International Journal of Health, Animal science and Food safety最新文献

{"title":"Preliminary studies on environmental pollutants in chamois and wild boar from Eastern Piedmont, Italy.","authors":"F. Ceriani, L. Chiesa, S. Panseri, F. Arioli","doi":"10.13130/2283-3927/9995","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13130/2283-3927/9995","url":null,"abstract":"Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are synthetic chlorinated compounds classified as POPs whereas only the penta e tetra-brominated polybromodiphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are so defined by the Stockolm Convention (Stockholm Convention, 2005) in order to elimitate or restrict the use of POPs. Organophosphorus insecticides (OCPs) represent important environmental and food contamination sources, widely used in agriculture. Among polyciclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), benzo[a]pirene is classified by IARC in Group 1, as cancerogen  and Benzo[a]fluoranthene as a Group 2B, as possible cancerogen (IARC, 2012; IARC, 2010).  EFSA (European Food Safety Authority) has released a scientific opinion on the risks to public health related to the presence of brominated flame retardants in food (EFSA, 2011) and in 2014 European commission has asked Member States to monitor the presence of brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in food over the next two years (EC, 2014). Due to their heir n-octanol/water partition coefficient (log K ow ), they accumulate in fat tissue, bioconcentrate and biomagnify in the animals at the higher trophic levels, possibly causing, through chronic exposure, endocrine disruption and cancer (Wania et al., 1995; Vallack et al., 1998). The aim of this study is to evaluate the presence of OCPs, PCBs, PBDEs and PAHs in chamois and wild boar from Eastern Piedmont, Italy. A total of 20 chamois and 20 wild boar muscle samples were collected during the hunting season 2017, from Verbania Cusio Ossola (VCO) (Fig 1). The chemical analysis for the detection of OCPs, PCBs, PBDEs, and PAHs   was performed by GC-MS/MS on muscle samples purified and extracted using a QuEChERS technique, validated according to SANTE 2017 (SANTE/11183/2017). These preliminary results show the ubiquitary presence of the studied contaminants. PCBs have been found more in chamois (45%) than in wild boar (35%). No PBDEs were detected in wild boar but in chamois were found with a prevalence of 35%  and  concentration 0.25-1.52 ng g -1 . About OCPs, phorate and demeton were found in wild boar (55%-15%) and chamois (32%- 35%) with range concentrations 0.21-20.1 ng g -1 . No PAHs were detected, expect antharacene for one samples in wild boar (0.53 ng g -1 ). Further studies are in progress in order to correlate environmental contamination and game animals.","PeriodicalId":14105,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Health, Animal science and Food safety","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88011017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dietary integration with natural extract in rabbit: effects on growth performances and meat quality.","authors":"S. Chiapparini, F. Vizzarri, M. Palazzo, R. Rossi, D. Casamassima, C. Corino","doi":"10.13130/2283-3927/10023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13130/2283-3927/10023","url":null,"abstract":"In many countries of Europe rabbit meat is consumed for its nutritional characteristics, (Dalle Zotte, 2014; Hernandez and Gondret, 2006). Since the ban of the use of antibiotic as growth promoter, natural substances have been studied as alternative with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobic and antiviral properties. The aim was to evaluate the effect of a dietary supplementation with natural extract mixture in growing rabbit on growth performances, carcass characteristics and Longissimus lumborum (LL) muscle parameters. The trial was performed at the Research Institute for Animal Production (Nitra, Slovak Republic) and lasted 42 days. At 35 days of age, 144 New Zealand White rabbits were randomly selected and divided in 3 experimental groups (4 rabbits/cage). The first fed a basal diet, the second (T1) and the third one (T2) received 0.3% and 0.6% of natural extract mixture, containing polyphenols from plants and seaweeds.  