International Journal of Modern Anthropology最新文献

{"title":"A historical survey of Karofi abandoned settlement, Dutsen-Ma, Katsina State, Nigeria","authors":"Zainab S. Kabir, Nadir A. Nasidi","doi":"10.4314/ijma.v2i18.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ijma.v2i18.6","url":null,"abstract":"This paper is an archaeological survey of Karofi abandoned settlement, which is located in the north-central area of Katsina State of Nigeria conducted from the 5th of January to 30th of March, 2018. Despite Karofi’s large amount of archaeological resources as the survey shows, the area receives little or no attention from researchers. Through ethnographic survey, an effort is made to examine fundamental features of the site with particular reference to the history of the early inhabitants of the area through the collection and analysis of both tangible and intangible remains using an archaeological survey of site. Among the finds identified in this survey are: house and granary foundations, collapsed defensive walls, grinding stones, dye pits, potsherds, remnants of iron slags, cave and rock shelters, among others. The paper suggests that when closely studied, Karofi abandoned settlement will yield great archaeological results.","PeriodicalId":14088,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Modern Anthropology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49450044","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Research problems in Biological Anthropology: Flaws in sampling and in methods of results analysis","authors":"H. Chaabani","doi":"10.4314/ijma.v2i17.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ijma.v2i17.8","url":null,"abstract":"Anthropology has as ambition the study of the whole of humanity. It includes several specialties and sub-specialties that, despite their differences, offer an overall perspective that requires a holistic research approach. In Biological Anthropology, one of its specialties, anthropologists study biological variations in contemporary human populations in order to reveal their characteristics and their genetic relationships and to try, on the basis of analysis of these variations and those revealed in human fossils, to trace the evolution of human lineage through time. In this report, I provide an overview of some research major problems met in biological anthropology. I evoke especially the problems of the use of uncertain results analysis methods and those of incorrect samplings. In addition to the presentation of these problems and their consequences I present alternatives and suitable solutions. I also explain how some classic considerations resulting from some of these problems could hinder scientific progress in the topic in question. Hence, I believe it is time to avoid these problems, to eradicate the resulting considerations and to follow the most realistic research tracks.","PeriodicalId":14088,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Modern Anthropology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48285725","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Iberian-Tartessian semi-syllabary: possible evolution from Lineal Megalithic/Paleolithic Scripts and the Mother Goddess Religion","authors":"A. Arnaiz-Villena, José Palacio-Gruber, V. Ruíz-del-Valle, Alba Heras-Garcia, M. Molina-Alejandre, Fabio Suarez-Trujillo","doi":"10.4314/ijma.v2i17.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ijma.v2i17.6","url":null,"abstract":"Paleolithic/Neolithic (Megalithic) Lineal Scripts have been found in big or small rocks with or without megalithic context. Huelva (South West Spain) megalithic rocks presented engraved signs apparently contained in the Iberian-Tartessian semi-syllabary and this region is in the core of Tartessian civilization. Iberian-Tartessian scripts have been found in South West Algeria, Canary Islands and Iberia. The genesis of this type of writing may have more ancient roots than established (1st Century BC) as Strabo stated that it may be thousands of years older. The finding of the same Iberian-Tartessian signs within such a big geographic area supports that demic diffusion substitution either from East Mediterranean or Russian steppes is not found in Iberia according to physical anthropology traits and also genetic studies from different research groups from different countries: Iberians, North Africans and Canary Islanders are genetically close supporting prehistorical contacts also sustained by Sahara Desert rapid desiccation followed by people migration. On the other hand, it is difficult to understand Paleolithic /Neolithic-Megalithic Lineal rock inscriptions continuity in such a long period without a known language, considered identical or related to Iberian, or political unit unless Basque language, or similar one, was present in Paleolithic time, as suggested by some authors. Paleolithic Lineal scripts have also been found in Java (Indonesia) and South Africa. It is feasible that worldwide Mother Goddess religion which extended since Paleolithic to Neolithic/Megalithic times may be the one common certain and documented character available to blame of such a surprising unity and continuity of rock lineal engravings.","PeriodicalId":14088,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Modern Anthropology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44149116","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"“It makes me work strong”: Cannabis and cannabis use persistency in a Nigerian city","authors":"U. Ugwu","doi":"10.4314/ijma.v2i17.