International Journal of Communication Systems最新文献

{"title":"Two-Port Circularly Polarized Printed Radiator With High Gain and Isolation Features for Sub-6 GHz 5G Applications","authors":"Anand Sant,&nbsp;Rinkoo Bhatia,&nbsp;Vivek Singh Kushwah","doi":"10.1002/dac.70113","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/dac.70113","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This article explains the layout and examination of two-port printed radiator with a metasurface (MS) absorber wall in between the port and a suspended MS over the designed radiator. The unique characteristics of designed printed multi-input multi-output (MIMO) radiator are as follows: (i) Absorbing wall in between the port advances the separation level among the closely spaced antennas by 25 dB and (ii) suspended MS made up with double negative metamaterial unit cell, which adds two important features, that is, high gain (up to 8.0 dBi) and converts the linear wave into the circularly polarized waves (5.31–5.65 GHz) in between working frequency range. Experimental outcomes have decent promise with optimized simulated findings. The planned aerial works effectively in between 5.2 and 5.95 GHz with above 25 dB separation. Decent assessment of MIMO parameter and stable radiation features confirms its applicability for sub-6.0 GHz-based 5G communication system.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13946,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Communication Systems","volume":"38 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143871757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Novel Optimal Sampling Digital PLL Design With High Performance and Alleviated Hardware for IOT Applications","authors":"Muralidharan J,&nbsp;Suresh Kumar Pittala,&nbsp;L. Megalan Leo,&nbsp;A. Jerrin Simla","doi":"10.1002/dac.70107","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/dac.70107","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A key component of Internet of Things (IoT) nodes is the phase-locked loop (PLL), yet power distribution remains an issue with the digital versions of these nodes. Reducing the high-power distribution, which usually regulates the all-digital PLL (ADPLL) power close to the digitally controlled oscillator (DCO), is essential for the development of the ultra-low-power ADPLL. The low-level audio will reduce the active signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), when ADPLL is used in a communications system, causing significant inaccuracy and reducing the data rate. Therefore, it is vital to understand the trade-off between phase noise, lock time performance, and variability in ADPLL. We present the improved design optimal sampling digital PLL (OS-DPLL) for IoT applications in this paper. The proposed OS-DPLL consists of a loop module (LM), ring oscillator (RO), first-order digital loop filter (F-DLF), divider chain, and bang–bang phase frequency detector (BBPFD), which uses the improved bang–bang approach. In addition, an efficient operating system is introduced to isolated operating modes, which provide standard bandwidth performance for sound and spectral purity in a closed phase mode. The simulation result determines the effectiveness of the proposed OS-DPLL design based on power consumption, hardware utilization, and throughput.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13946,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Communication Systems","volume":"38 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143866013","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"NTRU Lattice–Based Blockchain Consensus–Assisted Vehicle-to-Vehicle Authenticated Message Delivery in Internet of Vehicles","authors":"Dushyant Kumar Yadav,&nbsp;Hemlal Sahu,&nbsp;Dharminder Chaudhary,&nbsp;Cheng-Chi Lee","doi":"10.1002/dac.70089","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/dac.70089","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The Internet of Vehicles (IoV) has emerged as a promising application capable of enhancing transportation efficiency and providing a variety of mobile services to drivers. This IoV enables real-time data sharing among vehicles and infrastructure, allowing for better traffic flow, reduced congestion, and optimized routes. By providing vehicles with real-time information about nearby vehicles, road conditions, and potential hazards, IoV can significantly reduce the likelihood of accidents and improve overall road safety. Given the openness, continuous data production, distributed environment, and self-organizing nature of IoV, it is susceptible to numerous malicious attacks. To ensure the authenticity of mobile services within IoV, we have proposed a robust authentic blockchain–based multisignature algorithm with Ethereum consensus mechanism. Blockchain's decentralized nature reduces the risk of single points of failure, making it more resilient against hacking and unauthorized access. In this system, all the transactions recorded on the blockchain are immutable, ensuring that the data remain accurate and tamper proof. This is crucial for maintaining trust in the information exchanged between vehicles. This also eliminates the need for a central authority, blockchain enables peer-to-peer interactions between vehicles, enhancing efficiency, and reducing latency. This security of the algorithm is based on short integer solution assumption can provide security even in the presence of quantum computers. The proposed algorithm is computationally efficient, and it uses <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mi>N</mi>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation>$$ N $$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math> th-degree truncated polynomial ring unit (NTRU)–generated lattice with simple polynomials multiplication over a finite field. The results confirm that our proposed scheme is effective in enhancing security within the IoV environment.