Dietary integration with natural extract improve (P<0.05) growth performances (ADG, FI and FC) in T1 group. The fatty acid composition of LL muscle was positively affected (P=0.037) by natural extract supplementation with an increase of n-3 FA in T2 group than other treatments. Cholesterol content tended to be lower in T2 group (P=0.082) than T1 and C group (24.8 mg/100g T2 vs 34.6 mg/100g T1 vs 33.2 mg/100g C). Sensory analysis revealed that only the aroma was affected (P<0.05) by dietary treatments. Overall these results highlight that dietary supplementation with natural extract mixture, containing polyphenols from plants and seaweeds enhance growth performances, carcass weight, improving LL muscle nutritional parameters.","PeriodicalId":14105,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Health, Animal science and Food safety","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84632342","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preliminary study on hematological values of two endangered turtle species: Indotestudo travancorica and Batagur kachuga","authors":"E. Bardi, Emanuele Lubian, N. Whitaker, S. Romussi","doi":"10.13130/2283-3927/9999","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13130/2283-3927/9999","url":null,"abstract":"The Indian subcontinent is incredibly rich in biodiversity and is home to many species of herpetological and conservation interest. The aim of this study was to provide a first assessment of hematological values in Travancore tortoise ( Indotestudo travancorica ) and red-crowned roofed turtle ( Batagur kachuga ), two endangered species on which medical literature is still lacking. Between May and June, 19 specimens of I. travancorica and 17 of B. kachuga were sampled. Both populations were housed by the Madras Crocodile Bank Trust – Centre for Herpetology (Tamil Nadu, India). From each animal, a blood sample (0.5 mL) was obtained from the dorsal coccygeal vein and stored in a lithium-heparin test tube. Regarding I. travancorica , from each sample was performed a complete red and white blood cell count (RBC and WBC) with the Natt & Herrik method using a Neubauer chamber, and hematocrit values were assessed using microcapillaries. Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV) was calculated from PCV and RBC. Regarding B. kachuga , complete RBC and WBC count with the same method was performed. Due to the insufficient numerosity of both populations, only descriptive statistic was applied. Obtained values were compared with known references of other chelonians, with results consistent with those of species with similar ecological and biological characteristics.","PeriodicalId":14105,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Health, Animal science and Food safety","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76401510","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sheep brain atlas creation. Diffusion tensor imaging and Scanning electron microscope in sheep brain analysis","authors":"M. Trovatelli, A. Bernardini, V. Pieri, F. Acocella, S. Brizzola, D. Zani","doi":"10.13130/2283-3927/10040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13130/2283-3927/10040","url":null,"abstract":"Introductions Aim of EDEN 2020 project is the development of a steerable catheter for CED system in glioblastoma therapy. The VET group is involved in realization and validation of the proper animal model. For surgical planning purpose a Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) of white matter tracts in the sheep is necessary to identify the target points useful for the catheter introduction. The analysis of the sheep brain under a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) is required to understand any alterations due to the catheter introduction and to fluids injection during CED administration. Materials and methods Animals were treated in accordance with the European Communities Council directive (86/609/EEC), to the laws and regulations on animal welfare enclosed in D.L.G.S. 26/2014 A total of five 70 kg female, one year old, sheep were used for the study. All animals, under general anesthesia, underwent to Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) acquisition. MRI scanner used was Philips Ingenia 1.5 Tesla system. Once the DTI imaging were acquired the animals were euthanased, sheep brain was collected and samples of white matter tracts obtained with disposable biopsy punches of 1.5-2 mm of diameter. The samples were fixed, stained in Osmium tetroxide (OsO 4 ) and then embedded with two different protocols (cold curing vs thermal curing) in resin for the Focused Ion Beam (FIB) SEM analyses. Results and discussion All the DTI images were uploaded to TrackVis software and major white matter fiber tracts analysed. Corticospinal tract, visual radiation, fornix and fronto-occipital fasciculus were identified. Corticospinal