International Journal of Communication Systems最新文献

{"title":"Energy-Efficient Sleep Wake-Up Mechanism Based Routing Protocol Using Siamese Network and Optimized Fuzzy Interference System in Green IoT","authors":"Nitin B. Raut,&nbsp;S. Thangavelu","doi":"10.1002/dac.70193","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/dac.70193","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The proliferation of multiple battery-powered sensors under the Internet of Things (IoT) requires the development of sustainable and energy-conscious protocols. However, various energy-efficient mechanisms are developed, but those mechanisms are not much accurate and they have energy loss, transmission collision, and threats to security due to increased data redundancy. To address these issues, the energy-efficient fuzzy-based sleep wake-up mechanism (EEFSWM) was created. Sensor nodes are randomly initialized at the beginning, and the clustering algorithm used is the evidential Gaussian mixture model (EGMM). The cluster head is selected by taking into account each node's energy and distance. To choose the ideal energy and distance, golden jackal optimization (GJO) is employed. The Siamese network is then used to determine whether or not neighbor nodes are perceiving the same data. It computes a similarity measure if it finds related data. The node moves into the sleep stage, while the other nodes go into the waking stage when the similarity measure value surpasses the threshold value. After that, the sleep cycle is computed with a few parameters using the fuzzy inference system (FIS). The node awakens after the update cycle has finished, then joins the clustering and cluster head selection process. This proposed approach attains 7.99-J average residual energy, 84% packet delivery ratio, 2.64% throughput value, and 1105-s network lifetime.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13946,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Communication Systems","volume":"38 13","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144681167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Lightweight Privacy Preserving Authentication Framework for Secure UAV Communication in IoD Networks","authors":"Sharon Jenifer Albert,&nbsp;K. Gunaseelan","doi":"10.1002/dac.70187","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/dac.70187","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In modern Internet-of-Drone (IoD) environments, secure communication between unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and user equipment is essential to protect data privacy and prevent unauthorized access. This paper presents a lightweight three-factor authentication scheme for UAVs using ElGamal-based elliptical curve cryptography (ECC-ElGamal) encryption and physical layer security (PLS). The scheme integrates the device's media access control (MAC) address, user ID, and password for enhanced authentication. Using the MAC address as a security parameter strengthens device-specific authentication and reduces the risk of impersonation and unauthorized access. To prevent replay attacks and ensure message freshness, timestamps are included in the authentication process. ECC-ElGamal encryption enables secure communication through session key generation and hash functions, optimizing security and efficiency. Additionally, the scheme employs PLS to protect against eavesdropping and provide location-based authentication. A novel secret key (<span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <msub>\u0000 <mi>K</mi>\u0000 <mi>PLS</mi>\u0000 </msub>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation>$$ {K}_{PLS} $$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math>) is generated using channel state information (CSI) and is used to encrypt the device's MAC address, ensuring privacy-preserving authentication. The proposed scheme is designed to minimize computational and communication costs, making it suitable for resource-constrained UAVs in real-time IoD environments. Security evaluations and comparative analysis show that the scheme effectively resists known attacks while maintaining robust protection and system efficiency.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13946,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Communication Systems","volume":"38 13","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144681173","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Performance Prediction of Multiport Antenna Design for UAV-Assisted IoT Networks Using Machine Learning Algorithms","authors":"Vikas Kumar Vaidya,&nbsp;Vineeta Saxena Nigam","doi":"10.1002/dac.70191","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/dac.70191","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This paper provides the layout and examination of a two-port alumina ceramic-built filtering antenna for UAV-assisted IoT networks. Important features of the designed antenna are (a) aperture in combination with printed line provides the filtering response, that is, −20-dBi gain outside and 5.5 dBi within the working regime; (b) suspended partial reflecting surface helps to tilt the radiation pattern by ±45°; (c) metallic strips placement over dielectric block improves the isolation to above 25 dB; and (d) machine learning (ML) approach helps to predict the |S₁₁|/|S₁₂| parameters of the designed antenna. Experimental testing helps to verify the simulated/predicted outcomes. With a separation value greater than 25 dB, the antenna's operating frequency range is 5.2–5.95 GHz. Stable MIMO parameters and filtering features, along with large antenna coverage, make the designed antenna suitable for dedicated short-range communications (DSRCs) applications (5.5 GHz) as per UAV-IoT standards.