International Journal of Machine Tools & Manufacture最新文献

{"title":"Nonlinear dynamic modeling of trochoidal milling with engagement loss-induced time-varying delay","authors":"Yuwen Sun ,&nbsp;Zhaoliang Li ,&nbsp;Jinbo Niu ,&nbsp;Shuoxue Sun ,&nbsp;Jinting Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.ijmachtools.2026.104377","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijmachtools.2026.104377","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Engagement loss is a geometric-temporal switching mechanism that renders the chip thickness evolution nonsmooth and the delay state dependent and time-varying, thereby acting as a system nonlinearity. However, prior research has predominantly relied on regenerative chatter theory while neglecting the effect of cutter-workpiece engagement loss, resulting in inaccurate dynamic models for trochoidal milling. This paper develops a precise dynamic model for trochoidal milling that incorporates engagement loss effects and enables analysis of process nonlinear dynamics. First, the characteristics of the double trochoidal path are analyzed, and the mechanism by which engagement loss arises during milling is elucidated. On the basis of the above analysis, a novel numerical method is proposed to accurately calculate engagement loss rate resulting from variations in cutter-workpiece engagement conditions. Subsequently, a nonlinear dynamic model for trochoidal milling is developed using a time-domain simulation approach, which incorporates both time-varying delay and engagement loss effects. An adaptive prediction time-domain algorithm is then introduced, utilizing slope guidance to iteratively predict the initial axial depth of cut. The algorithm significantly narrows the search range for stability boundaries and enhances computational efficiency. Finally, the proposed model is validated through horizontal spiral and trochoidal milling experiments and compared with classical stability predictions. Results indicate that engagement loss reduces the overlap of regenerative waviness and modulates the effective delay, which weakens or intermittently breaks the regenerative loop and thereby raises the stability limit. The proposed time-varying mixed-delay dynamic model predicts milling stability with high accuracy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14011,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Machine Tools & Manufacture","volume":"216 ","pages":"Article 104377"},"PeriodicalIF":18.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146160875","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nanocutting mechanism of multi-layered metallic nanowires","authors":"Yuting Ye ,&nbsp;Huan Liu ,&nbsp;Yongda Yan ,&nbsp;Yanquan Geng","doi":"10.1016/j.ijmachtools.2026.104376","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijmachtools.2026.104376","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Structural precision is a pivotal determinant of the performance and reliability of nanodevices, and achieving high-precision fabrication is the core objective of the nanofabrication field. Nanocutting opens up novel avenues for constructing intricate nanostructures, exhibiting extensive application prospects. However, the micro-deformation behaviour during this process is characterized by strong coupling of multi-scale and multi-mechanism features, and its formation and evolution mechanisms remain insufficiently elucidated. In particular, the impact of strain rate on the stress distributions at heterogeneous interfaces and the cooperative deformation mechanism still lack systematic investigation. In this study, Au/Ag/Au nanowires are employed as the research subject, to systematically reveal the influence mechanisms of cutting direction and strain rate on atomic-scale evolution behaviours. The results indicate that morphological evolution is dominated by anisotropic constraint mechanisms, and that the cutting orientation directly dictates the variations in stress-release pathways. Under high strain rates, the stress distribution within the Ag layer becomes significantly non-uniform, triggering crack initiation at the Au/Ag interface and leading to pronounced strain localization. Concurrently, interlayer atomic migration manifests as a thermo-mechanical-defect-coupled driving process, in which strain-rate-induced dislocations serve as high-speed “pipe diffusion” channels. This research systematically clarifies the intrinsic correlation between the instability behaviour and interlayer diffusion in multi-layer metal systems under high strain rates, providing a theoretical foundation for the deterministic machining of nanostructures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14011,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Machine Tools & Manufacture","volume":"216 ","pages":"Article 104376"},"PeriodicalIF":18.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146152942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Online time-optimal trajectory planning along parametric toolpaths with strict constraint satisfaction and certifiable feasibility guarantee","authors":"Yunan Wang,&nbsp;Chuxiong Hu,&nbsp;Yuanshenglong Li,&nbsp;Jichuan Yu,&nbsp;Jizhou Yan,&nbsp;Yixuan Liang,&nbsp;Zhao Jin","doi":"10.1016/j.ijmachtools.2025.104355","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijmachtools.2025.104355","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As a fundamental technique in computer numerical control (CNC) machining, time-optimal trajectory planning (TOTP) is crucial for enhancing machining efficiency, geometric accuracy, and surface quality. However, it remains challenging to reliably generate smooth time-optimal trajectories online, particularly under