International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction最新文献

{"title":"Challenging the Public Stigma of Alcohol Use Disorder in the UK Using Video 'Education' and 'Contact' Interventions: A Pilot Study.","authors":"Sophie Hytner, Daphne Josselin, David Belin, Owen Bowden Jones","doi":"10.1007/s11469-024-01393-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11469-024-01393-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Public stigma negatively impacts people with alcohol use disorder; yet, few interventions exist to reduce it. This quasi-randomised controlled pilot study aimed to evaluate the feasibility and efficacy of three such interventions. Participants (539 UK-based adults) watched a video presenting myths and facts about AUD ('education'), personal testimonies about AUD ('contact'), a combination of both ('education and contact') or a control video. Feasibility was assessed by examining recruitment capability, study retention and data quality, and participant satisfaction with the study's procedures and interventions. Efficacy was assessed using self-report, public stigma measures issued at pre-test, post-test and 1-month follow-up. Stigma reduced significantly more in the intervention groups than in the control group at post-test and follow-up. Feasibility was generally high, though could be improved by shortening video length and enhancing video production quality. Education and contact videos are promising interventions for public AUD stigma, and merit further investigation.</p><p><strong>Supplementary information: </strong>The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11469-024-01393-y.</p>","PeriodicalId":14083,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction","volume":"24 1","pages":"66-91"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12886277/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146165345","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Craving for a Robust Methodology: A Systematic Review of Machine Learning Algorithms on Substance-Use Disorders Treatment Outcomes.","authors":"Bernardo Paim de Mattos, Christian Mattjie, Rafaela Ravazio, Rodrigo C Barros, Rodrigo Grassi-Oliveira","doi":"10.1007/s11469-024-01403-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-024-01403-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Substance use disorders (SUDs) pose significant mental health challenges due to their chronic nature, health implications, impact on quality of life, and variability of treatment response. This systematic review critically examines the application of machine learning (ML) algorithms in predicting and analyzing treatment outcomes in SUDs. Conducting a thorough search across PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science, we identified 28 studies that met our inclusion criteria from an initial pool of 362 articles. The MI-CLAIM and CHARMS instruments were utilized for methodological quality and bias assessment. Reviewed studies encompass an array of SUDs, mainly opioids, cocaine, and alcohol use, predicting outcomes such as treatment adherence, relapse, and severity assessment. Our analysis reveals a significant potential of ML models in enhancing predictive accuracy and clinical decision-making in SUD treatment. However, we also identify critical gaps in methodological consistency, transparency, and external validation among the studies reviewed. Our review underscores the necessity for standardized protocols and best practices in applying ML within SUD while providing recommendations and guidelines for future research.</p><p><strong>Supplementary information: </strong>The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11469-024-01403-z.</p>","PeriodicalId":14083,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction","volume":"24 2","pages":"1090-1117"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13139223/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147837557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Controlled Use of Cannabis Among Young Adults in Los Angeles Across Changes in Cannabis Policies.","authors":"Stephen E Lankenau, Janna Ataiants, Mark Prince, Ekaterina Fedorova, Bridgid M Conn, Emily Ansell, Carolyn F Wong","doi":"10.1007/s11469-025-01608-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11469-025-01608-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The availability of cannabis has increased due to expanding legalization of cannabis across the USA. Controlled use of cannabis - rules by cannabis users that limit use - is a significant but understudied area in the present policy environment, particularly among young adults. A prospective Los Angeles-based cohort aged 18-26 who used cannabis in the past 90 days was assessed during eight survey waves across 9 years. Four discrete waves were analyzed: wave 1 (2014-2015/medical only policy, <i>n</i> = 366), wave 4 (2017-2018/transition to adult use policy, <i>n</i> = 275), wave 5 (2019-2020/adult use policy, <i>n</i> = 241), and wave 8 (2022-2023/adult use policy, <i>n</i> = 193). Five rules of controlled cannabis use were used as indicators in a latent class analysis. Two discrete latent classes - Controlled and Uncontrolled - emerged and became more distinct over time. The Uncontrolled class was a majority across all waves. Probabilities for two rules of controlled use - \"no school/work\" or \"no driving\" under the influence - increased overtime, and one rule - \"stopping cannabis use\" - decreased during the transition to legalized adult use. The Controlled class, which consistently practiced more rules, used less cannabis across all waves and had lower problematic cannabis use in waves 1, 4, and 5 compared to the Uncontrolled class.