of extraction were also affected on their property. As a result, oil extract was favored for C. albicans suppression. This pepper extract can be used as an antifungal agent, and a pharmaceutical formulation must be developed.","PeriodicalId":14260,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance","volume":"77 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135867556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antiepileptic Drugs Adverse Drug Reactions and Role of Clinical Pharmacist","authors":"Dharani Gopu, Akila Devi D","doi":"10.25258/ijpqa.14.3.23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25258/ijpqa.14.3.23","url":null,"abstract":"Aim: To identify the ADR of suspected adverse drugs to monitor, manage, and assess to improve patient health. Materials and Methods: The study type is a prospective observational study done in a tertiary care hospital at Telangana. Patients prescribed with at least one antiepileptic drug and patients with chronic diseases (SLE, renal and hepatic failure, etc.) were included in the study. Result: Sodium valproate shows relatively less adverse drug reactions (ADRs) (2.5%) when compared with other antiepileptics. Phenytoin shows the highest number of ADRs (50%), among which CNS-related ADRs, where more than 75% of were predictable clinical pharmacists can play a crucial role in the early identification and prevention of these ADRs due to Antiepileptic drugs.","PeriodicalId":14260,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135867692","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}