Optics + Photonics for Sustainable Energy最新文献_第10页

Degradation of back surface acrylic mirrors for low concentration and mirror-augmented photovoltaics 低浓度和镜面增强型光伏电池用丙烯酸后视镜的降解

Optics + Photonics for Sustainable Energy Pub Date : 2012-10-16 DOI: 10.1117/12.930102

M. P. Murray, L. Bruckman, Devin A. Gordon, S. Richardson, Greg S. Reinbolt, M. Schuetz, R. French

{"title":"Degradation of back surface acrylic mirrors for low concentration and mirror-augmented photovoltaics","authors":"M. P. Murray, L. Bruckman, Devin A. Gordon, S. Richardson, Greg S. Reinbolt, M. Schuetz, R. French","doi":"10.1117/12.930102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.930102","url":null,"abstract":"Back-surface acrylic mirrors can be used in low concentration and mirror augmented photovoltaics (LCPV, MAPV) to increase the irradiance on a module. Back-surface mirrors can spectrally filter incoming solar radiation reducing the ultraviolet (UV) and infrared (IR) load on the module, while useful radiation is coupled into a module or photovoltaic cell. Degradation of these mirrors can occur from UV induced photodegradative processes and metallization corrosion. Environmental stresses such as humidity, thermal cycling and exposure to corrosive substances can cause an increase in scattering, reducing mirror performance. In order to increase the lifetime and durability of back-surface acrylic mirrors a better understanding of the degradation modes is necessary. In a study of acrylic back-surface mirrors for LCPV and MAPV applications, optical properties and bidirectional scattering distribution functions (BSDF) were investigated and correlated to simulated exposure protocols. Formulations of Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) with differing concentration of UV absorbers were used for the aluminum backsurface acrylic mirrors. The formulations of aluminum back-surface acrylic mirrors were exposed in a QUV accelerated weathering tester (QLabs) to ASTM G154 Cycle 4. Total and diffuse reflectance spectra were measured for each mirror under exposure using a diffuse reflectance accessory (DRA) from 180-1800 nm on a Varian Cary 6000i at defined dose intervals. The total reflectance losses in the 250-400 nm region were greater and diffuse-only reflectance increased for formulations of acrylic mirrors that contained the least amount of UV stabilizer after each dose of QUV exposure. Acrylic back-surface mirrors were exposed to salt fog corrosion and QUV and were analyzed using BSDF. There was an increase in scattering from roughening of the mirror surface after exposure to the corrosive environment.","PeriodicalId":140444,"journal":{"name":"Optics + Photonics for Sustainable Energy","volume":"67 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128639702","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 5

Interdependency of mechanical failure rate of encapsulated solar cells and module design parameters 封装太阳能电池机械故障率与组件设计参数的相互依赖性

Optics + Photonics for Sustainable Energy Pub Date : 2012-10-16 DOI: 10.1117/12.929289

S. Dietrich, M. Sander, M. Pander, M. Ebert

{"title":"Interdependency of mechanical failure rate of encapsulated solar cells and module design parameters","authors":"S. Dietrich, M. Sander, M. Pander, M. Ebert","doi":"10.1117/12.929289","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.929289","url":null,"abstract":"In recent studies the mechanical reliability of encapsulated solar cells was numerically investigated. A finite element model of a solar module with all essential components, such as cells, polymer layers and frame was created. The principle stress field in each solar cell was calculated by exposing the module to distributed pressure loads on the glass surface. By means of a probabilistic approach based on the Weibull distribution function and the size effect the stress field was evaluated and the probability of failure of each solar cell was calculated. This approach is new in the reliability evaluation of encapsulated solar cells and can enhance the module design process. Two fundamental studies were carried out varying the mounting and frame as well as the encapsulant and its thickness. The results show that there is an interdependency between the stiffness of the frame section and the type of mounting. Furthermore the recommendation for an appropriate frame and mounting selection can change if the magnitude of the load changes. It was found that there is a correlation between the stiffness of the encapsulant and the fundamental mechanical behavior of the module laminate. For high stiffness values a sandwich behavior is dominant whereas for small stiffness values a laminate behavior with shear deformation is dominant. This results in contrary thickness recommendations for different encapsulants as well as temperatures. For high stiffness values respectively low temperatures a thin encapsulant is advantageous whereas for low stiffness values at high temperatures a thick encapsulant would be better.","PeriodicalId":140444,"journal":{"name":"Optics + Photonics for Sustainable Energy","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121232629","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 28

Examination of a size-change test for photovoltaic encapsulation materials 光伏封装材料尺寸变化试验的检验

Optics + Photonics for Sustainable Energy Pub Date : 2012-08-01 DOI: 10.1117/12.929796

David C. Miller, X. Gu, Liang Ji, G. Kelly, N. Nickel, Paul Norum, T. Shioda, G. Tamizhmani, J. Wohlgemuth

