International Journal of Inflammation最新文献

{"title":"Differentially Expressed Genes Analysis in the Human Small Airway Epithelium of Healthy Smokers Shows Potential Risks of Disease Caused by Oxidative Stress and Inflammation and the Potentiality of Astaxanthin as an Anti-Inflammatory Agent.","authors":"Irandi Putra Pratomo,&nbsp;Aryo Tedjo,&nbsp;Dimas R Noor,&nbsp;Rosmalena","doi":"10.1155/2023/4251299","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/4251299","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cigarette smoke (CS) was known for its effect of increasing oxidative stress that could trigger tissue injury and endothelial dysfunction mediated by free radicals and reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS itself is a key signaling molecule that plays a role in the development of inflammatory disorders. Nuclear factor erythroid2 related factor2 (Nrf2) is the main regulator of antioxidant cellular response to cell and tissue-destroying components caused by CS. Nrf2 protein that is significantly activated in the smokers' small airway epithelium is followed by a series of gene expression changes in the same cells. This study aims to observe differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the human small airway epithelium of smokers compared to genes whose expression changes due to astaxanthin (AST) treatment, an antioxidant compound that can modulate Nrf2. Gene expression data that was stored in the GEO browser (GSE 11952) was analyzed using GEO2R to search for DEG among smokers and nonsmokers subject. DEG was further compared to those genes whose expression changes due to astaxanthin treatment (AST) that were obtained from the Comparative Toxicogenomics Database (CTD; https://ctdbase.org/). DEG (<i>p</i> < 0.05) analysis result shows that there are 23 genes whose expression regulation is reversed compared to gene expression due to AST treatment. The gene function annotations of the 23 DEGs showed the involvement of some of these genes in chemical and oxidative stress, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and apoptotic signaling pathways. All of the genes were involved/associated with chronic bronchitis, adenocarcinoma of the lung, non-small-cell lung carcinoma, carcinoma, small cell lung carcinoma, type 2 diabetes mellitus, emphysema, ischemic stroke, lung diseases, and inflammation. Thus, AST treatment for smokers could potentially decrease the development of ROS and oxidative stress that leads to inflammation and health risks associated with smoking.</p>","PeriodicalId":14004,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Inflammation","volume":"2023 ","pages":"4251299"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10005861/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9470544","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"N-Acetylcysteine Decreases Myocardial Content of Inflammatory Mediators Preventing the Development of Inflammation State and Oxidative Stress in Rats Subjected to a High-Fat Diet.","authors":"Klaudia Sztolsztener,&nbsp;Wiktor Bzdęga,&nbsp;Katarzyna Hodun,&nbsp;Adrian Chabowski","doi":"10.1155/2023/5480199","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/5480199","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Arachidonic acid (AA) is a key precursor for proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory derivatives that regulate the inflammatory response. The modulation of AA metabolism is a target for searching a therapeutic agent with potent anti-inflammatory action in cardiovascular disorders. Therefore, our study aims to determine the potential preventive impact of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) supplementation on myocardial inflammation and the occurrence of oxidative stress in obesity induced by high-fat feeding. The experiment was conducted for eight weeks on male Wistar rats fed a standard chow or a high-fat diet (HFD) with intragastric NAC supplementation. The Gas-Liquid Chromatography (GLC) method was used to quantify the plasma and myocardial AA levels in the selected lipid fraction. The expression of proteins included in the inflammation pathway was measured by the Western blot technique. The concentrations of arachidonic acid derivatives, cytokines and chemokines, and oxidative stress parameters were determined by the ELISA, colorimetric, and multiplex immunoassay kits. We established that in the left ventricle tissue NAC reduced AA concentration, especially in the phospholipid fraction. NAC administration ameliorated the COX-2 and 5-LOX expression, leading to a decrease in the PGE2 and LTC4 contents, respectively, and augmented the 12/15-LOX expression, increasing the LXA4 content. In obese rats, NAC ameliorated NF-<i>κ</i>B expression, inhibiting the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines. NAC also affected the antioxidant levels in HFD rats through an increase in GSH and CAT contents with a simultaneous decrease in the levels of 4-HNE and MDA. We concluded that NAC treatment weakens the NF-<i>κ</i>B signaling pathway, limiting the development of myocardial low-grade inflammation, and increasing the antioxidant content that may protect against the development of oxidative stress in rats with obesity induced by an HFD.