tract was identified as major white matter tract in sheep brain and useful as target area for the research aims. For the SEM analysis the thermal protocol was recognised as better curing methods for the research purpose than cold curing one. Conclusion The data acquired in this study are still submitted to analysis. Acknowledgment The project has received funding from the European Union’s EU Research and Innovation programme Horizon 2020 (no 688279).","PeriodicalId":14105,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Health, Animal science and Food safety","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77510815","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Proteomics of adipose tissue: from the molecular drivers of adipogenesis to the molecular phenotyping of ruminants","authors":"M. Bonnet","doi":"10.13130/2283-3927/10266","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13130/2283-3927/10266","url":null,"abstract":"In ruminants, changes in the amount and metabolism of foetal brown and post-natal white adipose tissues (AT) contribute to adaptations or productive traits both at birth for neonate survival (especially in sheep), and in adult life for productive efficiency during the gestation-lactation cycle of dairy females or for carcass yield and quality of meat animals (Bonnet et al., 2010). The molecular pathways accompanying the growth (Louveau et al ., 2016) and metabolic adaptations (Sauerwein et al., 2014) of AT are complex and incompletely understood. Indeed, they strongly depend on animal peculiarities (age, breed, sex), environmental factors (nutrition...) and they are dynamic (transition from foetal to post-natal age or from late pregnancy to lactation). The use of -omics methods, such as proteomics has begun to fill the gap of knowledge of the multifaceted regulations of AT growth and metabolism by providing numerous information on pathways and functions. Two examples illustrate the usefulness of proteomic approaches for ruminant issues by allowing knowledge acquisition and molecular phenotyping. In the first example, proteomics and measurements of chemical composition, cellularity, histology, enzyme activities, and gene expression were applied to fetal AT at 110, 180, 210 and 260 days post conception (dpc) in Blond d’Aquitaine and Charolais breeds. From 180 dpc in the two breeds, we identified (Taga et al., 2012) proteins declared to be hallmarks of brown and white adipocytes in mice, that were underscored by the histological characterization of a mix of multilocular and unilocular cells, putatively brown and white adipocytes, respectively. These cellular and molecular features challenged the concepts on the largely brown nature of bovine foetal AT (based on histological and metabolic features previously reported a few days before or after birth for perirenal AT), and strongly suggested that fetal bovine AT have much more in common with white than with brown AT. The second example is an application of proteomics for biomarkers discovery of ruminant productive traits (Fig. 1). For several years, proteomics has been used to identify adipose proteins differentially abundant between two groups of bovine differing mainly by their muscular or body adiposity or by their energy balance. We merged available proteomics data to provide a list of candidate biomarkers (first step in the process of biomarker discovery) of muscular adiposity that we declared robust candidates because they were identified in at least two publications differing by the breed, the age and the nutrition of bovine (Ceciliani et al. , 2018, Bonnet et al ., unpublished). Very recently, targeted proteomics has become an approach of choice to validate and precisely/absolutely quantify protein biomarkers. We have evaluated and benchmarked three targeted methods (the selected reaction monitoring (SRM), parallel reaction monitoring (PRM) and sequential windowed acquisition of all theoretica","PeriodicalId":14105,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Health, Animal science and Food safety","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81980314","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Stifle anatomic, tomographic and biomechanical features of growing dogs affected by quadriceps contracture.","authors":"M. E. Andreis, M. Giancamillo, L. Carnevale, U. Polito, M. Veronesi, A. Giancamillo, S. Modina","doi":"10.13130/2283-3927/10034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13130/2283-3927/10034","url":null,"abstract":"Quadriceps contracture is a debilitating and uncommon condition, mostly