International Journal of Ophthalmology & Visual Science最新文献

{"title":"Bacterial Keratitis in Type 1 Diabetic Patients: Course and Consequences","authors":"O. Zavoloka, P. Bezditko","doi":"10.11648/J.IJOVS.20210602.19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.IJOVS.20210602.19","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose was to define the peculiarities of the course and consequences of bacterial keratitis in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM1) depending on the stage of its severity. Methods. 34 DM1 patients (34 eyes) with bacterial keratitis whose initial bacteriological examination revealed pathogen sensitivity to the antibiotic ofloxacin participated in this study. All patients were treated topically with ofloxacin, antiseptics, repairing agents, antioxidants, mydriatics, artificial tears and systemically with anti-inflammatory agents. Patients were divided into two groups according to the severity of bacterial keratitis at the first visit. Research methods were as follows: visual acuity, tonometry, slit-lamp biomicroscopy of anterior and posterior eye segments, fluorescein dye test, non-contact corneal esthesiometry, anterior eye OCT and bacteriological studies. Results. Compared to the stage I, DM1 patients with stage II severity bacterial keratitis showed higher degree of pericorneal injection, larger and deeper corneal ulcer defect, deeper corneal infiltration and edema, higher mean corneal sensitivity threshold at all time point of the study, p<0.05. DM1 patients with stage II severity bacterial keratitis were more prone for longer duration of the disease and worse consequences. Therefore, on day 24 in 33.3% diabetic patients with stage II severity bacterial keratitis corneal ulcer was not found to be healed. Conclusions. Course and consequences of bacterial keratitis in type 1 diabetes mellitus patients depend on the stage of severity of bacterial keratitis.","PeriodicalId":14184,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Ophthalmology & Visual Science","volume":"883 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76594590","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Imaging and Clinical Studies of the Choroid","authors":"Y. Liu, Guoping Duan","doi":"10.11648/J.IJOVS.20210602.17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.IJOVS.20210602.17","url":null,"abstract":"The choroid, as an important nutrient tissue supplying the outer retinal layer and macular region, is primarily vascular in structure. The choroid accounts for approximately 70% of the blood flow to the entire uvea and, as the vascular system supplying the outer layer of the retina and the macula, it accounts for approximately 2/3 of the blood flow to the entire eye. Because of its unique structure and function, the choroid plays a pivotal role in ocular disorders. For a long time, the study of the choroid has been in an exploratory stage due to its deep anatomical location and the limitations of the examination equipment. As research has progressed, it has become increasingly clear that choroid-related changes are a crucial factor in the pathogenesis of many ocular diseases. Qualitative changes in the choroid occur when ocular disorders occur, particularly when blood flow status is altered due to local or systemic disease, resulting in corresponding changes in choroidal blood flow, choroidal thickness, and choroidal volume. It has been shown that choroidal changes precede retinopathy in some eye diseases, for example, diabetic fundopathy: diabetic choroidopathy precedes diabetic retinopathy. In ocular disease, then, changes in choroidal structure and imaging play a prerequisite role in the early detection and treatment of the disease. This article, therefore, reviews the common clinical imaging modalities of the choroid in ophthalmology and the choroidal changes in related ocular diseases.","PeriodicalId":14184,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Ophthalmology & Visual Science","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87511925","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Inflammatory Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment: Incidence and Outcome of Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachments in Posterior Uveitis","authors":"A. Sultana","doi":"10.11648/J.IJOVS.20210602.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.IJOVS.20210602.15","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUND: Uveitis is one of the cause for blindness in our country in all age group of patients. Various causes of uveitis have been reported in our institute. All uveitis will not cause blindness, if appropriately managed. Blindness is mainly due to complications which occur as sequalae in these patients. Blindness can be due to anterior or posterior segment involvement. Early presentation and management will help in controlling the various complications. Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment is one of the cause in posterior uveitis patients which can occur due to changes in vitreous and retina. Uveitis can be infective or non-infective. AIM: Purpose of our study is to assess the incidence, management and outcome of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment in uveitis patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: All patients of uveitis presented to our vitreo retina department were examined in detail, underwent various investigations to know the aetiology and managed based upon the clinical presentation. Retrospective study done by collecting patient data from old medical records. Duration of the study is 5 years, from June 2014 to June 2019. No of patients presented with posterior uveitis to our department during June 2014 to June 2019 were 610. All these patients underwent BCVA, Slit lamp examination, IOP, Fundus examination, b scan, OCT and documentation. Systemic examination done in all cases and also laboratory work up like RBS, CBP, MANTOUX TEST, HIV and serological testing if required, rheumatological work up in suspected cases. Patients with inflammatory rhegmatogenous retinal detachment underwent buckling plus pars plana vitrectomy and silicone oil endo tamponade. Fellow eye if required prophylactic laser done to the necrotic areas and when necrotic or tractional retinal breaks were present. RESULTS: Patients with mild PVR changes had good anatomical outcome, patients with severe PVR changes showed poor anatomical outcome. Visual outcome was poor in almost all cases. BCVA in all cases after oil removal was CF ½ mt to CF 1mt, some cases showed very poor outcome, BCVA in those cases was only perception of light in spite of good anatomical outcome. CONCLUSSION: Inflammatory retinal detachment is very serious condition in uveitis cases, PVR is definitely a poor prognostic factor, patient requires prolong endotamponade. Cases with prolong duration of uveitis history showed poor outcome. Even early presentation of cases also showed not much favourable visual outcome.","PeriodicalId":14184,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Ophthalmology & Visual Science","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83440378","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of Precautionary Lockdown Measures During the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Development of Digital Eye Strain Among Contact Lens Users","authors":"Balsam Alabdulkader","doi":"10.11648/J.IJOVS.20210602.16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.IJOVS.20210602.16","url":null,"abstract":"Strict lockdown measures were implemented to prevent the spread of COVID-19, which increased the reliance on digital electronic devices in the performance of daily living activities. The extensive use of digital devices was associated with the development of digital eye strain (DES) symptoms, which is more prevalent in contact lens (CL) wearers. This study aimed to investigate the number of hours spent on digital devices and the incidence of associated symptoms in CL wearers during a 24-h lockdown. This cross-sectional study used a self-reported questionnaire to obtain the following data: a) demographic information, b) CL wear profile, c) CL wear during the lockdown, d) total number of hours spent on digital devices, and e) 15 DES-related symptoms. A total of 82 CL wearers (29.6 ± 10.8 years; 88%, female) were recruited. The median total number of hours spent on digital devices during the lockdown was 10. The number of hours spent on smartphones significantly increased during the lockdown compared to that before the lockdown (5.5 VS 7 hours; p = 0.000). DES was reported in 83% of participants. The most common reported symptoms were eye strain (50%), dryness (48%), and headache (40%). The majority of participants (56%) continued wearing their CL during the lockdown. The incidence of DES was significantly higher in participants who were highly engaged with digital devices compared to the less engaged participants during the lockdown (p = 0.001). Prolonged use of digital devices increases the risk of DES-related symptoms in CL wearers. Intervention strategies for CL wearers may be important in optimizing the use of digital devices and decreasing the risk of DES-related symptoms.","PeriodicalId":14184,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Ophthalmology & Visual Science","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75830319","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Rare Presentation of Bilateral Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada (VKH) Disease in a Patient with Unilateral Limbal Stem Cell Deficiency (LSCD) with Corneal Perforation","authors":"S. Kodavoor, S. Balajee, R. Dandapani, M. Rajamani, Thenarasun Seethalakshmi Asaithambi","doi":"10.11648/J.IJOVS.20210602.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.IJOVS.20210602.12","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose-To report a rare presentation of Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada (VKH) disease in a 55 year old female patient with unilateral limbal stem cell deficiency (LSCD) with corneal perforation. Observations-Patient presented to the out patient department with recurrent episodes of watering, pain, redness in the left eye. Examination revealed LSCD with areas of pannus and infiltration. She was treated medically. Patient came back after a year with a corneal perforation in her left eye. The perforation was sealed using cyanoacrylate glue. Six weeks later, she presented with a drop in vision in both eyes. Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) in both eyes showed multiple sub retinal fluid pockets and Fundus Fluorescein Angiography (FFA) revealed multiple pinpoint leakages typical of Harada disease. The patient was investigated for systemic associations, which were found to be normal. She was managed with tapering doses of oral steroids. OCT showed resolution of fluid pockets at one month. There was a good control of the disease, with no signs of recurrence at 6 months follow up. Conclusion-The clinical association between the two entities has not been published in literature till date. Further data or reports on such cases would help throw light on any possible association between LSCD and VKH disease.","PeriodicalId":14184,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Ophthalmology & Visual Science","volume":"34 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81365909","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neuroprotection in Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma: The Role of a Fixed Citicoline-Homotaurine-Vitamin E Combination","authors":"Camillo Cornelio, Lorenzo Crisigiovanni, Virginia Limardo, David J. Nuzzo, P. Troiano","doi":"10.11648/J.IJOVS.20210602.