</p>","PeriodicalId":14004,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Inflammation","volume":"2023 ","pages":"5480199"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10024630/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9155536","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Skin Cell and Tissue Responses to Cross-Linked Hyaluronic Acid in Low-Grade Inflammatory Conditions.","authors":"Benjamin Sanchez,&nbsp;Sandra Ferraro,&nbsp;Audrey Josset-Lamaugarny,&nbsp;Aurélie Pagnon,&nbsp;Charlie K Hee,&nbsp;Lauren Nakab,&nbsp;Dominique Sigaudo-Roussel,&nbsp;Bérengère Fromy","doi":"10.1155/2023/3001080","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/3001080","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Hyaluronic acid (HA), used in a variety of medical applications, is associated in rare instances to long-term adverse effects. Although the aetiology of these events is unknown, a number of hypotheses have been proposed, including low molecular weight of HA (LMW-HA) in the filler products. We hypothesized that cross-linked HA and its degradation products, in a low-grade inflammatory microenvironment, could impact immune responses that could affect cell behaviours in the dermis. Using two different cross-linking technologies VYC-15L and HYC-24L+, and their hyaluronidase-induced degradation products, we observed for nondegraded HA, VYC-15L and HYC-24L+, a moderate and transient increase in IL-1<i>β</i>, TNF-<i>α</i> in M1 macrophages under low-grade inflammatory conditions. Endothelial cells and fibroblasts were preconditioned using inflammatory medium produced by M1 macrophages. 24 h after LMW-HA fragments and HA stimulation, no cytokine was released in these preconditioned cells. To further characterize HA responses, we used a novel <i>in vivo</i> murine model exhibiting a systemic low-grade inflammatory phenotype. The intradermal injection of VYC-15L and its degradation products induced an inflammation and cell infiltration into the skin that was more pronounced than those by HYC-24L+. This acute cutaneous inflammation was likely due to mechanical effects due to filler injection and tissue integration rather than its biological effects on inflammation. VYC-15L and its degradation product potentiated microvascular response to acetylcholine in the presence of a low-grade inflammation. The different responses with 2D cell models and mouse model using the two tested cross-linking HA technologies showed the importance to use integrative complex model to better understand the effects of HA products according to inflammatory state.</p>","PeriodicalId":14004,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Inflammation","volume":"2023 ","pages":"3001080"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10474960/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10208786","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Relationships between Inflammatory Biomarkers and Fatigue among Patients with Moderate and Severe COVID-19.","authors":"Besher A Gharaibeh,&nbsp;Jehad Rababah,&nbsp;Obieda Haneyah","doi":"10.1155/2023/7057458","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7057458","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Patients with moderate or severe COVID-19 infection suffer from varying levels of fatigue; however, there is a lack of understanding regarding the effect of inflammation on fatigue; and whether these relationships differ according to the severity of the infection.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>To assess the relationships between selected inflammatory biomarkers and fatigue levels among hospitalized Jordanian patients with moderate or severe COVID-19 infection.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A quantitative cross-sectional design was used. A total of 352 participants were recruited for the study. Data regarding fatigue type and level were collected using the Chalder fatigue scale. Laboratory test results regarding several selected inflammatory biomarkers (e.g., ESR, CRP, IL-6, D-dimer, and others) were collected from patient records. The severity of the COVID-19 infection was determined using the criteria of the Ministry of Health in Jordan based on the results of O₂% (oxygen saturation).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The mean scores of the total fatigue level significantly differed between the two levels of the severity of COVID-19 infection (moderate and severe levels) (<i>t</i> = -3.0, <i>p</i> < 0.05). Similar findings were observed with physiological fatigue (<i>t</i> = -3.50, <i>p</i> < 0.05), and no significant difference was observed in psychological fatigue. Out of the selected inflammatory markers, only neutrophil and lymphocyte count had a significant influence on total fatigue level.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The level and type of fatigue was affected by the severity of the disease. However, the disease process itself represented by the levels of the inflammatory markers showed little influence on fatigue. The implications such as continuous screening of fatigue, and monitoring of the levels of the inflammatory markers are important to assist in diagnosing and managing COVID-19 patients. Furthermore, the relationship between the inflammatory process and fatigue is complex and requires further exploration.