International Journal of Nephrology and Renovascular Disease最新文献

{"title":"Survival Analysis and Its Predictors Among Hemodialysis Patients at Saint Paul Hospital Millennium Medical College and Myungsung Christian Medical Center in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2021.","authors":"Eyob Assefa Betiru,&nbsp;Ephrem Mamo,&nbsp;Dube Jara Boneya,&nbsp;Abebawork Adem,&nbsp;Dessie Abebaw","doi":"10.2147/IJNRD.S401022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/IJNRD.S401022","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Diabetes mellitus and hypertension are the most prominent conditions causing chronic kidney disease and eventually end-stage renal disease. Renal replacement therapy, particularly hemodialysis (HD), is the mainstay of treatment. The aim of this study is to assess the overall survival status of HD patients and potential survival predictors at Saint Paul hospital millennium medical college (SPHMMC) and Myungsung Christian Medical Center (MCM) in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A retrospective cohort study was conducted on HD patients at SPHMMC and MCM general hospital from January 1, 2013 to December 30, 2020. Kaplan Meier, Log-rank, and Cox proportional regression models were used for the analysis. Estimated risks were reported as hazard ratios with 95% confidence intervals and <i>P</i><0.05 was considered as having a significant association.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 128 patients were included in the study. Median survival time was 65 months. The predominant co-morbid condition was found to be diabetes mellitus with hypertension (42%). The total risk time for these patients was 143,617 person years. The overall incidence rate of death was 2.9 per 10,000 person years (95% CI=2.2-4). Patients who developed blood stream infection were 2.98-times more likely to die than those without infection. Those using an arteriovenous fistula were 66% less likely to die than those using a central venous catheter. Additionally, patients treated in a government-owned facility were 79% less likely to die.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The study identified that the median survival time of 65 months was comparable with developed nations. Significant predictors of death were found to be blood stream infection and type of vascular access. Government-owned treatment facilities showed better patient survival.</p>","PeriodicalId":14181,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nephrology and Renovascular Disease","volume":"16 ","pages":"59-71"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/54/b5/ijnrd-16-59.PMC9983441.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9100260","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cranial versus Caudal Direction Technique of Native Percutaneous Kidney Biopsy: A Randomized Controlled Trial.","authors":"Solos Jaturapisanukul,&nbsp;Chutima Chavanisakun,&nbsp;Nontawat Benjakul,&nbsp;Tanun Ngamvichchukorn,&nbsp;Punnawit Laungchuaychok,&nbsp;Sathit Kurathong,&nbsp;Wanjak Pongsittisak","doi":"10.2147/IJNRD.S400639","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/IJNRD.S400639","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Percutaneous kidney biopsy (PKB) is the gold standard for diagnosing various kidney diseases, but it can result in potential complications. This study aimed to compare kidney tissue adequacy and safety between the two biopsy techniques, including cranial direction (CN) and caudal direction (CD), of needle biopsy under real-time ultrasonogram guidance.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This single-center, prospective, single-blinded, randomized trial included patients undergoing native PKB from July 5, 2017, to June 30, 2019. Patients were randomized to the CN and CD groups. Adequacy and complications between the two groups were analyzed. All PKBs were performed under real-time ultrasonogram guidance with a 16-gauge kidney biopsy needle.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 107 participants were enrolled (53 in the CD group and 54 in the CN group). The CD group has more glomeruli than the CN group but with no statistical significance (16 versus 11, <i>p</i> = 0.0865). The CD group obtained more adequate kidney tissue samples than the CN group (69.8% versus 59.3%, <i>p</i> = 0.348). The number of inadequate glomeruli tissue sampling is similar in both groups (14 versus 15, respectively). Furthermore, the CN group had more adverse events, including Hb decline ≥10% after kidney biopsy, perinephric hematoma size ≥1 cm, hematuria, and the need for blood transfusion, than the CD group.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The CD technique of the percutaneous kidney biopsy in the native kidney has fewer complications and was possibly more effective than the CN technique.</p>","PeriodicalId":14181,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nephrology and Renovascular Disease","volume":"16 ","pages":"93-101"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/c4/b5/ijnrd-16-93.PMC10066630.