Sicily and the Mediterranean in the Middle Ages最新文献

Classification of Villeins in Medieval Sicily 中世纪西西里岛维林的分类

Sicily and the Mediterranean in the Middle Ages Pub Date : 2019-03-22 DOI: 10.4324/9781351022309-13

H. Takayama

{"title":"Classification of Villeins in Medieval Sicily","authors":"H. Takayama","doi":"10.4324/9781351022309-13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351022309-13","url":null,"abstract":"According to a traditional view, villeins in Norman Sicily consisted of two basic classes, those who owed their lords hereditary service in person and those who owed service with respect to the terms of their tenure of land. Scholars who recently examined relevant terms in Arabic documents seem to share this view. For example, Jeremy Johns showed us a list of Latin, Greek and Arabic words categorized into two groups, a class of “registered” villeins (ḥursh) and a class of “unregistered” villeins (muls), while Alex Metcalfe explains that Arabic and Greek terms to refer to villeins can be resolved into two basic categories, “registered” and “unregistered” families. In this paper, I will make it clear that muls and ḥursh were not a pair of opposite Arabic terms indicating two different classes of villeins, but that muls simply signify those who were not listed in the previous documents. It has been generally understood, mainly based on studies of France, that a social class of unfree peasants subject to lords through land tenure was formed in Western Europe during the eleventh and twelfth centuries.[1] Marc Block, a well-known French medievalist, considered that most peasants in the Middle Ages had been unfree and in the status of serfdom due to the following three points. First, they had to pay chevage, a kind of poll-money and a symbol of servitude. Second, they could not marry women living outside their lords’ domains unless they got their lords’ permission by making a large payment. Third, they had to pay mainmorte (death duty) to their lords when they bequeathed their property.[2] Hans Kurt Schulze, a German scholar, defines Bauern (sing. Bauer, peasants) in medieval Europe as those who belonged to rural population (as opposed to urban population), and explains that they constituted a quite uniform class as a whole in terms of social function, management style, and lifestyle, although they consisted of various people in free, semi-free, and unfree conditions, and varied greatly in terms of land tenure.[3] Scholars seem to have divided medieval peasants into slaves, unfree peasants, and free peasants in terms of degree of freedom, and sub-divided unfree peasants into serfs and villeins in terms of degree of dependence on their lords, although these divisions and definitions are quite artificial. As a matter of fact, there were various words supposed to indicate peasants in medieval Europe, and some of them were sometimes ambiguous and polysemous. It is important for us to clarify here the usage of some frequently used words, modern and medieval, for peasants of Medieval Europe. The English word “serf” (“serf” in French, “servo” in Italian) derives from the Latin word “servus”, while the English word “villein” (“vilain” in French, “villano” in Italian) comes from the Latin Classification of Villeins in Medieval Sicily","PeriodicalId":141432,"journal":{"name":"Sicily and the Mediterranean in the Middle Ages","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124401877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Amiratus in the Norman Kingdom of Sicily 西西里岛诺曼王国的阿米拉图斯

Sicily and the Mediterranean in the Middle Ages Pub Date : 2019-03-22 DOI: 10.4324/9781351022309-4

H. Takayama

引用次数: 2

Frederick II’s Crusade 腓特烈二世的十字军

Sicily and the Mediterranean in the Middle Ages Pub Date : 2019-03-22 DOI: 10.4324/9781351022309-11

Hiroshi Takayama

引用次数: 1

The Administration of Roger I 罗杰一世的管理

Sicily and the Mediterranean in the Middle Ages Pub Date : 2019-03-22 DOI: 10.4324/9781351022309-6

H. Takayama

引用次数: 0

Central Power and Multi-Cultural Elements at the Norman Court of Sicily 西西里岛诺曼宫廷的中央权力与多元文化元素

Sicily and the Mediterranean in the Middle Ages Pub Date : 2019-03-22 DOI: 10.4324/9781351022309-7

H. Takayama

引用次数: 1

Law and Monarchy in the South 南方的法律与君主制

Sicily and the Mediterranean in the Middle Ages Pub Date : 2019-03-22 DOI: 10.4324/9781351022309-9

H. Takayama

引用次数: 0

Confrontation of Powers in the Norman Kingdom of sicily 西西里岛诺曼王国的势力对抗

Sicily and the Mediterranean in the Middle Ages Pub Date : 2019-03-22 DOI: 10.4324/9781351022309-8

H. Takayama

引用次数: 0

Familiares regis and the Royal Inner Council in Twelfth - Century Sicily 12世纪西西里岛的王室内部会议

Sicily and the Mediterranean in the Middle Ages Pub Date : 2019-03-22 DOI: 10.4324/9781351022309-2

H. Takayama

引用次数: 0

The Financial and Administrative Organization of the Norman Kingdom of Sicily 西西里岛诺曼王国的财政和行政组织

Sicily and the Mediterranean in the Middle Ages Pub Date : 2019-03-22 DOI: 10.1484/J.VIATOR.2.301421

H. Takayama

引用次数: 3

Migrations in the Mediterranean Area and the Far East 地中海地区和远东地区的移民

Sicily and the Mediterranean in the Middle Ages Pub Date : 2019-03-22 DOI: 10.4324/9781351022309-12

H. Takayama

引用次数: 0