</p>","PeriodicalId":14004,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Inflammation","volume":"2023 ","pages":"7057458"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10164871/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9446586","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Association of Complements, TGF-<i>β</i>, and IL-6 with Disease Activity, Renal Damage, and Hematological Activity in Patients with Naïve SLE.","authors":"Yuliasih Yuliasih,&nbsp;Lita Diah Rahmawati,&nbsp;Nabilatun Nisa',&nbsp;Cahaya Prastayudha","doi":"10.1155/2022/7168935","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/7168935","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Several key player factors, such as cytokine and complement, play an important role in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The purpose of this study was to reveal the association between complement 3 (C3), complement 4 (C4), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and transforming growth factor-<i>β</i> (TGF-<i>β</i>) with SLE disease activity, renal damage, and hematological activity in patients with naïve SLE. The Laboratory of Clinical Pathology Dr. Soetomo General Hospital in Surabaya performed all laboratory examinations on thirty women with naïve SLE. The SLE diagnosis is based on ACR criteria (1998 revised criteria) from Dr. Soetomo General Hospital Surabaya, Indonesia, and the systemic lupus activity measurement (SLAM) score is used to assess the disease activity. The correlation was statistically tested using the Spearman and Pearson tests. The differences in cytokine and complement levels are between SLE severity groups using the two-way Anova and Kruskal-Wallis. The unpaired <i>T</i>-test and Mann-Whitney test were used to determine the differences between the relatively normal and the more severe groups of organ damage and hematological activity. All tests were two-tailed, analyzed with GraphPad Prism 9 for windows, and a <i>p</i> value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. This study found a significant decrease in C3 (20.2, 16.4-24.2 mg/dL) and C4 (7, 6-14.3 mg/dL) and an increase in IL-6 (35.60 ± 7.43 mg/dL) and TGF-<i>β</i> (311.1 ± 290.8 mg/dL) in the group of severe patients with SLAM scores >30. Although there is no significant relationship between SLAM and renal impairment or hematologic activity, patients with higher SLAM had a significant decrease in complement; this complement decrease was also significant in patients with higher leukocyte counts. An insignificant increase in cytokines was also observed in patients with higher SLAM. Patients with high serum creatinine levels had a significant increase in TGF-<i>β</i>, whereas those with a faster ESR had a significant increase in IL-6. In conjunction with complements evaluation, assessment of the cytokine profile may become a promising marker for reliable diagnosis and treatment of SLE in the future.</p>","PeriodicalId":14004,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Inflammation","volume":" ","pages":"7168935"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9666011/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40475313","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Differentially Expressed Genes Study Shown Potential for BCG Stimulation in Reducing the Severity of COVID-19.","authors":"Irandi Putra Pratomo,&nbsp;Aryo Tedjo,&nbsp;Dimas R Noor,&nbsp;Wisnu Ananta Kusuma","doi":"10.1155/2022/1490408","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/1490408","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The incidence of COVID-19 infection and death is known to be lower in tuberculosis (TB) endemic countries than in nonendemic countries. The Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccination, which is commonly administered in TB endemic countries, was previously reported to have a nonspecific protective effect against several infections, including COVID-19. In this study, we used a differentially expressed genes (DEG) approach to analyze the genes modulated by BCG vaccination and COVID-19 infection. The Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database was used to select a COVID-19 gene expression data set with GSE164805, GSE14408, and GSE58636, and DEG in each data set were identified using the GEO2R online tools and selected using the adjusted <i>p</i> value (padj) 0.05 criteria. The protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed from DEGs with the same trend of expression (upregulation or downregulation) using STRING version 11. The PPI network was performed by using the highest confidence number (0.9). DEGs that have a high-trust network were collected and functional cluster analysis of biological processes from Gene Ontology (GO), pathway analysis from the Human KEGG pathway, and COVID-19-related gene analysis was carried out using the Enrichr database. We found that either BCG or tuberculin increased the expression of several genes related to hyperinflammation, such as CCL3, CCL4, CSF2, IL1B, and LTA. In severe COVID-19, these genes were downregulated. This leads to the hypothesis that revaccination may have a protective effect against the severity of COVID-19 by reducing the hyperinflammatory status.