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9302105","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chronic Kidney Disease Management in the Middle East and Africa: Concerns, Challenges, and Novel Approaches.","authors":"Saeed Al-Ghamdi,&nbsp;Ali Abu-Alfa,&nbsp;Turki Alotaibi,&nbsp;Ali AlSaaidi,&nbsp;Abdulkareem AlSuwaida,&nbsp;Mustafa Arici,&nbsp;Tevfik Ecder,&nbsp;Ahmed F El Koraie,&nbsp;Mohamed Ghnaimat,&nbsp;Mohamed H Hafez,&nbsp;Mohamed Hassan,&nbsp;Tarik Sqalli","doi":"10.2147/IJNRD.S363133","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/IJNRD.S363133","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The burden of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and other comorbidities, such as hypertension and diabetes, which increase the risk of developing CKD, is on the rise in the Middle East and Africa. The Middle East and Africa CKD (MEA-CKD) steering committee, comprising eminent healthcare specialists from the Middle East and Africa, was formed to identify and propose steps to address the gaps in the management of CKD in these regions. The current article lists the MEA-CKD steering committee meeting outcomes and evaluates the available evidence supporting the role of novel therapeutic options for patients with CKD. The need of the hour is to address the gaps in awareness and screening, early diagnosis, along with referral and management of patients at risk. Measures to bring about appropriate changes in healthcare policies to ensure access to all benefit-proven protective therapies, including novel ones, at community levels are also vital for reducing the overall burden of CKD on the healthcare system as well as governing bodies, especially in developing countries of the Middle East and Africa.</p>","PeriodicalId":14181,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nephrology and Renovascular Disease","volume":"16 ","pages":"103-112"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/c4/16/ijnrd-16-103.PMC10084934.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9673820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Erratum: Hyperkalemia and the Use of New Potassium Binders a Single Center Experience from Vestfold Norway (The PotBind Study) [Corrigendum].","authors":"","doi":"10.2147/IJNRD.S416069","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/IJNRD.S416069","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>[This corrects the article DOI: 10.2147/IJNRD.S401623.].</p>","PeriodicalId":14181,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nephrology and Renovascular Disease","volume":"16 ","pages":"113-114"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/28/26/ijnrd-16-113.PMC10103777.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9303391","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Sphingosine Kinase 2 Inhibitor Opaganib Protects Against Acute Kidney Injury in Mice.","authors":"Lynn W Maines,&nbsp;Cecelia L Green,&nbsp;Staci N Keller,&nbsp;Leo R Fitzpatrick,&nbsp;Charles D Smith","doi":"10.2147/IJNRD.S386396","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/IJNRD.S386396","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common multifactorial adverse effect of surgery, circulatory obstruction, sepsis or drug/toxin exposure that often results in morbidity and mortality. Sphingolipid metabolism is a critical regulator of cell survival and pathologic inflammation processes involved in AKI. Opaganib (also known as ABC294640) is a first-in-class experimental drug targeting sphingolipid metabolism that reduces the production and activity of inflammatory cytokines and, therefore, may be effective to prevent and treat AKI.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Murine models of AKI were used to assess the in vivo efficacy of opaganib including ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury induced by either transient bilateral occlusion of renal blood flow (a moderate model) or nephrectomy followed immediately by occlusion of the contralateral kidney (a severe model) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced sepsis. Biochemical and histologic assays were used to quantify the effects of oral opaganib treatment on renal damage in these models.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Opaganib suppressed the elevations of creatinine and blood urea nitrogen (BUN), as well as granulocyte infiltration into the kidneys, of mice that experienced moderate IR from transient bilateral ligation. Opaganib also markedly decreased these parameters and completely prevented mortality in the severe renal IR model. Additionally, opaganib blunted the elevations of BUN, creatinine and inflammatory cytokines following exposure to LPS.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The data support the hypotheses that sphingolipid metabolism is a key mediator of renal inflammatory damage following IR injury and sepsis, and that this can be suppressed by opaganib. Because opaganib has already undergone clinical testing in other diseases (cancer and Covid-19), the present studies support conducting clinical trials with this drug with surgical or septic patients at risk for AKI.</p>","PeriodicalId":14181,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nephrology and Renovascular Disease","volume":" ","pages":"323-334"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/d8/d1/ijnrd-15-323.PMC9677921.