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ijma.v2i17.5","url":null,"abstract":"Cannabis use has been researched comprehensively, especially in the western societies. In Africa, there is also a corpus of literature on cannabis use. In Nigeria, particularly in Awka, southeast Nigeria, there is a dearth of qualitative empirical research on cannabis use among different classes of people. This study sets out to understand cannabis use motive in Awka and why cannabis users persist in using cannabis. In-depth interview (IDI) was conducted among 18 participants selected through snow balling. The interviews were conducted between November 2018 and June 2019. Data collected were transcribed and analyzed and two major themes of coping and enhancement were generated. Data showed non-medical use of the drug by the participants. Findings suggest among others that cannabis use has continued because it helps users to cope with life challenges. Also, cannabis is seen as a boost to strength among users, especially those who do jobs that demand sustained physical energy, among others, and enhancement functions users derive from it. Consequently, there is the need for practical policy to tame recreational cannabis use in this Nigerian City.","PeriodicalId":14088,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Modern Anthropology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45267926","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cumbres Mayores (Huelva, Spain): A new striking Megalith complex and its incise Lineal Megalithic and Tartessian Scripts","authors":"A. Arnaiz-Villena, José Palacio-Gruber, Valentin Ruiz-del Valle, Alejandro Sánchez-Orta, Christian Vaquero-Yuste, Fabio Suarez-Trujillo","doi":"10.4314/ijma.v2i17.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ijma.v2i17.4","url":null,"abstract":"A big megalithic complex has been described at Cumbres Mayores (Huelva, Spain): it is composed of menhirs, a cromlech and some other not yet fully studied structures. Lineal Megalithic Scripts are present both on the rocks and the menhirs which also contain figure engravings. Iberian signs included within Iberian-Tartessian semi-syllabary are also found mixed with Megalithic scripts; Leisner archaeologists also noticed “Iberian Megalithic scripts” in 1951 at San Bartolomé Dolmen (Huelva). They are the same signs that also appear at a Sahara Desert cave (Ti-m Missaou, Algeria) and rocks throughout all seven Canary Islands. Lineal Megalithic Scripts have also been found in other Andalusian megaliths (dolmens) and throughout Andalusia in many big or small stones both in megalithic or non-megalithic contexts. These Iberian-Tartessian semi-syllabary signs present in a megalithic context would drive Iberian-Tartessian writing dating back to 3000 to 5000 years BP with a big geographic extension, comprising South Sahara Desert, Canary Islands and South Iberia. A political unit and a common language are not known to have existed but people from former green Sahara Area emigrated because rapid desertification after 6000 years BC and also people exchange across Gibraltar Strait exists since Prehistoric times. Finally, these Iberian-Tartessian megalithic signs are found in the core of classic Tartessian Cumbres Mayores area: this may put Tartessian civilization writing formation dating back to 5,000 - 3,000 years BC as already stated by Strabo.","PeriodicalId":14088,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Modern Anthropology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45596543","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Westernization of the African zombie in Nollywood Films","authors":"F. Endong","doi":"10.4314/ijma.v2i17.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ijma.v2i17.2","url":null,"abstract":"The Nigerian film industry (nicknamed Nollywood) has, over the years, embraced foreign influences as a form of newness and singularity. Many films produced in the industry have displayed the capacity to re-contextualize and indigenize specific forms and styles associated with the global mass culture, including Hollywood horror films and the zombie genre. Thus, there have been at least two ways of representing zombies in the Nollywood films. While most films have depicted zombies according to local African or Nigerian myths, a certain number of recently produced films have displayed representations of these undead creatures (zombies) which are visibly inspired by the Western imagination or fantasies. This thesis could well be illustrated through a critical study of two Nollywood films namely A.C. Enonchong‘s Witchdoctor of the Living Dead and Sam Perry‘s Outbreak 2020. Using the two above mentioned films as case studies, this paper specifically seeks answers to three research questions: how are Western myths about zombies different from those prevailing in the Nigerian socio-cultural space? How has the zombie filmic genre evolved in the Nigerian film industry and how are Western myths about zombies informing or reflected in selected Nollywood films?","PeriodicalId":14088,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Modern Anthropology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47262390","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The applique, an ancient decorative expression from the early societies of Cusco, Peru","authors":"Gori-Tumi Echevarría López, Luz Marina Monrroy Quiñones","doi":"10.4314/ijma.v2i17.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ijma.v2i17.3","url":null,"abstract":"This article focuses on the study of the appliques found in the archaeological site of Marcavalle, an early settlement (1100 - 700 BCE) located at the Huatanay Valley in Cusco, Peru. For this research our sample consisted of the complete collection of appliques recovered during the archaeological work at the site in 2013, on which we practiced a functional classification establishing the structural and formal parameters of this series of artifacts. The results were discussed based on comparative, chronological, and provenance data, to establish propositions for the contextual consideration of the material. We concluded that the applique is a characteristic art expression of the earliest occupation of Cusco and a standard product for ceramic manufacturing and decoration in the southern part of Peru.","PeriodicalId":14088,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Modern Anthropology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47708013","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Emergent complexity and political economy of the Houlouf polity in North Central Africa (1900 BCE-1800 CE)","authors":"A. F. Holl","doi":"10.4314/ijma.v2i17.