{"title":"Examination of a size-change test for photovoltaic encapsulation materials","authors":"David C. Miller, X. Gu, Liang Ji, G. Kelly, N. Nickel, Paul Norum, T. Shioda, G. Tamizhmani, J. Wohlgemuth","doi":"10.1117/12.929796","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.929796","url":null,"abstract":"We examine a proposed test standard that can be used to evaluate the maximum representative change in linear dimensions of sheet encapsulation products for photovoltaic modules (resulting from their thermal processing). The proposed protocol is part of a series of material-level tests being developed within Working Group 2 of the Technical Committee 82 of the International Electrotechnical Commission. The characterization tests are being developed to aid module design (by identifying the essential characteristics that should be communicated on a datasheet), quality control (via internal material acceptance and process control), and failure analysis. Discovery and interlaboratory experiments were used to select particular parameters for the size-change test. The choice of a sand substrate and aluminum carrier is explored relative to other options. The temperature uniformity of ±5°C for the substrate was confirmed using thermography. Considerations related to the heating device (hot-plate or oven) are explored. The time duration of 5 minutes was identified from the time-series photographic characterization of material specimens (EVA, ionomer, PVB, TPO, and TPU). The test procedure was revised to account for observed effects of size and edges. The interlaboratory study identified typical size-change characteristics, and also verified the absolute reproducibility of ±5% between laboratories.","PeriodicalId":140444,"journal":{"name":"Optics + Photonics for Sustainable Energy","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129542267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Firefighter safety and photovoltaic installations research project 消防安全和光伏装置研究项目

Optics + Photonics for Sustainable Energy Pub Date : 2011-11-29 DOI: 10.1117/12.965313

R. Backstrom, D. Dini

{"title":"Firefighter safety and photovoltaic installations research project","authors":"R. Backstrom, D. Dini","doi":"10.1117/12.965313","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.965313","url":null,"abstract":"Under the United States Department of Homeland Security (DHS) Assistance to Fire Fighters grant, UL LLC examined fire service concerns of photovoltaic (PV) systems. These concerns included firefighter vulnerability to electrical and casualty hazards when mitigating a fire involving photovoltaic (PV) modules systems. Findings include: 1. The electric shock hazard due to application of water is dependent on voltage, water conductivity, distance and spray pattern of the suppression stream. 2. Outdoor weather exposure rated electrical enclosures are not resistant to water penetration by fire hose streams. 3. Firefighter’s gloves and boots afford limited protection against electrical shock provided the insulating surface is intact and dry. 4. “Turning off” an array is not a simple matter of opening a disconnect switch. 5. Tarps offer varying degrees of effectiveness. 6. Fire equipment scene lighting and exposure fires may illuminate PV systems sufficiently to cause a lock-on hazard. 7. Severely damaged PV arrays are capable of producing hazardous conditions. 8. Damage to modules from tools may result in both electrical and fire hazards. 9. Severing of conductors in both metal and plastic conduit results in electrical and fire hazards. 10. Responding personnel must stay away from the roofline in the event of modules or sections of an array sliding off the roof. 11. Fires under an array but above the roof may breach roofing materials and decking allowing fire to propagate into the attic space. Several tactical considerations were developed utilizing the data from the experiments.","PeriodicalId":140444,"journal":{"name":"Optics + Photonics for Sustainable Energy","volume":"207 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133034805","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 38

Impact of polymer stabilization compounds in EVA encapsulation foils on long-term module performance EVA封装箔中聚合物稳定化合物对模块长期性能的影响

Optics + Photonics for Sustainable Energy Pub Date : 2011-09-21 DOI: 10.1117/12.894616

I. Sinicco, T. Schuhmacher, K. Proost

引用次数: 2

PVRessQ!: a research activity on reliability of PV systems from an user's viewpoint in Japan PVRessQ !:从用户角度对日本光伏系统可靠性的研究活动

Optics + Photonics for Sustainable Energy Pub Date : 2011-09-21 DOI: 10.1117/12.896135

K. Kato

引用次数: 25

Self-assembly as a design tool for the integration of photonic structures into excitonic solar cells 自组装作为光子结构集成到激子太阳能电池的设计工具

Optics + Photonics for Sustainable Energy Pub Date : 2011-09-20 DOI: 10.1117/12.893798

