{"title":"Establishing a Global Network","authors":"H. Weiss","doi":"10.1163/9789004463288_005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004463288_005","url":null,"abstract":"In midAugust 1924, the revolutionary transport workers summoned for their fourth conference in Hamburg. A few months earlier in Moscow, the Comintern had held its Fifth World Congress followed by the Third World Congress of the rilu in June/ July 1924. Trade union tactics ranged high on the agenda of both congresses. The split of the labour union movement was evident for all, and voices were raised that communists should either join or form revolutionary unions. Still, the leaders of the Comintern and rilu stood firm behind their calls for trade union unity and issued a resolution denouncing the social democrats and socialists (i.e., “reformists”) as splitters. The Comintern Congress branded the leaders of the unions and the Amsterdam International, i.e., the iftu, as supporters of conservative, backward, national narrowminded and bourgeoisimperialist sentiments. The communists, in turn, were to remain within the existing unions, and the Comintern ordered them to endorse the ‘United front from below’tactics. Their core task was the extension of communist influence within the unions and, ultimately, to assume control of the union leadership.1 Communist trade union strategies and tactics dominated discussions at the rilu Congress. The Congress urged its members to stick to the rilu programme and tactics. Echoing the Comintern theses on tactics in the trade unions, communist ideas were to be promoted among the rank and file of the unions and to push for a ‘united front’. The communist vision of a unified trade union movement was to be achieved at a projected World Unity Congress of the rilu and the iftu.2 The Comintern and rilu declarations on the ‘United front from below’ were made in the aftermath of the failed hopes for a ‘Unity Congress’ of transport workers in autumn 1923. The itf General Council rejected the idea, and the itf cemented its negative stance towards admitting communistcontrolled unions within its ranks at its congress, summoned in Hamburg 7 to 12 August","PeriodicalId":142090,"journal":{"name":"A Global Radical Waterfront","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126482753","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Assembling the Global Radical Waterfront","authors":"","doi":"10.1163/9789004463288_011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004463288_011","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":142090,"journal":{"name":"A Global Radical Waterfront","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134559764","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Organising the Radical Maritime Transport Workers","authors":"","doi":"10.1163/9789004463288_004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004463288_004","url":null,"abstract":"Maritime workers constituted a multifaceted group, e.g. the seamen and stokers of many nationalities hired on the various national merchant fleets as well as the dockers and stevedores working in the harbours. Working conditions both on board and on land were tough and worsened due to the economic depression from the late 1920s onwards. The organisation of seamen in trade unions, especially, was a challenge as union activity was mainly landbased while seamen worked on ships that seldom called at their homeports. In addition, seamen were for long regarded as an unruly, individualistic and internationalist group who had few interests in organised union activities. Socialist party and labour leaders regarded the waterfront as a secondary field of work – in sheer numbers, the maritime workers constituted but a small portion of the work force.1 Also, as Peter Cole and David Featherstone have underlined, apart from the 1913established Marine Transport Workers’ Industrial Union, the official maritime labour unions in the USA, Britain and elsewhere where preominantly exclusionary and segregationist.2 It comes therefore as no surprise that many of the leading figures in the radical waterfront both in Europe and the Americas had a background in the ‘revolutionary industrial unionism’ and the radical international syndicalism of the ‘Wobblies’, the Industrial Workers of the World, before and during the Great War.3 A further challenge were the unemployed seamen living ashore. Especially during the 1920s and 1930s, they constituted a problematic group for the existing socialistled maritime labour unions: receptive for radical, i.e., communist, agitation and propaganda, they could turn into a ‘fifth column’ at union meetings and push for a politicisation of trade union activities.","PeriodicalId":142090,"journal":{"name":"A Global Radical Waterfront","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134409242","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"An International for the Global Radical Waterfront","authors":"H. Weiss","doi":"10.1163/9789004463288_010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004463288_010","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":142090,"journal":{"name":"A Global Radical Waterfront","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126644723","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Reopening Work among Colonial Seamen","authors":"H. Weiss","doi":"10.1163/9789004463288_008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004463288_008","url":null,"abstract":"The bleak records of work among colonial seamen in Europe generated a lively debate at the ipctw conference in April 1928. The harshest critique on the pitfalls of work among colonial maritime workers came from Auguste Dumay. He accused the rilu for neglecting the colonial question in the maritime industry and for downplaying the potential impact of colonial maritime workers in both anticolonial and antiimperial activities. African and Caribbean mariners consituted the majority of the colonial seamen in France, he noted, but most of them were organised in the Féderation Nationale des Laboureurs de la Mer, a ‘yellow’1 union where the communists had no influence at all. Why where there no representatives from Africa or the Caribbean at the conference, he critically asked, and why where there no representatives of the Arab seamen? Dumay was backed in his criticism by George Hardy who urged the ipctw and its European sections to focus on work among colonial seamen in European ports.2 Dumay’s and Hardy’s criticism resulted in a reorientation and reorganisation of work among colonial seamen. The task of the revolutionary trade union opposition groups within the national maritime trade unions was to demand that membership was to be based on class only, not race or nationality. Maritime transport workers, who had emigrated to and resided in another country, were to be allowed to join a national union based on the principles of equal rights and equal standing.3 However, the ipactw never formulated any directives or issued any instructions on work among colonial seamen after the 1928 Moscow Conference. In part, this might have been due to the total overhaul of communist agitation which followed after the Sixth World Congress of the Comintern in JulyAugust 1928. In late 1927, the Executive Committee of the Comintern (ecci) had initiated the ‘left turn’ calling for ‘intensified class struggle’, warning about ‘the treachery of social democracy’ and demanded","PeriodicalId":142090,"journal":{"name":"A Global Radical Waterfront","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115041098","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"1928 and Beyond","authors":"","doi":"10.1163/9789004463288_007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004463288_007","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":142090,"journal":{"name":"A Global Radical Waterfront","volume":"83 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115766373","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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