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13946,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Communication Systems","volume":"38 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143857106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genetic Algorithm-Based Interest Forwarding for Information Centric Vehicular Networks","authors":"Nitul Dutta","doi":"10.1002/dac.70091","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/dac.70091","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The information centric vehicular network (ICVN) is envisioned as an alternative to IP-based vehicular network in order to extend the content oriented retrieval in to vehicular communication. In such network, named contents are retrieved through circulation of interest packets. Hence, there is a need of efficient interest forwarding techniques for timely retrieval of data. So far, the flooding of interest is the most intuitive forwarding approach in ICVN. But it suffers from broadcast storm and generates extensive signaling overhead which is not affordable in bandwidth constrained ICVN. In this article, a guided genetic algorithm (GA)-based interest forwarding (GABIF) technique is proposed for ICVN. The algorithm selects a set of neighbors to forward interest packets rather than flooding an interest to all its neighbors. To select the set of neighbors, the content seeker (a vehicle) performs a GA-based analysis on the list of neighbors and finds the optimized set of vehicles that have maximum possibility of holding the searched content. Every vehicle in the topology maintains a table of its neighbors along with the content availability probability and the cost of acquiring content from those sources. These parameters are later used to generate the optimized solution by applying GA. The proposed approach is simulated in <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mi>n</mi>\u0000 <mi>s</mi>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation>$$ ns $$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math>-3-based <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mi>n</mi>\u0000 <mi>d</mi>\u0000 <mi>n</mi>\u0000 <mi>S</mi>\u0000 <mi>i</mi>\u0000 <mi>m</mi>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation>$$ ndnSim $$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math>-2.0 and compared with other three exiting approaches. Observation shows a better performance of GABIF in many aspects including interest success rate, content retrieval time, protocol overhead, and server hit ratio.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13946,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Communication Systems","volume":"38 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143853000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimizing Task Offloading and Resource Management in 6G Networks Through a Hierarchical Edge-Fog-Cloud Architecture","authors":"Mareeswari Ganesan,&nbsp;Balasubramanian Chelliah","doi":"10.1002/dac.70102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/dac.70102","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The high-speed development of 6G technology demands novel network architectures that can manage increasing volumes of data and connected devices efficiently. This paper introduces a novel hierarchical edge-fog-cloud (HEFC) architecture in resource allocation and energy efficiency optimized for 6G networks. The next generation of communication should be delivered by 6G technology that will make the design of interaction between humans, data, and devices. Because of requirements in 6G, HEFC architecture dynamically allocates computational tasks to HEFC depending on complexity latency requirements. The edge layer is responsible for most latency-sensitive tasks. However, the current usage of edge and fog computing models takes into account only the single-point optimization. The proposed HEFC model achieves a low latency of 8 ms, an energy consumption of 110 kWh, a high throughput of 600 tasks/s, and an efficient resource utilization of 85%. The main aim of our study is to design a solid, robust and scalable HEFC architecture that can tackle the challenges of task offloading, resource allocation and energy consumption for the 6G systems. The approach employs dynamic voltage and frequency scaling (DVFS) with advanced optimization methods to enhance energy efficiency and scalability in the network core. By efficiently allocating workloads, the proposed EFC model excels existing architectures in important performance areas. This paper presents sustainable 6G network model to tackle the challenge of latency-sensitive and energy-greedy applications. The results can guide future network designs towards more efficient and adaptive architectures, making 6G networks more responsive and dependable to evolving technological demands.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13946,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Communication Systems","volume":"38 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143853001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of Coverage in the LoRa Network With Different Fading Channels Using IRS Environment","authors":"R. Gnanaselvam,&nbsp;S. Juliet Mercy,&nbsp;B. Karthick,&nbsp;S. Jeyasudha","doi":"10.1002/dac.70104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/dac.70104","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In this paper, we consider Long Range (LoRa) Low-Power Wide Area Networks in downlink systems using intelligent reflecting surfaces (IRSs) instead of relay communication because IRS consumes less power, is less expensive, and has more passive elements. IRS is also used to control multipath fading because multipath fading is a major problem in wireless networks. The primary objective of the paper is to examine the coverage probability for the Rayleigh and Nakagami-m distributions in the downlink LoRa system using the IRS environment. In particular, the coverage of Nakagami-m and Rayleigh fading channel models in the LoRa downlink system is based on Gateway (GW) to User Equipment (UE) via IRS environment plus direct link (GW to UE). In addition, investigate the effect of channel hardening under the Nakagami-m distribution, as well as the effect of coverage probability with a variety of path loss exponents (PLE) in a Rayleigh fading wireless channel employing IRS medium in the LoRa downlink system.