</p>","PeriodicalId":14004,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Inflammation","volume":" ","pages":"1490408"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9550501/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33502648","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antitumor Activities of Aqueous Cinnamon Extract on 5637 Cell Line of Bladder Cancer through Glycolytic Pathway.","authors":"Zeynab Aminzadeh,&nbsp;Nasrin Ziamajidi,&nbsp;Roghayeh Abbasalipourkabir,&nbsp;Sajedeh Daei,&nbsp;Sobhan Helbi,&nbsp;Abbas Moridnia","doi":"10.1155/2022/3855368","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/3855368","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Pharmacotherapy with medicinal plants is a promising approach to treat cancer. Cinnamon is a medicinal plant whose properties have been proven in various fields of medical sciences. Among its biological activities, its antioxidant and antiviral effects can be mentioned. In this study, the antitumor effects of Cinnamon with a focus on glucose metabolism in bladder cancer carcinoma cell-line 5637 were investigated.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Aqueous extract of Cinnamon was prepared from Cinnamon bark. Bladder cancer 5637cell line were treated with different concentrations of aqueous extract of Cinnamon. MTT was used to evaluate cell viability at 24, 48, and 72 h. The concentration of 1.25, 2.50, and 5 mg/ml was used. Apoptosis was assessed with Hochest33258 staining. For evaluating of aqueous extract of Cinnamon effect on glycolysis, the gene expression of epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (ErbB2), heat shock protein transcription factor1 (HSF1), and lactate dehydrogenase <i>A</i> (LDHA), as well as protein levels of HSF1 and LDHA, LDH activity, glucose consumption, and lactate production, were measured.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Aqueous extract of Cinnamon significantly decreased ErbB2, HSF1, and LDHA gene expression and also decreased the protein level of HSF1 and LDHA, LDH activity, glucose consumption, and lactate production dose-dependently (<i>p</i> < 0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our finding showed that the aqueous extract of Cinnamon can inhibit proliferation in 5637 cells by inhibition of glycolysis and induction of apoptosis.</p>","PeriodicalId":14004,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Inflammation","volume":" ","pages":"3855368"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9388315/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40431003","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Therapeutic Benefit in Rheumatoid Cachexia Illustrated Using a Novel Primary Human Triple Cell Coculture Model","authors":"T. Ollewagen, Gareth Tarr, K. Myburgh, H. Reuter, Carine Smith","doi":"10.1155/2022/1524913","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/1524913","url":null,"abstract":"Background The loss of muscle mass in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), termed rheumatoid cachexia, is predicted to result from the complex interactions between different cell types involved in the maintenance of skeletal muscle mass, namely, myoblasts, fibroblasts, and macrophages. The complexity within the muscle is further highlighted by the incidence of nonresponsiveness to current RA treatment strategies. Method This study aimed at determining differences in the cellular responses in a novel human primary cell triple coculture model exposed to serum collected from nonarthritic controls (NC), RA treatment naïve (RATN), and RA treatment-nonresponding (RATNR) patients. Bone morphogenetic protein-7 (BMP-7) was investigated as a treatment option. Results Plasma analysis indicated that samples were indeed representative of healthy and RA patients—notably, the RATNR patients additionally exhibited dysregulated IL-6/IL-10 correlations. Coculture exposure to serum from RATNR patients demonstrated increased cellular growth (p < 0.001), while both hepatocyte growth factor (p < 0.01) and follistatin (p < 0.001) were reduced when compared to NC. Furthermore, decreased concentration of markers of extracellular matrix formation, transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β; p < 0.05) and fibronectin (p < 0.001), but increased collagen IV (p < 0.01) was observed following RATNR serum exposure. Under healthy conditions, BMP-7 exhibited potentially beneficial results in reducing fibrosis-generating TGF-β (p < 0.05) and fibronectin (p < 0.05). BMP-7 further exhibited protective potential in the RA groups through reversing the aberrant tendencies observed especially in the RATNR serum-exposed group. Conclusion Exposure of the triple coculture to RATN and RATNR serum resulted in dysregulated myoblast proliferation and growth, and ECM impairment, which was reversed by BMP-7 treatment.","PeriodicalId":14004,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Inflammation","volume":"54 18","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72369520","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Extensive Study on Hematological, Immunological, Inflammatory Markers, and Biochemical Profile to Identify the Risk Factors in COVID-19 Patients.","authors":"Eman T Ali,&nbsp;Azza Sajid Jabbar,&nbsp;Hadeel S Al Ali,&nbsp;Saad Shaheen Hamadi,&nbsp;Majid S Jabir,&nbsp;Salim Albukhaty","doi":"10.1155/2022/5735546","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/5735546","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Tissue damage caused by COVID-19 could be detected by several clinical indicators including hematological, immunological, biochemical, and inflammatory markers. This study was to detect these clinical parameters to reveal the correlation between the factors and their roles in the development of COVID-19, to explore the hazard factors in severe cases.