complex constraints. This study aims to address the above longstanding challenges which limit the reliability and efficiency of online optimization-based TOTP approaches, thereby unlocking their practical advantages in real-world machining. A TOTP method along parametric toolpaths, namely TOTP-SPLP, is developed. The proposed piecewise linear objective function and sequential procedure improve time-optimality and avoid singularities at zero feedrate compared with existing linear formulations. Complex constraints are strictly satisfied at grid points over the entire toolpath without relying on static approximations, where exceedance between grid points is negligible and theoretically bounded by the grid density based on the developed analytical interpolation. To certifiably guarantee the feasibility during online TOTP, a hierarchical look-ahead windowing (HLAW) framework is established, which achieves a 100% success rate of optimization feasibility for long toolpaths. Simulation and real-world experiments demonstrate that the proposed TOTP-SPLP significantly outperforms existing online TOTP baselines in terms of time-optimality and numerical stability within limited computational cost. Specifically, TOTP-SPLP reduces terminal time by 15.6%–56.0% compared with baselines of lower computational cost, and outperforms more computationally expensive baselines by 9.5%. Comparable performance to our TOTP-SPLP is achieved by offline baselines only when consuming tenfold computational time. For a long toolpath with millions of grid points, the developed HLAW reduces the thousands of infeasibility cases encountered by existing online framework to zero. The strict satisfaction of complex constraints helps suppress vibrations and improve surface quality in real-world machining. In summary, this work fundamentally advances online TOTP by achieving offline-level time-optimality with certifiable feasibility under strict complex constraints, making reliable online optimization-based TOTP possible and practical in CNC machining.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14011,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Machine Tools & Manufacture","volume":"215 ","pages":"Article 104355"},"PeriodicalIF":18.8,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145784998","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High-quality laser slicing of single-crystal semiconductors guided by energy-dependent phase transition and crack propagation: A 4H-SiC case study","authors":"Zelong Qing ,&nbsp;Bo Liu ,&nbsp;Yaoen Luo ,&nbsp;Yi Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijmachtools.2026.104365","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijmachtools.2026.104365","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Laser internal modification slicing has emerged as a high-efficiency, low-damage technique for slicing single-crystal semiconductor substrates like 4H-SiC. However, its widespread adoption has been hindered by a limited mechanistic understanding of how laser energy couples with material response to govern phase transitions and crack propagation, especially at the atomic scale. In particular, the roles of nanosecond laser thermal effects in driving controllable phase transformation and the underlying crack dynamics remain unclear, making process optimization largely empirical. Here, by combining energy-controlled experiments with molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, we elucidate an energy-dependent, multistage phase transition pathway in laser-sliced 4H-SiC. This pathway progresses from initial amorphization with Si/C precipitation to thermal-stress-induced plastic slip that generates stacking faults and cubic 3C-SiC at the amorphous–crystalline interface. A critical energy threshold is identified that dictates the transition between distinct modification regimes and governs corresponding crack propagation behavior. Atomistic simulations further reveal the mechanisms of thermal stress-driven crack nucleation and propagation, along with a temperature-dependent fracture strength and shift in crystallographic cracking preference—from low-index planes under high temperature to high-index planes during cooling. The insights presented in this work bridge laser processing parameters with intrinsic material behavior, offering a mechanistic foundation for the rational design of laser-based slicing processes and achieving optimized processing quality. While demonstrated on 4H-SiC, the underlying energy- and stress-governed principles are applicable to a wider class of hard-brittle, anisotropic semiconductors, advancing the transition from empirical tuning to physics-informed manufacturing.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14011,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Machine Tools & Manufacture","volume":"215 ","pages":"Article 104365"},"PeriodicalIF":18.8,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145939597","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Micrometric orthogonal cutting can lead to sideway chip flow: Uncovering crystallographic orientation and grain boundary effects","authors":"Shusong Zan,&nbsp;Zhirong Liao,&nbsp;Jose A. Robles Linares,&nbsp;Kieran Winter,&nbsp;Dragos Axinte","doi":"10.1016/j.ijmachtools.2025.104363","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijmachtools.2025.104363","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Micrometric cutting has attracted great research interest both in academic and industrial areas due to its vital role in microfabrication. Different from macro-cutting where many grains are involved in the process that averages/minimises the crystallographic effects, in micrometric cutting localised crystallographic