affecting young dogs. Itcan be congenital or acquired ) and is reported to induce muscular hypotrophy/fibrosis, progressive degenerative joint disease, bone hypoplasia and limb hyperextension. The aim of this study was to elucidate anatomic, tomographic and biomechanical features of stifles affected by quadriceps contracture. Seven 2-month-old dead Dobermann Pinschers with unilateral quadriceps contracture were included. Before gross anatomic evaluation, all stifles underwent Computed Tomography before and after intra-articular administration of iodinated contrast medium. Images were acquired in double positioning (stifle extension and flexion) to identify articular cartilage, Ossification Centres’ (OCs) and menisci abnormalities, which were compared between affected and unaffected limbs.  In all affected limbs the stifle was back-turned, the distal femur was extra-rotated and the patella was luxated proximo-medially. Severe lack of physiological stifle movements (rolling, gliding, spinning) was observed, so that affected joints could not be flexed. The articular cartilage of the femur was flattened and irregular in thickness, the femoral trochlea was hypoplasic and sloping, the menisci were misshaped. The OC of the distal femur and proximal tibia were misshaped; the tibial plateau was oriented caudodorsally-cranioventrally and significantly smaller (P<0,05).  Quadriceps contracture influenced stifle development. The action of quadriceps insertion on the tibia prevented normal development of the plateau, causing wedging and abnormal orientation. Constant compression also induced external rotation of the distal femur (unable to develop distally) and patellar luxation, ending up in  genu recurvatum . Static compression was likely responsible for femoral trochlea hypoplasia, articular cartilage and meniscal deformation, due to the lack of physiological stifle movements. Quadriceps contracture induces severe alterations of stifle development in affected puppies. Histology, histochemistry and immunohistochemistry may better define the nature of such bone, cartilage and meniscal alterations.","PeriodicalId":14105,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Health, Animal science and Food safety","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84345307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of inactivated cultures of Lactobacillus rhamnosus on subclinical mastitis quarter milk microbiota","authors":"C. Catozzi, A. Martí, C. Lecchi, V. Zamarian, Joaquim Viñes Pujol, S. D’Andreano, A. Martucciello, G. Cappelli, C. Grassi, C. Marianelli, L. D'Angelo, E. Carlo, D. Vecchio, A. S. Bonastre, O. Francino, Fabrizio Caciliani","doi":"10.13130/2283-3927/10018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13130/2283-3927/10018","url":null,"abstract":"Water buffaloes mastitis represents a major issue in terms of animal health, cost of therapy, premature culling and decreased milk yeld. The emergence of antibiotic resistance has led to investigate strategies in order to avoid or minimize the antibiotic use, especially during subclinical mastitis disease (SM) (1). Lactobacillus rhamnosus is part of the normal gut microflora, having meanwhile an immunostimulatory activity (2). The aim of this study was to investigate the change of milk microbiota after the theraputic treatment with inactivated cultures of Lactobacillus rhamnosus of mammary gland quarters affected by subclinical mastitis. A number of 43 quarters were included in the study, and were treated with antibiotics, Lactobacillus rhamnosus and PBS as negative control. Samples were collected at two time points, T0 and T5 (days) and V4 region of 16S rRNA gene was amplified by PCR and sequenced using Ion Torrent Personal Genome Machine. The microbiota structure of SM quarters showed no major changes after PBS treatment, while differed after antibiotic treatment where Staphylococcus decreased its relative abundance from 41% at T0 to 3% at T5. Lactobacillus rhamnosus induced a less dramatic change in milk microbiota, although the relative abundance of some genera were found to be modifidied, among which an increase of Pseudomonas from 1.5% at T0 up to 4% at T5. No differences were present between the microbiota structure of quarters treated with Lactobacillus rhamnosus and PBS. This study allowed to characterize the changes of microbiota in milk from animals with Lactobacillus rhamnosus and antibiotics. While changes in milk microbiota after antibiotic treatment were evident, changes after Lactobacillus rhamnosus were more limited. Further investigations are needed