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>A total of 200 participants of both sexes were included in the study, with an age range of (25-72) years, categorized into three main groups: 50 healthy individuals, 62 mild infected patients, and 88 severe infected patients with pneumonia. Different hematological and clinical parameters were included in the analysis (Basrah city, Iraq). Serum levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), ferritin, and high-sensitivity <i>C</i>-reactive protein (hs-CRP) were assessed for all participants using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The liver, renal, and cardiac functions were assessed by clinical chemistry testing.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>COVID-19 patients had leukocytosis, with an increased number of neutrophils and a decreased lymphocyte count, according to our findings. In regard to inflammatory parameters, both ESR and hs-CRP showed significant differences between the two groups, whereas IL-6 was significantly higher in the total severe group compared to the other two groups. Biochemical results revealed that each lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), ferritin, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) had significant changes in the total severe group. Among pneumonic with an O2 requirement and pneumonic without an O2 requirement, there were significant differences in immunological and inflammatory markers (<i>p</i> > 0.05). The neutrophils-lymphocytes ratio (NLR) was highly elevated in severe who required O2. Moreover, IL-6, lymphocytes, and neutrophils were possible risk factors for COVID-19 infection, with the strongest influence of IL-6 with a high odds ratio (OR: 24.138, 95% CI: 8.437-30.65, <i>p</i> < 0.01). Furthermore, there were significant correlations among the indicators.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Each of IL-6, lymphocytes, and neutrophils might represent major factors in the severity of COVID-19 and IL-6 plays the main role in inducing the inflammatory and pathophysiology process that is known as the cytokine storm.</p>","PeriodicalId":14004,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Inflammation","volume":" ","pages":"5735546"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9200592/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40041517","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of Vitamin C on Gene Expression Profile of Inflammatory and Anti-Inflammatory Cytokines in the Male Partners of Couples with Recurrent Pregnancy Loss","authors":"F. Fesahat, Efat Norouzi, S. Seifati, Saeideh Hamidian, A. Hosseini, F. Zare","doi":"10.1155/2022/1222533","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/1222533","url":null,"abstract":"Immune system disorders and increased inflammation in the male reproductive system can lead to fetal risk in the early stages of development and implantation. Antioxidants such as vitamin C can play a protective role against sperm inflammatory reactions. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of vitamin C on the expression of inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokine genes in the male partners of couples with recurrent pregnancy loss. In this randomized clinical trial, twenty male partners of couples with RPL were examined for sperm parameters and expression profile of some inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokine genes before and after treatment with vitamin C. There was a statistically significant higher rate of normal morphology and sperm concentration in each patient before and after treatment with vitamin C (p ≤ 0.05). The mRNA levels of interleukin 6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha were significantly decreased in the sperm of patients after treatment with vitamin C compared to before treatment. In contrast, the gene expression levels of interleukin 4 and transforming growth factor-beta showed a significant increase in the sperm of patients after treatment with vitamin C. Oral daily administration of vitamin C may be effective in the fertility potential of male partners of couples with RPL not only through the improvement of the sperm parameters but also by modulating the expression profile of inflammatory and anti-inflammatory genes. Further studies on protein levels are needed to clarify the role of TNF-⍺ and IFN-γ as a prognostic value in evaluating the recurrent abortion risk in infertile male partners. This trial is registered with IRCT20180312039059N1.","PeriodicalId":14004,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Inflammation","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81873765","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}