deformation mechanisms can highly affect the machining results. However, experimental challenges of micrometric level cutting have confined most investigations to simulations or less-ideal tests (e.g. micro-scratching and single-point diamond turning), leaving the detailed interplay between chip flow and microstructure largely unexplored. In an apparent paradox, in orthogonal micrometric level cutting conditions, expected to yield forward (2D) chip flow, can produce pronounced sideway (3D) chip flow when grain-orientation anisotropy and boundary-induced kinematic constraints dominate; such aspects cannot be captured in macro-cutting. Based on these, when cutting at micrometric level it is important to understand how the slip system of the grains will be activated, what will happen when the grain boundary is encountered, as well as why the specific chip form and flow direction is generated under different conditions of these. To resolve this, grain orientations and boundaries were pre-characterised on a Ni-based superalloy sample, on which micrometric boss features were subsequently fabricated. Orthogonal grain-level cutting tests were then conducted on these structures, effectively isolating the deformation region, eliminating constraints from adjacent material, and allowing the chip to flow freely on both sides. Chip morphology, flow direction, and local deformation mechanisms were examined via advanced material characterisation technologies. Key findings that are specifically manifested at micro level include: The formation of serrated chips is influenced by the Schmid factor, resulting in variations in segment morphology across different crystallographic orientations. Sideway chip flow can be generated in micrometric orthogonal cutting process due to the selective activation of the slip-systems and inclined grain boundary guided sliding. Furthermore, when twin boundary exists, periodic extrusion-shear dominated material deformation cycle can happen in chip formation process due to the alternated stress. Therefore, we reveal for the first time that when cutting at grain levels, although geometrically defined orthogonal cutting was performed, the chip follows crystallographic rules imposed by slip planes and grain boundary conditions. These insights provide a new mechanistic framework for understanding micrometric level cutting anisotropy and the boundary-driven paradox of sideways chips, offering guidelines to optimise micrometric machining strategies in microfabrication applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14011,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Machine Tools & Manufacture","volume":"215 ","pages":"Article 104363"},"PeriodicalIF":18.8,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145784995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Process-driven microstructure design of 3D-Printed porous magnesium alloy scaffolds with tunable biodegradation kinetics","authors":"Weiyun Xu ,&nbsp;Hualuo Pang ,&nbsp;Haojing Xu ,&nbsp;Jinge Liu ,&nbsp;Yufeng Zheng ,&nbsp;Peng Wen","doi":"10.1016/j.ijmachtools.2025.104362","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijmachtools.2025.104362","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>3D-printed biodegradable magnesium (Mg) alloy scaffolds are emerging as promising candidates for customized bone implants, offering tailored structure, mechanical performance, and bioactive functions to address diverse bone defects. However, the premature loss of structural integrity remains a critical challenge for clinical applications due to the complex kinetics of biodegradation. This study posits that the tunability of degradation, inherently governed by microstructure, is rooted in the 3D printing and heat treatment processes, which have been underexplored and lack scientific understanding. Using a process-driven microstructural design approach, we investigated how manufacturing influence the corrosion behavior of porous Mg alloy scaffolds. By analyzing the combined effects of layer thickness on microstructural evolution in laser powder bed fusion and high-temperature oxidation heat treatment, it was revealed that the as-printed microstructural features, governed by the printing parameters, exert a critical influence on the biodegradable performance after heat treatment. Comprehensive evaluations of fusion quality, mechanical responses, electrochemical properties, and immersion degradation behavior further indicated that the multi-level heterogeneous microstructure, formed by local elemental migration, anisotropic grain growth, and the development of layered oxide films, was identified as the key factor in regulating degradation. Our findings highlight a synergistic manufacturing-dominant mechanism for tuning biodegradation kinetics through control of microstructure, resulting in porous Mg alloy scaffolds with significantly improved durability. These advancements not only provide a pathway for developing high-performance 3D-printed biodegradable bone implants but also establish a generalized framework for fabricating reactive materials with intricate geometries and tailored functionalities.