to evaluate alternative strategies to mastitis treatment.","PeriodicalId":14105,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Health, Animal science and Food safety","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89639921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigating on Besnoitia besnoiti (Apicomplexa, Sarcocystidae) in naturally infected dairy cattle by an integrated approach.","authors":"L. Villa, A. Gazzonis, S. Mazzola, S. Zanzani, Chiara Perlotti, G. Sironi, M. Manfredi","doi":"10.13130/2283-3927/10045","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13130/2283-3927/10045","url":null,"abstract":"Bovine besnoitiosis, caused by Besnoitia besnoiti , is a (re)emerging disease in Europe (Cortes et al., 2014), including Italy (Gazzonis et al., 2014; 2017). However, its economic impact is scarcely considered and generally underestimated and there are still little studied aspects concerning both the parasite and the disease. Following a natural outbreak of besnoitiosis in a dairy herd, a study was planned to characterize B. besnoiti infection in cattle through a multidisciplinary approach. Suspicious abortions and clinical cases of besnoitiosis were reported in a dairy farm (September 2017, Northern Italy) housing 216 Holstein cattle. Blood samples were collected; haematological and serological analyses (ELISA and confirmatory WB) were performed (Fernandez-Garcia et al., 2009). Histology and molecular (endpoint ITS-1 PCR (Cortes et al., 2007) and sequencing) analyses of tissues from a slaughtered cow with chronic besnoitiosis were carried out.  Out of 59 ELISA-positive animals, 50 (23%) were confirmed by WB. B. besnoiti prevalence was higher in cows (41%) than in calves (12%); any heifer did not result positive. Considering haematological parameters, a significant shift in the differential leucocyte formula from lymphocyte to granulocyte was recorded in infected cows (Mean±S.D.:L=46.1±18.4,G=53.9±18.4) if compared to negative animals (Student’s T-test,p=0.012). This finding could be helpful in diagnosis, treatment and control of besnoitiosis. Histology revealed a high load of B. besnoiti tissue cysts in skin, vulva, muzzle, sclera, eyelid, respiratory tract, emphasizing the possibility of parasite transmission through direct contact among animals. B. besnoiti was confirmed by PCR in other organs (heart, liver, aorta wall, tonsil) and especially in ovary, uterus and vulva, suggesting that the infection could affect cows’ fertility. Parasite DNA was also found in masseters posing an important question for food security, even if B. besnoiti is not considered zoonotic. The study suggests that to investigate the dynamics of bovine besnoitiosis is mandatory associate clinical and laboratory tests, including the genetic characterization of the parasite and its eventual correlation with the disease outcome.","PeriodicalId":14105,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Health, Animal science and Food safety","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75757234","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study on the effects of zinc supplementation during in vitro embryo production technologies in cattle","authors":"R. G. Barros, V. Lodde, C. Dieci, Federica Fraciosi, A. M. Luciano","doi":"10.13130/2283-3927/10021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13130/2283-3927/10021","url":null,"abstract":"Modern farming is increasingly relying on in vitro embryo production (IVP). However, in vitro culture systems are not yet capable to fully support oocyte and early embryonic development. Recent studies in mice have revealed the importance of zinc in regulating oogenesis and early embryogenesis (Bernhardt et al. 2012; Tian & Diaz, 2013). Moreover, zinc transporters are differentially expressed in different cell types throughout several steps of oogenesis and embryogenesis in cattle (Dieci et al. 2016; http://emb-bioinfo.fsaa.ulaval.ca/IMAGE/). Nevertheless, zinc modulation during culture of oocytes and early embryos has not been yet implemented in cattle. Thus, we assessed whether zinc is one of the essential players in the process of bovine oocyte competence acquisition and embryo quality by supplementing the media used to 1) grow oocytes collected from small antral follicle (SAF), 2) mature oocytes collected from middle-size antral follicles (MAF) and 3) culture in vitro produced zygotes. In each experiment, oocytes cultured under standard conditions served as control group. Zinc supplementation during oocytes in vitro growth significantly improved the proportion of oocytes