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40703892","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Full and Booster Doses of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA-1273 Vaccine Increase Waning Antibody Levels After Completed Vaccination Among Dialysis Patients at a Large Dialysis Organization.","authors":"Linda H Ficociello,&nbsp;Joanna Willetts,&nbsp;Claudy Mullon,&nbsp;Curtis Johnson,&nbsp;Michael S Anger,&nbsp;Jeffrey L Hymes","doi":"10.2147/IJNRD.S383215","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/IJNRD.S383215","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":14181,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nephrology and Renovascular Disease","volume":" ","pages":"319-321"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/3d/f4/ijnrd-15-319.PMC9675998.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40481891","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Kinetics of Plasma Cytokines During Two Different Modalities of Extracorporeal Blood Purification in the Critically Ill Covid 19 Patients: A Cohort Study.","authors":"Daniela Ponce,&nbsp;Welder Zamoner,&nbsp;Luis Eduardo Magalhães,&nbsp;Paula Gabriela Sousa de Oliveira,&nbsp;Patricia Polla,&nbsp;Alexandre Naime Barbosa,&nbsp;Marjorie de Assis Golim,&nbsp;André Luís Balbi Snr","doi":"10.2147/IJNRD.S382776","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/IJNRD.S382776","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>In the absence of direct therapy for COVID-19, extracorporeal blood treatment (EBT) could represent an option for cytokine removal.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study aimed to describe and compare cytokine removal during intermittent haemodialysis (IHD) and continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) in COVID-19 patients with Acute Kidney Injury (AKI).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>It was a cohort study that studied patients with COVID-19-related AKI according to KDIGO criteria and admitted at Intensive Care Unit (ICU). Blood samples were collected at the start and end of both IHD using high flux (HF) membranes (10 patients) and continuous venovenous haemodiafiltration (CVVHDF:10 patients) in two sessions for measuring 13 different plasma interleukins and calculating the cytokine removal rate.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>There was no difference between the two groups regarding mechanical ventilation, vasoactive drug, age or prognostic scores. Patients treated by CRRT presented higher levels of IL-2 and IL-8 than patients treated by IHD at dialysis start. Cytokine removal ranged from 9% to 78%. Patients treated by CRRT presented higher cytokine removal for IL-2, IL-6 IL-8, IP-10 and TNF. The removal rates of IL-4, IL-10, IL-17A, IFN, MCP-1 and TGF-B1 were similar in two groups. After one session of CVVHDF (24 h), IL-2 and IL-1β levels did not vary significantly, whereas IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-17A, TNF, IFN, IP-10, MCP-1, IL-12p70 and TGF-B1 decreased by 33.8-76%, and this decrease was maintained over the next 24 h. In IHD groups, IL-2, IL-6, TNF, IP-10 and IL-1β levels did not decrease significantly whereas IL-4, IL-8, IL-10, IL-17A, IFN, MCP-1, IL-12p70 and TGF-B1 decreased by 21.8-72%; however, cytokine levels returned to their initial values after 24 h.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Cytokine removal is lower in IHD using HF membranes than in CVVHDF, and in IHD the removal is transient and selective, which can be associated with mortality during cytokines storm-related COVID-19.</p>","PeriodicalId":14181,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nephrology and Renovascular Disease","volume":" ","pages":"309-317"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/e6/8c/ijnrd-15-309.PMC9637342.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40688648","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Factors Affecting Neurocognitive Function in Children with Chronic Kidney Disease: A Systematic Review.","authors":"Elrika A Wijaya,&nbsp;Purboyo Solek,&nbsp;Dzulfikar D L Hakim,&nbsp;Rini Rossanti,&nbsp;Ahmedz Widiasta,&nbsp;Dany Hilmanto","doi":"10.2147/IJNRD.S375242","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/IJNRD.S375242","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>In children, chronic kidney disease (CKD) has been known to affect neurocognitive function which can impair the quality of life. This study aims to determine the factors and treatment modalities which might affect neurocognitive function in pediatric population with CKD.</p><p><strong>Patients and methods: </strong>A systematic review was done using 3 electronic databases: PubMed, ScienceDirect, SpringerLink, and carried out based on PRISMA guidelines. Our review included articles published in the last 10 years (2011-2021) in English, on children aged 0-18 years with CKD. Factors affecting the children's neurocognitive function were assessed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Eight articles were included in this study. Three articles reported that parent's education, especially maternal education affect the neurocognitive function of children with CKD. In relation with modalities, in general, children with CKD who had kidney transplant had a better neurocognitive outcome. A longer duration of hemodialysis (HD) was associated with poorer neurocognitive outcomes. Other factors that can affect the neurocognitive function included depression, a history of abnormal births, seizures, and hypertension.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>In children, CKD might cause neurocognitive function disorders through various complex and interconnected mechanisms. Further studies are needed to determine the mechanism and prevention of neurocognitive disorders, as well as the best choice of therapeutic modality to improve both kidney function and neurocognitive function in children with CKD.