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13946,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Communication Systems","volume":"38 13","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144680971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Two-Way Relaying for Orbital Angular Momentum LOS Transmission","authors":"Oluwabukunmi Williams Oso,&nbsp;Narushan Pillay,&nbsp;Hongjun Xu","doi":"10.1002/dac.70194","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/dac.70194","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Wireless communications based on orbital angular momentum (OAM) is an important line-of-sight scheme for next generation limited range networks. In this paper, we first investigate low-complexity near-maximum-likelihood (near-ML) detectors, which are independent of amplitude and/or phase modulation constellation size for both OAM-based mode division multiplexing (OAM-MDM) and OAM-based index modulation (OAM-IM). Second, we investigate infrastructure-based two-way relaying (TWR) for these OAM-based schemes. A network of two source/destination nodes with a single relay node placed between these nodes and employing decode-and-forward is considered. The transmission interval is partitioned into two transmission phases. In the first phase, the two source nodes transmit message blocks to the relay node. On receiving these message blocks, the relay node decodes the message blocks and encodes them into a single message block via the use of network coding. In the second transmission phase, the relay node forwards the single message block to the destination nodes, where the intended message block is decoded via network coding. The theoretical average bit error probability (ABEP) for a message block at the destination is derived and analyzed for the proposed TWR schemes, with validation provided by comprehensive simulation results.</p>","PeriodicalId":13946,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Communication Systems","volume":"38 13","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/dac.70194","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144680970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimizing Optical Wireless Communication Sender Alignment Using Extended Gene Density Genetic Algorithm for Minimizing SNR Fluctuation","authors":"Mahmoud Abualrob,&nbsp;Mehmet Toycan,&nbsp;Devrim Seral,&nbsp;Doğa Kavaz","doi":"10.1002/dac.70172","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/dac.70172","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Optical wireless communication (OWC) systems utilize light-emitting diode (LED) lamps as transmitters to encode data into light, while photo-detectors act as receivers to collect the transmitted data. However, improper alignment of LED lamps can lead to non-uniform signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) distribution across the application area, with SNR power being significantly lower in the corners compared to other sub-areas of the room. To address this issue, this work employs the extended gene density genetic algorithm (EGDGA) to minimize SNR fluctuation in indoor OWC applications. Unlike traditional fixed geometry LED alignment, the EGDGA dynamically adjusts the positions of the LED lamps to achieve optimal alignment with minimal SNR fluctuation. The EGDGA leverages real-value encoding to minimize processing overhead and enable continuous representation of LED lamp locations. It initializes a pool of genes and chromosomes to ensure solutions remain within the feasible region. The algorithm employs a binary tournament selection (TS) technique to maintain population diversity, allowing even low-fitness chromosomes to participate in subsequent generations. Additionally, a death penalty mechanism eliminates duplicate chromosomes, promoting more consistent and effective solutions. This approach enhances illumination, channel gain, and SNR distribution across the application plane, including the corners, and significantly reduces SNR fluctuation compared to fixed geometry alignment. Simulation results demonstrate that the EGDGA outperforms fixed alignment by achieving higher uniformity and fairer distribution of SNR across the application area. For a four-LED setup, the SNR uniformity values were 0.22 for fixed alignment and 0.70 for the EGDGA optimization. Similarly, for a sixteen-LED setup, the SNR uniformity values were 4.24 for fixed alignment and 5.07 for the EGDGA optimization. Ultimately, the EGDGA methodology improves the characteristics of the OWC channel, offering superior transmission performance compared to fixed alignment techniques.