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.IJOVS.20210602.13","url":null,"abstract":"Glaucomatous optic neuropathy is a chronic degenerative neuropathy characterized by progressive damage of the retinal ganglion cells despite good compensation of intraocular pressure. The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of oral administration of a fixed combination of citicoline 500 mg + homotaurine 50 mg + vitamin E 12 mg (CIT/HOMO) on retinal ganglion cell function as examined by pattern electroretinogram (PERG) in subjects with primary open-angle glaucoma. A prospective, randomized, single-blind, balanced, crossover study was performed on a population of 40 patients with POAG-HT and fully-compensated IOP with topical hypotensive therapy. Recruited patients were allocated by balancing randomization to two treatment groups: - group A: patients continued current hypotensive eye-drop for 4 months and subsequently took 1 tablet of CIT/HOMO each morning for 4 months; - group B: patients took 1 tablet of CIT/HOMO each morning for 4 months in addition to current hypotensive eye-drop and subsequently continued with current hypotensive eye-drop alone for 4 months. Patients were examined at baseline (T0), after 4 (T1) and 8 months (T2). At every single time was performed a whole eye examination, 3 IOP measurements, 30.2 SITA Standard Humphrey visual field test, OCT cup/disc ratio and PERG glaucoma Hemifield test with central amplitude analysis. 38 patients completed the study for a total of 76 eyes. In both groups of patients tonometry, cup/disc ratio and visual field did not reveal any statistically significant difference. In both groups, adding the CIT/HOMO at hypotensive eye-drop resulted in an improvement in PERG after 4 months of therapy that disappeared when CIT/HOMO was withdrawn. Four months supplementation with a fixed combination of citicoline, homotaurine and vitamin E was seen to significantly increase the amplitude of the PERG bioelectric potential transmitted by the optical pathway to the visual cortex in subjects with primary open-angle glaucoma with compensated IOP and initial damage of the visual field and optic disc. During this study, the IOP remained compensated with the current hypotensive therapy and no deterioration was observed in the visual field or the cup/disc ratio.","PeriodicalId":14184,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Ophthalmology & Visual Science","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82325388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Application Progress of OCTA in Retinal Diseases","authors":"Sun Shanshan, He Guiyun","doi":"10.11648/J.IJOVS.20210602.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.IJOVS.20210602.14","url":null,"abstract":"Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA), as a nascent fundus vascular angiography technique, can identify the blood flow movement information of the retina and choroid with high resolution, and imaging the microvascular circulation of the retina and choroid in living tissues. Compared to previous art dye-based imaging such as fluorescein angiography and indocyanine green angiography, it has the characteristics of fast, non-invasive, high resolution and three-dimensional imaging, as well as the ability to display retinal vascular structure and blood flow information simultaneously. OCTA is a nascent technology with a potential wide applicability for retinal vascular disease. As a part of systemic blood circulation, ocular blood flow has been affected by a variety of factors. Vascular factors play an important role in eye diseases including retinal vein occlusion, diabetic retinopathy and glaucoma, and other diseases. OCTA has special advantages in retinal choroidal vascular changes, disease management follow-up and treatment effect detection. However, OCTA suffers from disadvantages of a relatively small field of view, inability to show leakage, and proclivity for image artifact due to patient movement or blinking. This article will review the recent research of OCTA in diabetic retinopathy, retinal vein occlusion, primary glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration and high myopia fundus to understand its applicability in the research and clinical practice of retinal diseases.","PeriodicalId":14184,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Ophthalmology & Visual Science","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88324582","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recurrent Pterygium Excision with Extended Resection and Limbal Conjunctival Autograft - Our Results","authors":"S. Kodavoor, P. Venkatesh, R. Dandapani, G. Sachdev","doi":"10.11648/J.IJOVS.20210602.