</p>","PeriodicalId":14181,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nephrology and Renovascular Disease","volume":" ","pages":"277-288"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/b1/5a/ijnrd-15-277.PMC9624145.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40664917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Treatment of Vitamin K Deficiency in Hemodialysis Patients - A Pilot Study Comparing Menaquinone-7 Tablets and a Vitamin K Rich Diet.","authors":"Katrine Aagaard Lentz,&nbsp;Julie Vahlgren,&nbsp;Ditte Hansen,&nbsp;Mario Plebani,&nbsp;Maria Fusaro,&nbsp;Lars Melholt Rasmussen,&nbsp;Jette Jakobsen,&nbsp;Jens Jørgen Sloth,&nbsp;Henrik Post Hansen,&nbsp;Jens Rikardt Andersen","doi":"10.2147/IJNRD.S365912","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/IJNRD.S365912","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Vitamin K deficiency and hence a high level of plasma dephosphorylated undercarboxylated matrix Gla protein (dp-ucMGP) is frequent in patients on hemodialysis. This group is recommended to restrict their potassium intake which often leads to restriction of vitamin K rich foods. A menaquinone-7 (MK-7) supplement has been shown to decrease dp-ucMGP, but it has yet to be examined if a vitamin K rich diet could be equally effective.</p><p><strong>Patients and methods: </strong>A prospective randomized crossover intervention trial with two arms; 6 weeks of 360 μg MK-7 tablet/day and 6 weeks of a vitamin K rich diet with a 3-week washout period in between. Participants were 10 patients in hemodialysis and the primary outcome measures were changes in dp-ucMGP, total MGP (tMGP), and undercarboxylated osteocalcin (ucOC). Furthermore, the level of potassium and phylloquinone in broccoli was determined after different durations of boiling.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>During the MK-7 intervention the dp-ucMGP and ucOC decreased significantly compared to baseline (-0.42 [-0.93; -0.22] nmol/L (<i>p</i>=<0.01) and -1.85 [-2.91; -1.30] nmol/L (<i>p</i><0.01)), while these were unchanged during the dietary intervention (0.03 [-0.64; 0.37] nmol/L (<i>p</i>=1.00) and 0.30 [-1.71; 1.41] nmol/L (<i>p</i>=0.77)). Between the two interventions there was a greater decrease in ucOC (<i>p</i>=0.02) during the MK-7 compared to the dietary period. No significant changes in the total MGP levels were found in any of the periods. The retention of potassium following boiling for 2 minutes and 8 minutes was 76% and 49%, respectively, while for phylloquinone the retention was 92%, and independent of duration of boiling.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>A daily MK-7 supplement for 6 weeks lowered dp-ucMGP and ucOC significantly, while a vitamin K rich diet was not able to induce any significant effect. Boiled broccoli maintains a reasonable content of phylloquinone while potassium is extracted and is a reasonable source of phylloquinone for patients on hemodialysis.</p>","PeriodicalId":14181,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nephrology and Renovascular Disease","volume":" ","pages":"267-276"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/7c/64/ijnrd-15-267.PMC9586167.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40567787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Contrast-Induced Acute Kidney Injury: Evidence in Support of Its Existence and a Review of Its Pathogenesis and Management.","authors":"Harshad Chaudhari,&nbsp;Smita Mahendrakar,&nbsp;Stuart E Baskin,&nbsp;Alluru S Reddi","doi":"10.2147/IJNRD.S371700","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/IJNRD.S371700","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The role of contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) remains controversial. Many experts contend that CIN does not exist or is extremely rare. The diagnosis was previously made too frequently and inappropriately in the presence of coexisting and confounding comorbidities and risk factors making it difficult to singularly isolate the etiologic role of intravenous contrast media in acute kidney injury (AKI). It is probable that many patients were denied important diagnostic information from radiocontrast studies for fear of CIN. Recently, a new terminology for CIN was introduced, and the term CIN was replaced by two interrelated new terms: one is contrast-associated acute kidney injury (CA-AKI), and the second one is contrast-induced acute kidney injury (CI-AKI). CA-AKI occurs in association with risk factors or comorbidities, therefore, it is a correlative diagnosis. On the other hand, CI-AKI is a subtype of CA-AKI that results directly from iodinated contrast media. In this review, we present evidence from various studies that argue against CI-AKI and also those that suggest its existence but with much lower frequency. We will also provide the current status of the pathophysiology and management of CA-AKI/CI-AKI.</p>","PeriodicalId":14181,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nephrology and Renovascular Disease","volume":" ","pages":"253-266"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/f9/3d/ijnrd-15-253.PMC9604418.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40433831","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}