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14011,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Machine Tools & Manufacture","volume":"215 ","pages":"Article 104362"},"PeriodicalIF":18.8,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145731185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation of the 3D-posture planning for space-restricted robotic milling: A potential network architecture","authors":"Juntong Su ,&nbsp;Shengqiang Zhao ,&nbsp;Fangyu Peng ,&nbsp;Xiaowei Tang ,&nbsp;Rong Yan","doi":"10.1016/j.ijmachtools.2026.104364","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijmachtools.2026.104364","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Industrial robots are beneficial in the machining of large and complex parts because of their high flexibility and large workspace. Numerous studies have demonstrated that the geometric, kinematic, static and dynamic performances of robotic milling processes exhibit a high degree of posture dependence. Therefore, ensuring the spatial accessibility and machining performance of a robotic milling task through posture planning is essential. Posture planning has been employed in prior research to enhance robotic milling performance in open scenarios. However, several limitations are persistent. At the methodological level, multi-dimensional posture planning algorithms suitable for robotic milling tasks in restricted spaces are unavailable. The capacity of existing planning algorithms to balance multiple constraints and objectives, along with their scalability, requires further optimisation. As complex curved surface parts tend towards larger sizes, robotic posture planning faces significant challenges in complex milling scenarios. Therefore, this paper proposes a novel 3D posture planning strategy. First, a potential network architecture for multi-constraint and multi-objective planning tasks is proposed, offering the advantages of flexible expansion and portable deployment. The architecture models the dynamic distribution law of input constraint-objective sets in the planning space to formulate appropriate planning strategies. Furthermore, a posture manifold considering the cutter-workpiece engagement state is proposed to balance the flexibility of posture adjustment and machining quality. By altering the parametric equations of the posture manifold, posture planning execution can be adjusted rapidly to adapt to various machining conditions. To verify the effectiveness of the proposed method, a benchmark task for robotic milling in a restricted space is designed. The further experimental validations of propellers machining show that the proposed planning method can generate feasible machining posture trajectories under multi-constraint working conditions in a restricted space. The proposed method provides a foundation for the robotic milling of large-scale and space-restricted core components, including aircraft parts, aerospace cabins and marine propellers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14011,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Machine Tools & Manufacture","volume":"215 ","pages":"Article 104364"},"PeriodicalIF":18.8,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145902461","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Martensitic transformation sensitivity–driven processing roadmap for laser powder bed fusion of NiTi shape memory alloys: Paradigm shift from defect elimination to precise performance control","authors":"Dan Zheng ,&nbsp;Ruidi Li ,&nbsp;Jingtao Kang ,&nbsp;Tiechui Yuan ,&nbsp;Kefu Gan","doi":"10.1016/j.ijmachtools.2025.104352","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijmachtools.2025.104352","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) fabricated NiTi shape memory alloys (SMAs) fabricated to comparably high density using different processing parameters can exhibit significant differences in martensitic transformation temperature (MTT) (differing by &gt; 50 °C), altering their functional performance and making precise performance control challenging. Herein, we establish a simple but generalisable law, <strong><em>E</em>_<em>L</em></strong>/<strong><em>v</em></strong> (where <strong><em>E</em>_<em>L</em></strong> and <strong><em>v</em></strong> denote linear energy density and scan velocity, respectively), which governs densification and martensitic transformation behaviours in LPBF-processed Ni-rich NiTi SMAs. MTT sensitivity was introduced as a process evaluation metric, shifting the paradigm from conventional defect-centric frameworks toward performance-oriented optimisation. A parameter-dependent and universal vaporisation model is established by systematically decoupling the roles of energy input in MTT. Results demonstrate that Ni loss and MTT sensitivity depend on <strong><em>E</em>_<em>L</em></strong>/<strong><em>v</em></strong> rather than on <strong><em>E</em>_<em>L</em></strong>, with ∼0.67 at.% Ni loss per kJ·s·m⁻² and a linear increase in the martensite start (<strong><em>M</em>_<em>S</em></strong>) temperature of ∼83 K. Microstructural analyses confirm that <strong><em>E</em>_<em>L</em></strong>/<strong><em>v</em></strong> governs melt pool overlap, mode stability and microstructural and transformational homogeneity. It is revealed that the amount of input energy density (e.g. <strong><em>E</em>_<em>L</em></strong>) dictates melt pool geometry and densification, while the manner of input energy density (e.g. normalised input energy density rate, <strong><em>E</em>_<em>L</em></strong>/<strong><em>v</em></strong>) governs melt pool dynamics, elemental vaporisation and microstructure evolution. This dual-criterion rationalises the <strong><em>M</em>_<em>S</em></strong> temperature variability observed under identical energy densities and enables predictive control of transformation features, residual stress and precipitation. The proposed framework delivers NiTi components with superior tensile elongation (∼22 %), surpassing that of most LPBF-processed Ni-rich counterparts. Moreover, its universality is validated in 304L stainless steel and CuAlMn SMA, underscoring its applicability beyond NiTi SMAs. This study offers mechanistic insights into processing–melt pool dynamics–structure–property interactions and offers a universal roadmap for LPBF parameter design, advancing process optimisation beyond defect mitigation and enabling precise performance control through melt pool management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14011,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Machine Tools & Manufacture","volume":"214 ","pages":"Article 104352"},"PeriodicalIF":18.