</p>","PeriodicalId":14083,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12799194/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145970843","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mental Health Care for Patients with Opioid Use Disorder and Methamphetamine Use in Methadone Maintenance Treatment: Experiences and Perspectives.","authors":"Huyen Pham, Chunqing Lin, Diep Bich Nguyen, Larissa J Mooney, Giang Minh Le, Steven J Shoptaw, Hai Van Truong, Yih-Ing Hser","doi":"10.1007/s11469-025-01616-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11469-025-01616-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Untreated co-occurring mental health disorders (MHD) and substance use disorders (SUD) are associated with negative treatment outcomes. This study explored the experiences and perspectives of patients with opioid use disorder (OUD) who were using methamphetamine while undergoing methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) regarding barriers and facilitators to accessing MHD services. We conducted 30 in-depth interviews with MMT participants with varying levels of MHD severity, assessed using the 21-item Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scale (DASS-21). Barriers to seeking MHD services included lack of awareness, fear of additional stigma and extra burden to families, unaddressed poly-substance use, and lack of specialized professionals. Benefits of integrating MHD services into MMT clinics included improved diagnosis, streamlined referrals, and reduced logistical challenges. Key facilitators identified included supportive family members, healthcare professionals, and digital platforms. Integrating MHD care into MMT, emphasizing family involvement, staff training, and digital platforms, holds promise to improve MHD diagnosis, referral, and treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":14083,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12811026/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145998272","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gender Differences in Cannabis as a Mediator Between Distress Factors and Non-Fatal Suicidal Behaviors.","authors":"Nawar Nayeem, McKenna Walsh, Jennifer Bello-Kottenstette, Erick Messias, Ping-I Lin","doi":"10.1007/s11469-025-01570-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11469-025-01570-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Emerging evidence suggests gender-based heterogeneity in suicide risk associated with cannabis use, while the role of cannabis in gender-dependent suicide risk is elusive. The objective of the present study is to determine whether cannabis use contributes differently to the pathway from depression or pain conditions to non-fatal suicidal behaviors (e.g., suicidal ideation, plans, or attempts) in men versus women. We analyzed the data that was extracted from the National Survey of Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) from 2020 to 2022 during the COVID-19 pandemic. Mediation analysis was conducted using a causal framework to assess the mediating role of cannabis in the association between depression, pain conditions, and suicide ideation/plan/attempt in two gender groups. A sample of 93,743 individuals aged 18-50 years participated in the NSDUH survey. Mediation analysis revealed that cannabis use mediated a greater proportion of the effect of depression on suicidal ideation (2.3%) and attempts (1.7%) in women compared to men (1.2% and 1.0%, respectively). Similarly, cannabis appears to mediate 12.5% (95% CI 0.081-0.272) of the effect of pain conditions on suicidal ideation in women versus 5.9% (95% CI 0.038-0.128) in men. These findings suggest that cannabis has a greater mediating impact in non-fatal suicidal behaviors for women than men, particularly in the context of depression and pain conditions. Tailored interventions addressing cannabis use as a self-medication strategy, especially for women, are critical for suicide prevention.</p>","PeriodicalId":14083,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12858094/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146105362","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How Does Poverty Stigma Affect Depression Symptoms for Women Living with HIV? Longitudinal Mediating and Moderating Mechanisms.","authors":"Bulent Turan, Mirjam-Colette Kempf, Deborah Konkle-Parker, Tracey E Wilson, Phyllis C Tien, Gina Wingood, Torsten B Neilands, Mallory O Johnson, Carmen H Logie, Sheri D Weiser, Janet M Turan","doi":"10.1007/s11469-023-01147-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11469-023-01147-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>In a sample of women living with HIV, we examined whether individual traits fear of negative evaluation and resilience moderate the internalization of poverty stigma that these women experience from others. We also examined the downstream effects of these processes on depression symptoms using moderated serial mediation analyses.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Data were collected annually for 4 years (2016-2020; T1, T2, T3, and T4) from 369 women living with HIV at 4 US cities using validated measures. Moderation effects were evaluated examining simple slopes at one standard deviation above and below the mean of the moderator. In all mediation analyses utilizing bootstrapping, we used the independent variable measured at T1, the mediators measured at subsequent visits (T2 and T3), and the outcome at the last visit (T4) to preserve the temporal sequence among the independent variable, mediators, and outcome variable. We also adjusted for T1 values of all mediators and outcome variables in analyses.