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13946,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Communication Systems","volume":"38 13","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144681279","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Secure Handover Authentication Policy and LSTM Gated Recurrent Neural Network Approaches for Intrusion Detection in WSN","authors":"J. Kamala,&nbsp;G. M. Kadhar Nawaz","doi":"10.1002/dac.70178","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/dac.70178","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Secure communication in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) is essential to protect the integrity, confidentiality, and availability of data communication between sensor nodes. The secure and authentication protocols take responsibility for data protection against malicious activities over the transmission medium. Over the communication, logs are collected in the communication medium; the feature dependences are analyzed to make secure node forming and routing secure to transfer the data using key policies and cryptography approaches. But in the last decades, the communication feature limits have failed to analyze the behavioral approach in the transmission medium, leading to packet loss, false injection, and data theft due to failed authentication and intrusion. To resolve this problem, we propose a Petal Spider Ant Colony Feature Selection (PSACFS)-Based LSTM Gated Recurrent Neural Network (LSTMG-RNN) applied to analyze the routing logs to make secure routing in WSN. The route log analysis is carried out through the <i>Z</i>-score Normalization Policy (ZNP) to predict the feature limits. Then Spectral Intensive Defect Route Margins (SIDRM) are analyzed by a decision factor, and the Transmission Delay Tolerance Impact Rate (TDTIR) is estimated by a feature scalar weights estimation model. Based on the behavior limits, the feature selection is carried out by a PSACFS model to reduce feature dimension, and route selection is carried out through LSTMG-RNN. Each route is securely optimized with a secure master Node Key handover authentication policy (SMN-KHAP) to verify the identity of the communicating entities in a network. It prevents unauthorized nodes from participating in the communication process. This proposed method surpasses other methods in terms of precision (91.06%), accuracy (93.31%), recall rate (92.26%), F1-score (92.08%), and false rate (26.21%), which ensures enhanced security performance in WSN, leading to more secure routing, verification, and authentication.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13946,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Communication Systems","volume":"38 13","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144681280","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Novel Approach for Multicarrier Modulation Signals Using GTCC Spectrogram and Improved Transfer Learning Models","authors":"Km. Sejal,&nbsp;Mohit Dua","doi":"10.1002/dac.70185","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/dac.70185","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>High-speed and low-latency communication are critical for next-generation wireless networks, demanding accurate and computationally efficient signal demodulation. However, conventional demodulation techniques suffer from high complexity and poor robustness under low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) conditions, limiting real-time applicability. This study presents a novel AMC framework for 5G systems using simulated multicarrier modulation (MCM) signals from the Vienna 5G Link Level Simulator with Jake's Doppler model and varying SNRs via added Gaussian noise. The front end of the proposed method uses an innovative feature extraction approach using gammatone cepstral coefficient (GTCC) spectrograms that capture fine-grained spectral–temporal patterns of MCM signals, enhancing feature discrimination. At the back end of the proposed scheme, three enhanced deep learning models, Improved-InceptionV3, Improved-Xception, and Improved-ResNet152V2, have been applied, individually, integrating fine-tuned convolutional layers, dense blocks, dropout regularization, and adaptive learning rates for superior performance. Experiments on the 5G waveform dataset demonstrate state-of-the-art classification accuracy, with Improved-ResNet152V2 leveraging architectural pruning and quantization outperforming Improved-InceptionV3 and Improved-Xception, achieving 96% at −16 dB SNR and 100% at 16 dB SNR. The synergy of GTCC spectrograms and enhanced architectures enables robust accuracy–efficiency trade-offs, outperforming existing methods in low SNR and noisy conditions, while Grad-CAM visualizations enhance interpretability and reliability for AMC tasks. This framework establishes a significant advancement in AMC research.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13946,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Communication Systems","volume":"38 13","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144657623","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Coverage Optimization and Prediction in Wireless Sensor Network Based on Enhanced Decisive Red Fox Black-Winged Kite With Multistrategies","authors":"P. Dineshkumar,&nbsp;K. Geetha,&nbsp;C. Rajan","doi":"10.1002/dac.70180","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/dac.70180","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Wireless sensor networks' (WSNs) coverage optimization and prediction are critical for improving the efficiency of WSNs in various applications, which aim to maximize the area of interest while minimizing the number of sensors to balance energy consumption and network lifespan. More specifically, coverage optimization focuses on ensuring maximum coverage in WSNs through the strategic placement of resource-constrained sensor nodes. However, existing approaches often reach local optima and exhibit poor performance in optimization. Consequently, this leads to suboptimal coverage, where certain areas remain unmonitored or excessive overlap occurs among multiple sensors. To address this, an enhanced Decisive Red Fox and Black-winged Kite with