reaching the metaphase-II stage of meiosis after subsequent standard in vitro maturation (IVM). On the contrary supplementation of IVM or embryo culture media had no effects on blastocysts rates and embryo quality, as assessed by cell number per embryo. In conclusion, zinc supplementation can greatly improve the exploitation of the ovarian reserve since it increases the meiotic competence of growing oocytes, which are usually discarded in standard IVP settings. These results are in accordance with in vivo studies in mouse, showing the detrimental effects of zinc deficiency before ovulation on subsequent maturation and embryonic development (Tian & Diaz, 2013). On the contrary, bovine fully-grown oocyte from MAF seems able to compensate for zinc absence in the in vitro culture medium.","PeriodicalId":14105,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Health, Animal science and Food safety","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91167857","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pharmacokinetics of ketamine and norketamine following intramuscular administration combined with ketamine in tigers (Panthera tigris)","authors":"F. D. Cesare, P. Cagnardi, G. Ravasio, C. Michèle, M. William, R. Villa","doi":"10.13130/2283-3927/10062","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13130/2283-3927/10062","url":null,"abstract":"In zoo practice, for physical examination or medical procedure in captive tigers, chemical immobilization is needed and ketamine (KET) in association with sedatives is an option frequently used ( Clark-Price et al., 2015 ). Aims of the study is the assessment of the pharmacokinetics of KET and its main metabolite, norketamine (NORKET), after its intramuscular administration in combination with dexmedetomidine in tigers. Nineteen adult captive tigers, from different zoos, were scheduled for periodic physical examination or diagnostic procedures at the Milan University facilities. All animals were administered with a combination of KET at 2 mg/kg and dexmedetomidine at 10 µg/kg, given intramuscularly through blowpipe darts. If necessary, tigers where re-administered with variable doses of KET and dexmedetomidine or other drugs. When animals were sufficiently sedated, blood samples were collected every 5-10 min for the time tigers were safely approachable. Nine animals were assigned to standard protocol group (KET 2 mg/kg and dexmedetomidine 10 µg/kg) and ten animals to non-standard protocol group (tigers administered with different doses of KET, 2 – 2.5 mg/kg, and dexmedetomidine 10 – 30 µg/kg or with any other necessary drug, such as titrate-to-effect propofol and isoflurane, respectively for anaesthesia induction and maintenance). Ketamine and NORKET were extracted from plasma according to a validated HPLC-UV method ( Zonca et al., 2012 ). For pharmacokinetic assessment, KET and NORKET concentrations were analysed with a noncompartmental approach (Phoenix ® 7.0, Pharsight). Differences in the pharmacokinetic parameters between groups were statistically analysed (SPSS 25.0, SPSS Inc.). This is the first study that evaluates the pharmacokinetics of KET and NORKET in tigers. Due to the harmful attitude of these animals, samples collection was limited to the period of sedation, a short time for a complete pharmacokinetic evaluation. Nevertheless, we observed a favorable kinetic profile of KET and NORKET and, from a clinical point of view, all animals showed a good recovery, no adverse effects and a good level of sedation. Standard Protocol              (mean ± s.d.) Non-Standard protocol             (mean ± s.d.) Ketamine HL_Lambda_z min 77.62 ± 54.50 76.14 ± 67.32 Tmax min 27.78 ± 7.90 49.70 ± 29.64 Cmax ug/mL 0.63 ± 0.17 0.67 ± 0.19 AUClast min*ug/mL 23.84 ±6.40* 35.97 ± 12.84* AUMClast min*min*ug/mL 802.24 ± 331.03* 2054.97 ± 1018.88* MRTlast min 32.88 ± 5.71* 54.38 ± 19.71* Norketamine Tmax min 51.89 ± 8.95* 77.10 ± 24.41* Cmax ug/mL 0.24 ± 0.07 0.23 ± 0.09 AUClast min*ug/mL 7.30 ± 3.98 11.07 ± 5.46 AUMClast min*min*ug/mL 291.94 ± 227.01* 701.87 ± 424.80* MRTlast min 36.95 ± 7.32* 58.65 ± 19.58* HL_Lambda_z = Elimination Half-Life; Tmax = Time to Maximum concentration; Cmax = Maximum Concentration; AUClast = Area Under the Curve to the last concentration; AUMClast = Area under the first Moment Curve to the last concentration ;MRTlast = Mean Resid","PeriodicalId":14105,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Health, Animal science and Food safety","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84382774","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}