S. Guldin, P. Docampo, S. Hüttner, P. Kohn, M. Stefik, H. Snaith, U. Wiesner, U. Steiner

{"title":"Self-assembly as a design tool for the integration of photonic structures into excitonic solar cells","authors":"S. Guldin, P. Docampo, S. Hüttner, P. Kohn, M. Stefik, H. Snaith, U. Wiesner, U. Steiner","doi":"10.1117/12.893798","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.893798","url":null,"abstract":"One way to successfully enhance light harvesting of excitonic solar cells is the integration of optical elements that increase the photon path length in the light absorbing layer. Device architectures which incorporate structural order in form of one- or three-dimensional refractive index lattices can lead to the localization of light in specific parts of the spectrum, while retaining the cell's transparency in others. Herein, we present two routes for the integration of photonic crystals (PCs) into dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs). In both cases, the self-assembly of soft matter plays a key role in the fabrication process of the TiO2 electrode. One approach relies on a combination of colloidal self-assembly and the self-assembly of block copolymers, resulting in a double layer dye-sensitized solar cell with increased light absorption from the 3D PC element. An alternative route is based on the fact that the refractive index of the mesoporous layer can be finely tuned by the interplay between block copolymer self-assembly and hydrolytic TiO2 sol-gel chemistry. Alternating deposition of high and low refractive index layers enables the integration of a 1D PC into a DSC.","PeriodicalId":140444,"journal":{"name":"Optics + Photonics for Sustainable Energy","volume":"101 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116096874","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 5

Advances in spectral conversion for photovoltaics: up-converting Er3+ doped YF3 nano-crystals in transparent glass ceramic 光电光谱转换的研究进展:透明玻璃陶瓷中Er3+掺杂YF3纳米晶体的上转换

Optics + Photonics for Sustainable Energy Pub Date : 2011-09-20 DOI: 10.1117/12.897526

J. Marqués-Hueso, Daqin Chen, S. K. W. MacDougall, Yuansheng Wang, B. Richards

{"title":"Advances in spectral conversion for photovoltaics: up-converting Er3+ doped YF3 nano-crystals in transparent glass ceramic","authors":"J. Marqués-Hueso, Daqin Chen, S. K. W. MacDougall, Yuansheng Wang, B. Richards","doi":"10.1117/12.897526","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.897526","url":null,"abstract":"Up- and down-conversion (UC, DC) constitute two singular routes to achieve improved energy harvesting of sunlight by changing its shape of the solar spectrum. To obtain a significant conversion rate two main challenges have to be overcome: i) the excited lanthanide ions have to emit efficiently, a target which has been better accomplished for DC materials; ii) the absorption in the lanthanide-based UC and DC layers has to be high to ensure a sizeable fraction of photons can be harvested. In this paper, we review such materials and their use as spectral converters for photovoltaics (PV), paying special attention to the UC and DC processes in lanthanide glasses in fluoride matrices. We discuss the challenges that need to be overcome in order to implement these materials in real PV devices. Finally, we will present the synthesis of erbium (Er3+) doped YF3 nano-crystals embedded in transparent glass ceramic (TGC) by melt quenching. This material presents a low phonon energy environment for the Er3+ ions due to the fluoride crystals, while the silica glass provides chemical and mechanical stability to the compound.","PeriodicalId":140444,"journal":{"name":"Optics + Photonics for Sustainable Energy","volume":"106 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132221132","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 3

Design and performance of a low-cost acrylic reflector for a ~7x concentrating photovoltaic module 用于~7倍聚光光伏组件的低成本丙烯酸反射器的设计与性能

Optics + Photonics for Sustainable Energy Pub Date : 2011-09-19 DOI: 10.1117/12.897763

K. Shell, Scott A. Brown, M. Schuetz, R. Davis, R. French

引用次数: 6

Hydrogen photo-production from ethanol on TiO2: a surface science and catalysis study 二氧化钛上乙醇光制氢:表面科学与催化研究

Optics + Photonics for Sustainable Energy Pub Date : 2011-09-19 DOI: 10.1117/12.895450

A. M. Nadeem, J. Muir, G. Waterhouse, H. Idriss

{"title":"Hydrogen photo-production from ethanol on TiO2: a surface science and catalysis study","authors":"A. M. Nadeem, J. Muir, G. Waterhouse, H. Idriss","doi":"10.1117/12.895450","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.895450","url":null,"abstract":"In this work we present an overview of the photo-reaction of ethanol over the surface of TiO2 (110) single crystal under photo-excitation and compare it to that over Au/TiO2 nano-particle. Over rutile TiO2(110) surface ethanol is present mainly in ethoxide (CH3CH2O(a)) form at 300K as evidenced by the presence of XPS C1s peak at 286.5 eV due to the -CH2-O(a) function; (a) for adsorbed. DFT computation of the same system indicated that the surface coverage is 50% or less in line with previous experimental results [1]. Exposing a pre-dosed surface to UV light in presence of oxygen resulted in the formation of acetaldehyde (CH3CHO(g); (g) for gas phase) with the extent of reaction depending on the square root of the O2 pressure in the 10-10 - 10-6torr range. Over the Au/TiO2 powder system we have focused the attention on the production of hydrogen as the oxidation of ethanol of ethanol to acetaldehyde has been previously studied [2]. The reaction is found to be sensitive to the polymorph nature of TiO2 with anatase showing two orders of magnitudes higher activity than rutile. We have also addressed the TiO2 particle size effect on the reaction and found that the TiO2 particles, in the 150 to 10 nm range, to have the same reactivity.","PeriodicalId":140444,"journal":{"name":"Optics + Photonics for Sustainable Energy","volume":"89 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130684403","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 7