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Women with stronger fears of negative evaluation by others or lower dispositional resilience had stronger associations between experienced poverty stigma and internalized poverty stigma. Internalized poverty stigma (T2) mediated the association between experienced poverty stigma (T1) and depression symptoms (T4); this mediated association was moderated by fear of negative evaluation and resilience (T1). Finally, internalized poverty stigma (T2) and avoidance coping (T3) were serial mediators in the association between experienced poverty stigma (T1) and depression symptoms (T4), moderated by fear of negative evaluation and resilience.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Understanding factors that minimize internalization of stigma and buffer its negative effects on mental health can inform interventions to improve health outcomes of individuals with stigmatized conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":14083,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction","volume":" ","pages":"946-963"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12311801/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42329527","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hazardous Drinking and Cannabis Use in Military Veterans: Comparative Associations with Risk for Suicidal and Non-Suicidal Self-Injury.","authors":"Jeremy L Grove, Jean C Beckham, Patrick S Calhoun, Eric A Dedert, Mary J Pugh, Nathan A Kimbrel","doi":"10.1007/s11469-025-01453-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-025-01453-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Alcohol and cannabis use are each associated with suicidal thoughts and behaviors and nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) in military veterans, but less is known with regard to concurrent use. The present study compared U.S. veterans (<i>N</i> = 1098; 78% male, 67% White) who in the past year engaged in hazardous drinking (HD only), cannabis use (CU only), or concurrent use (HD + CU), or used neither substance (comparison group), on past-year suicidal ideation, elevated risk for suicidal behavior, and past-year NSSI.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Veterans completed questionnaires on sociodemographics, psychiatric and substance use history, and self-directed violence via a mailed self-report survey.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Independent of covariates, HD + CU related to greater odds of past-year suicidal ideation relative to the CU only and comparison group, and greater odds of elevated risk for suicidal behavior relative to all groups. The HD only group related to greater odds of past-year suicidal ideation relative to the comparison group. Contrary to expectations, CU only did not relate to greater odds of any suicide-related outcomes. As for NSSI, both CU only and HD + CU related to greater odds of past-year NSSI relative to the HD only and comparison group.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Concurrent use may increase odds of suicide-related outcomes in veterans relative to single use alone, whereas cannabis use may confer risk for NSSI regardless of if used concurrently with alcohol. These differential associations may suggest distinct mechanisms of risk for self-directed violence in veterans based on substance type (e.g., alcohol vs. cannabis) and use practice (single vs. concurrent use).</p>","PeriodicalId":14083,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12382343/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144953297","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Patterns of Substance Use Among Street-Involved Children and Youth in Kenya: the Roles of Street-Exposure, Migratory Factors, Family Deprivation, and Geographic Sub-location.","authors":"Michael L Goodman, Sarah Seidel, Andrew Springer, Christine Markham, Aaron Godoy, Lauren Raimer-Goodman, Kelvin Munene, Stanley Gitari","doi":"10.1007/s11469-023-01115-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11469-023-01115-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Substance use among street-involved children and youth (SICY) in low- and middle-income countries is common. Using data abstracted from program intake forms (2016-2022) for an intervention to reintegrate SICY with their communities, we assess which individual, family, and geographic characteristics are predictive of substance use, and specifically inhalant use and non-inhalant use among a sample of 227 SICY in Meru County, Kenya. Assessed determinants include age, geographic location of home community, years on street, family deprivation prior to street-migrating, motivation for street migrating, abuse experiences on the street, and activities on the street. Number of years lived on the street, experiencing abuse on the street, and citing peer-self relations as the reason for street migration were all associated with significantly higher odds of reporting substance use, and inhalant use specifically. Inhalant use was also significantly associated with peer socialization and specific street activities. Further research should explore the role of peer-self dynamics in substance use among SICY and how it can inform approaches to reintegrating children from street situations and sustaining their development in non-street environments.