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145657706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Surface and subsurface evolution mechanism in continuous wave laser ablation process of Cf/SiC ceramic matrix composites: A multiscale investigation","authors":"Dongdong Xu ,&nbsp;Tiancheng Ai ,&nbsp;Guojian Yang ,&nbsp;Shusong Zan ,&nbsp;Zhirong Liao","doi":"10.1016/j.ijmachtools.2025.104354","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijmachtools.2025.104354","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Due to the excellent material properties, ceramic matrix composites (CMCs) are increasingly favored in aerospace and other high-performance applications. As the industry advances, both the reinforcement and matrix materials tend to be more difficult to machine. Laser-based processing methods are becoming increasingly popular. However, the underlying mechanisms and the formation of surface integrity in such complex materials remain unclear. At present, the overall ablation process of complex CMCs has not been studied. To address these gaps, this study investigates the surface integrity induced by laser ablation and its underlying mechanisms of CMCs. The results reveal that post-ablation surface morphologies vary significantly across different regions of Cf/SiC CMCs—those with vertically oriented fibers, where the height is relatively high, and those with horizontally oriented fibers, where the height is comparatively low. At a scanning speed of 400 mm/min, the laser energy corresponding to a power of 3 kW can be regarded as the threshold between rough and fine machining. It was further clarified that the spherical particles formed on the ablated surface were composed of elemental silicon rather than the commonly assumed oxides. The surface region exhibited a loose four-layer structure consisting of silica, elemental silicon, silicon carbide, and a pyrolytic carbon layer. In addition, a typical multi-layered surface structure—arising from the superior thermal conductivity of the fibers—was also observed on the surfaces of fibers located within the subsurface region of the workpiece. A model of the temperature distribution was established to elucidate how differences in thermal conduction induced by fiber orientation influence the ablated surface morphology of the CMC. Overall, these findings comprehensively explain the ablation process, surface integrity evolution, and underlying mechanisms of CMCs subjected to laser ablation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14011,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Machine Tools & Manufacture","volume":"214 ","pages":"Article 104354"},"PeriodicalIF":18.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145609026","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Model-based design of strength–toughness synergy for additively manufactured layered heterostructured metallic materials","authors":"Jianglong Wang ,&nbsp;Haihong Huang ,&nbsp;Yu Kong ,&nbsp;Zhifeng Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.ijmachtools.2025.104353","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijmachtools.2025.104353","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The inherent contradiction between strength and toughness in additively manufactured metallic materials can be coordinated through a layered heterostructured design, which tailors the distribution of two dissimilar materials. To quantitatively describe the strength and toughness of heterostructured metallic materials, a strength–toughness coupling mechanical model for layered heterostructures was established according to the weight function principle in this research. On this basis, a laser interface remelting (LIR) process was initially developed; then, after evaluating the metallurgical compatibility, the layered heterostructures of IN718/316L bimetallic materials were fabricated by the laser-directed energy deposition (LDED) technology. The results manifested that this LIR process could synthesize composition transition zones in situ, ensuring a controllable bonding quality for the heterostructured interface. The modelling also exhibited that the toughness of heterogeneous metal layered structures decreased with the increase in strength, and there was an emblematic trade-off between strength and toughness. Additionally, the two toughening mechanisms were discussed in terms of hindering crack nucleation and shielding strain spread. Furthermore, it was found that the matching form of the layer thickness with “more hard and less soft” could induce sub-critical cracks on the surface, and activate the extra strengthening potential. Ultimately, a new approach to determining the layer thickness ratio of layered heterostructures by the modelling calculation was proposed, and the process feasibility of additive manufacturing following this model-based design was also confirmed via a case study. This method of synergistic regulation could provide effective guidance for the on-demand optimization of strength–toughness aimed at heterostructured metallic materials.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14011,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Machine Tools & Manufacture","volume":"214 ","pages":"Article 104353"},"PeriodicalIF":18.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145553533","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}