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.IJOVS.20210602.11","url":null,"abstract":"Aim: To analyze the recurrence rates and complications after extended resection and limbal conjunctival autograft in recurrent pterygium cases. Materials and methods: Retrospective analysis of 216 eyes of 214 patients was done. All the surgeries were performed under subconjuctival infiltrative anaesthesia. Extensive excision of the pterygium was done along with 1mm of normal conjunctival tissue all around and the tenons was resected all around behind and beyond the excised conjunctival margins. A large conjunctival autograft with a thin block limbal tissue in the graft was taken from the superior conjunctiva and placed on the bare sclera with proper orientation (limbal end towards the cornea) and was fixed with fibrin glue. In 6 cases the autograft with the limbal tissue was taken from the inferior conjunctiva as the superior conjunctiva was scarred due to previous surgeries No other adjuvants were used during the procedure. Results: Among the 214 patients, 212 patients had unilateral recurrent pterygium and 2 patients had bilateral recurrent pterygium. All the patients were followed up for a minimum of 6 months with an average follow up of 18 months. Recurrence was seen in 6 eyes (2.7%), out of which 2 eyes had one recurrence earlier, 3 eyes had two recurrences earlier and one eye had three recurrences before. Conclusion: Extended pterygium resection with large limbal conjunctival autograft seems to be an effective surgical procedure in recurrent pterygium with less recurrence and encouraging results.","PeriodicalId":14184,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Ophthalmology & Visual Science","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88427552","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Proparacaine Hydrochloride Eye Drops on the Ocular Surface","authors":"Xiaofen Li, Xuemei Wang, Yanzi Wang, Huping Wu, Cheng Li","doi":"10.11648/J.IJOVS.20210601.17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.IJOVS.20210601.17","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Proparacaine hydrochloride (PH), as a a local anesthetic, is used regularly in ophthalmic surgery and optometry. However, few pieces of research on the ocular surface toxicity of PH eye drops have so far been reported. Purpuse: To evaluate the effect of PH on the ocular surface of mice. Methods: Male C57/BL6 mice were divided into four groups: normal, vehicle-treated, 0.05% PH-treated and 0.5% PH treated 7 days. The clinical indications were tear production, corneal sensitivity, and fluorescein staining. The structure and morphology of the cornea were examined by confocal microscopy; the thickness of the corneal center was examined by anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT); and the corneal epithelial microvilli morphology was examined using scanning electron microscopy. Hematoxylin-eosin staining was used to characterize the central corneal morphology. Immunofluorescence staining for cytokeratin 10 (K10) was employed to evaluate squamous metaplasia in the corneal epithelium. Results: The results show that topical PH treatment diminished tear production and corneal sensitivity, and increased corneal fluorescein staining scores. Moreover, PH altered the corneal epithelial microvilli morphology, disrupted the epithelial barrier of the cornea, and promoted apoptosis of ocular surface cells. Furthermore, the expression of K10 in the corneal epithelium was found to be increased. Conclusion: Treatment with 0.5% PH caused instability of the tear film, and changes in corneal sensitivity and ocular surface homeostasis.","PeriodicalId":14184,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Ophthalmology & Visual Science","volume":"41 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85403838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correlation of Vertical Cup Disc Ratio and Matrix FDT Mean Deviation in Primary Open Angle Glaucoma Patients","authors":"Nathaniel Godswill Inye, Pepple Godswill","doi":"10.11648/J.IJOVS.20210601.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.IJOVS.20210601.13","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives: To evaluate the correlation between glaucomatous structural change using vertical-cup-disc ratio of the optic nerve head and functional loss measured by Frequency Doubling Technology perimetry. Materials and methods: It was a retrospective observational clinic-based study of 77 newly diagnosed Primary Open Angle Glaucoma (POAG) patients from a Private Eye clinic in a suburb of Port Harcourt city, Nigeria. They underwent clinical fundal examination with slit-lamp biomicroscope (Perkin’s slit-lamp) with 90D (Volk) lens; and Frequency Doubling Technology perimetry 24-2 threshold (Humphrey Matrix 800, 2011 Carl Zeiss Meditec, Dublin, California). The Vertical-cup-disc-ratio was assessed for each eye and the Mean deviation calculated for each eye. The relationship between VCDR and mean deviation was evaluated using Pearson’s correlation coefficient regression analysis. Result: There were 24 males (31.17%) and 53 females (68.83%). The mean age of the patients was 56.65 ± 14.33 years with a range of 37-78 years. The mean VCDR was 0.83±0.09 and 0.78±0.13 for the right and left eyes, respectively while mean FDT mean deviation was -13.99±9.33Db and -11.9.22Db for the right and left eyes, respectively. The VCDR significantly correlated with FDT mean deviation (Pearson Correlation Coefficient, r= -0.923, r2= 0.852, p-value=0.001 for the right eye; r= -0.915, r2=0.836, p-value=0.001 for the left eye. Conclusion: This study shows that at least 80% of VCDR correlated with the Mean deviation of matrix FDT amongst this cohort of POAG patients. it buttresses the fact that clinical evaluation of the optic nerve remains an indispensable tool in glaucoma diagnosis and can use to assess glaucoma severity in resource poor setting where visual field machine is not available.","PeriodicalId":14184,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Ophthalmology & Visual Science","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84852518","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}