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ijma.v2i17.1","url":null,"abstract":"Long-term socio-cultural change is a non-linear process involving demography, economy, culture, social organizations, symbols and ideas. It is generally marked by succession of social formations with different organizational requirements and “worldviews”. The concept of emergent complexity used in this paper thus refers to the punctuated shift that led to the formation of social ranking and socio-political centralization. Five successive social formations of varying duration have been reconstructed in the ca. 4000 years long development of the Houlouf polity located the Cameroonian portion of the Chadian plain: \u0000 1) – small scattered pastoral-nomadic groups; \u00002) – autonomous mixed-farming communities; \u00003) – competing and rival peer-polities; \u00004) – ranked and centralized polity – Chiefdom in local political terms -; and finally, \u00005) – paramount chiefdom – Sultanate in local political lexicon-. \u0000This paper, anchored on high resolution paleoclimatological data and changes in regional settlement location and distribution, outlines the main steps of that evolutionary process. The dimensions investigated include settlement dynamics, political economy, the production and use of material culture, as well as their connected patterns of exchange from 1900 BCE to 1800 CE. A short review of research on trade in West African archaeology shows that the study of long-distance exchange tends to focus on characterization and provenience analyses of in-coming raw materials and goods. Important as it is such an approach does not provide access to the internal dynamics of the receiving societies. This paper examines the concomitant changes in site-location, flows, distribution, and consumption of long-distance traded items, patterns of craft specialization and production intensification, showing that they were part of interlocked feed-back loops. Evidence of intensification of local production geared to export is systematically documented in their chrono-cultural contexts for the first time. These deviating/amplifying feed-back loops triggered a dynamic that resulted in the emergence of five successive social formations in the Houlouf region ca. 4000 years evolutionary sequence.","PeriodicalId":14088,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Modern Anthropology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45777119","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Visual anthropology: Changing roles in fieldwork","authors":"S. Srivastava","doi":"10.4314/ijma.v2i17.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ijma.v2i17.7","url":null,"abstract":"Visual Anthropology, the study of visual systems, is a specialized study of culture involving photographs and films. The main objective of the study is to present the chronological development and changing trends in visual anthropology. Visual anthropology has a long history started with the photography of various cultural aspects by some professional photographers, and then there was an addition of supplementary use of photographs and films in ethnographic description. Later, reflexive, participatory and dialogic movements were introduced to more depth and objective studies, which finally led to the applied interventions with the use of photo voice technique in community-based participatory research to address social, environmental and health issues and problems. The paper provides an in-depth overview of enhancement in visual techniques and methods used for communication of anthropological observations and insights applicable for human welfare.","PeriodicalId":14088,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Modern Anthropology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46629246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"COVID-19 pandemic preventive guidelines and protocols: How does this affect the Yoruba funeral rites in Nigeria","authors":"JOSEPH-OLUYEMI Adesoji, Fagbamila Olumide David, J. A. Adijat","doi":"10.4314/ijma.v2i16.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ijma.v2i16.3","url":null,"abstract":"Funeral rites are significant instrument used in expressing, reaffirming and reinforcing life after death among the Yoruba’ and its not just limited to burying the dead but involves a series of rituals that are performed prior to and after the burial depending on the circumstances that surrounds the death of the deceased, the religious affiliation and the community which the deceased belonged. This is usually marked by some form of celebration especially when the deceased is said to have lived a fulfilled life and died at a ripe old age. However, with the unprecedented COVID-19 pandemic and subsequent preventive guidelines and protocols outlined by the World Health Organization that are expected to be implemented by various governments all over the world including Nigeria, there are indications that the funeral rites may have been altered. This study therefore examined the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic preventive guidelines and protocols on the Yoruba funeral rites. In order to substantiate some of the claims presented in the study, primary data was obtained through in-depth interview from twenty (20) participants while participants were recruited through snow ball sampling method. Data retrieved was analyzed using the qualitative data analysis program ATLAS.ti version 8. Findings from the study revealed that the COVID-19 pandemic preventive guidelines and protocols affects the Yoruba funeral rites in the areas of grieving and mourning, preparation for burial, funeral service and burial as well as burial ceremony.","PeriodicalId":14088,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Modern Anthropology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47920801","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}