</p>","PeriodicalId":14083,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction","volume":" ","pages":"329-343"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11957461/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44049759","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efficacy of Continuous Theta Burst Stimulation to the Pre-supplementary Motor Area in Gambling Disorder: a Randomized Double-Blind Controlled Trial.","authors":"Stefano Pallanti, Joan A Camprodon, Michele Di Ponzio, Nikos Makris","doi":"10.1007/s11469-023-01120-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11469-023-01120-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Gambling disorder (GD) is a condition constituting a public health concern due to its impactful detrimental consequences for affected individuals and its very high social costs. Given the lack of FDA-approved treatments, novel non-pharmacological interventions are warranted. In this double-blind randomized controlled trial, we aimed to investigate the effects of continuous Theta Burst Stimulation (cTBS) in patients with GD. Twenty-nine patients with a diagnosis of GD were included and randomly assigned to active or sham condition. In the active condition, participants received 10 sessions of cTBS over pre-SMA bilaterally. Patients were evaluated at baseline and at the end of treatment with the Pathological Gambling version of the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (PG-YBOCS) as primary outcome measure, and with the following secondary measures: Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAM-A), Hamilton Depression Scale (HAM-D), Gambling Urges Scale (GUS), Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-11), Sheehan Disability Scale (SDS), Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND). A two-way repeated measures ANOVA revealed a significant \"group\" × \"time\" interaction for PG-YBOCS and GUS measures. Within group comparisons revealed that PG-YBOCS scores (<i>p</i><.001) and GUS scores (<i>p</i><.001) improved significantly in the group receiving the active stimulation, and positively correlated with a reduction of gambling-related disability, as measured with the SDS. This study shows that cTBS could be an effective treatment for GD, since it reduces one of its main dimensions: craving. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03669315.</p>","PeriodicalId":14083,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction","volume":" ","pages":"410-419"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13089355/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48973583","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Management of Amphetamine and Methamphetamine Use Disorders: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis of Randomized Trials.","authors":"Malahat Khalili, Behnam Sadeghirad, Paxton Bach, Alexis Crabtree, Sara Javadi, Erfan Sadeghi, Sara Moradi, Fatemeh Mirzayeh Fashami, Mehran Nakhaeizadeh, Sahar Salehi, Ahmad Sofi-Mahmudi, Naser Nasiri, Soheil Mehmandoost, Soroush Moallef, Shahryar Moradi Falah Langeroodi, Jessica Moe, Mark Lysyshyn, Dan Werb, Jane A Buxton, Mohammad Karamouzian","doi":"10.1007/s11469-024-01379-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11469-024-01379-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The current evidence regarding effective management of methamphetamine and amphetamine (MA/A) use disorders is inconclusive. Therefore, we assessed the comparative benefits and tolerability of pharmacological, psychosocial, and harm reduction interventions for management of MA/A use disorders. We searched six electronic databases for randomized controlled trials of any pharmacological, psychosocial, or harm reduction interventions in adults with MA/A use disorders. We performed a random-effects frequentist network meta-analysis and used the GRADE approach to assess the certainty of evidence. We included 72 randomized trials (6836 participants). Low certainty evidence suggests quetiapine may extend abstinence compared to placebo [risk ratio (RR) 3.17 (95% confidence intervals (CI), 1.24 to 8.07)] and weekly average proportion of patients with negative urine samples [mean difference (MD) 32.17 (95% CI, 14.08 to 50.26)]. Low certainty evidence also suggested that riluzole may be associated with a higher weekly average proportion of patients with negative urine samples [MD 24.10 (95% CI, 5.54 to 42.66)]. Very low certainty evidence suggests methylphenidate alone [compared to placebo MD 10.24 (95% CI, 3.49 to 16.99)] or in combination with matrix model [MD 23.55 (95% CI, 7.64 to 39.46)] may be associated with an increased weekly average proportion of patients with negative urine samples. Compared to placebo, contingency management alone [MD 21.20 (95% CI, 11.39 to 31.00), very low certainty] or in combination with cognitive behavioural therapy [MD 34.85 (95% CI, 19.63 to 50.08), very low certainty] may be associated with longer duration of abstinence. Compared to placebo, venlafaxine [RR 0.27 (95% CI 0.08 to 0.90), low certainty] and citicoline [RR 0.69 (95% CI 0.49 to 0.99), lowcertainty] may be among the most tolerable interventions. Very few interventions may be associated with slight improvement in certain outcomes, but no intervention showed moderate- to high-certainty evidence for important changes across any patient-important outcomes.</p><p><strong>Supplementary information: </strong>The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11469-024-01379-w.</p>","PeriodicalId":14083,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction","volume":"23 6","pages":"4768-4786"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12698752/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145756650","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}