Multistrategies (DRFBK-MS) is proposed for optimizing WSN coverage while ensuring initial value distribution across the search space to enhance diversity. The proposed DRFBK-MS approach lies in its hybrid integration of Decisive Red Fox and Black-winged Kite optimization strategies, enhanced with Sobol sequence initialization for better population diversity, simulated annealing, and dynamic search steps to escape local optima. Additionally, it uniquely incorporates a Reinforcement Convolutional Network (ReConvNet) for accurate and low-complexity prediction of WSN node status. This unified optimization–prediction framework significantly improves coverage performance, search efficiency, and energy utilization, achieving a coverage rate of 96.24%, coverage efficiency of 98.1%, with an execution time of 10 s, making it a robust and efficient solution for WSN coverage optimization.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13946,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Communication Systems","volume":"38 13","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144657622","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ceramic-Based Millimeter-Wave MIMO Antenna for 5G NR Band 261: A Machine Learning Optimization Approach","authors":"Jayant Kumar Sahu,&nbsp;Anshul Gupta,&nbsp;Pinku Ranjan","doi":"10.1002/dac.70190","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/dac.70190","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study introduces a novel four-port multiple input multiple output (MIMO) antenna system that employs cylindrical dielectric resonator antennas (CDRAs) for millimeter-wave (mm-wave) communication. The design addresses key challenges in mm-wave MIMO antenna development, including achieving high inter-port isolation, compact integration, and pattern diversity within limited bandwidth constraints. The proposed structure incorporates four CDRAs mounted on a single RT/Duroid 5880 substrate with a shared ground plane. Enhanced isolation is achieved through a plus-shaped aperture coupling, orthogonal feeding configuration, and strategic ground plane modifications. The antenna exhibits an impedance bandwidth (S₁₁ ≤ −10 dB) from 26.60 GHz to 28.73 GHz, with a high isolation of 34 dB at the resonant frequency of 27.54 GHz. Pattern diversity is realized by placing two CDRAs on the upper side and two on the lower side of the substrate, enhancing MIMO performance. To optimize the reflection coefficient (S₁₁), machine learning (ML) algorithms—k-nearest neighbors (KNN), random forest (RF), decision tree (DT), and extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost)—were applied to datasets obtained from parametric simulations in HFSS. The strong correlation between ML predictions and simulation results highlights the effectiveness of ML in guiding antenna design. This work offers advancements in isolation, pattern diversity, bandwidth, and fabrication simplicity, making it a strong candidate for next-generation 5G mm-wave communication systems in the NR 261 band. Experimental validation confirms its practical viability for advanced telecommunication applications aligned with current trends in mm-wave and MIMO technologies.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13946,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Communication Systems","volume":"38 13","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144657631","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring Node Failure and Packet Loss in Wireless Sensor Networks: A Comprehensive Simulation Analysis","authors":"Amine Zila,&nbsp;Abderrahmane Ouchatti,&nbsp;Youssef Mouzouna","doi":"10.1002/dac.70174","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/dac.70174","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have emerged as a fundamental technology in various applications, from environmental monitoring to industrial automation. Ensuring the reliability and performance of WSNs under adverse conditions is critical to their successful deployment. However, ensuring fairness in performance metrics is essential to optimize network utilization and provide equal service to all nodes in the network. In this paper, we present a comprehensive simulation-based study that investigates the resilience, performance, and fairness of WSNs, particularly those built on the IEEE 802.15.4 standard and employing CSMA/CA (carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance), in the presence of node failures (NFs) and packet loss (PL). We propose and analyze seven distinct simulation configurations, each designed to test the network's behavior under different conditions. Through extensive simulations, we assess key metrics at node level (NL), including packet delivery ratio (PDR), latency, and energy consumption, and quantify fairness evaluation using the Jain index, providing insights into how each configuration affects NL performance and the equitable distribution of resources and performance across the network. The results emphasize the intricate interplay between PL and NF, unveiling both their effects on network metrics. These findings highlight the need for strong network protocols that can effectively address these challenges to maintain performance and fairness in dynamic environments.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13946,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Communication Systems","volume":"38 13","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144647484","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}