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13946,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Communication Systems","volume":"38 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143840832","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efficient Detection of Reactive Jamming Attacks in IoT Networks: A Collaborative Approach","authors":"Alia Ashraf,&nbsp;Muneeb Sagheer","doi":"10.1002/dac.70098","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/dac.70098","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>According to its wide range of domain applications, the Internet of Things, also known as the IoT, has attracted a lot of attention recently. With the rapid growth of IoT, security and privacy have become more critical and difficult to manage. Reactive jamming is a dangerous threat that may disrupt communication by providing inconsistent data. There are various approaches to solving this problem that propose distributed solutions. However, there are persistent issues, such as energy overheads and traffic delays. Therefore, this paper proposes a lightweight yet efficient method to detect reactive jamming attacks in IoT networks. It proposes the collaborative detection of the reactive jamming attack technique (CDRA) to detect reactive jamming attacks. In the proposed architecture, the nodes work collaboratively. Each node maintains neighborhood information by monitoring its behavior based on two metrics: the packet forwarding ratio (PFR) and the received signal strength indication (RSSI). The findings are compared to the most advanced, utilizing specific performance criteria (e.g., consumption of energy and traffic latency) using the Cooja simulator with varied traffic intervals, inappropriate node numbers, authentic conditions, and randomized mobility. The results show that the proposed approach outperformed the state of the art by consuming less energy and minimizing traffic delays. The detection time is also minimized. The result proves 3% reduced energy under varying traffic intervals and malicious nodes. It consumes 17% energy, which is 5% lower than the existing approach. It also reduces delay by 10% when compared to the existing approach.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13946,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Communication Systems","volume":"38 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143836229","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Coarse Frequency Offset and Primary Synchronization Signal Joint Detection Based on Time Division Uniform Extraction and Frequency Domain Parallel Processing for 5G Nonterrestrial Network Systems","authors":"Jingze Yu,&nbsp;Cheng Ju,&nbsp;Dongdong Wang,&nbsp;Na Liu,&nbsp;Chunyao Chen,&nbsp;Jiamin Fan","doi":"10.1002/dac.70088","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/dac.70088","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Rapid detection of the primary synchronization signal (PSS) and accurate coarse frequency offset detection is critical in time–frequency synchronization in 5G nonterrestrial network (NTN) communication systems. However, the Doppler frequency offset (DFO) caused by the rapid movement of low Earth orbit (LEO) satellites requires multiple parallel real-time calculations for PSS detection and coarse frequency offset compensation at ground terminals, which consumes a lot of hardware logic resources if the algorithms based on sliding cross-correlation operation is used for PSS detection. In this work, a coarse frequency offset and PSS joint detection based on time division uniform extraction and frequency domain parallel processing is proposed, which can significantly reduce the complexity while ensuring performance. The offline FPGA verification results indicate that the proposed scheme can be effectively applied with extremely low complexity in the presence of severe DFO, where existing alternatives provide unsatisfactory complexity.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13946,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Communication Systems","volume":"38 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143836141","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"RIS-Aided MISO Channel Estimation Using Fuzzy Embedded Recurrent Neural Network and Binary Kepler Optimization Algorithm","authors":"B. Ramesh,&nbsp;D. Saravanan,&nbsp;A. Raja,&nbsp;T. R. Vijaya Lakshmi","doi":"10.1002/dac.70094","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/dac.70094","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Multi-antenna wireless systems enhanced by reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs) offer improved spectral and energy efficiency. RIS improves coverage and energy efficiency, but accurate channel estimation is challenging. The least-squares (LS) strategy is sub-optimal, while the MMSE estimator is difficult due to nonlinearity and non-Gaussianity. To overcome these issues, RIS-Aided MISO Channel Estimation using Fuzzy Embedded Recurrent Neural Network and Binary Kepler Optimization Algorithm (RIS-MISO-<span>CE</span>-FERNN-BKOA) is proposed. Initially, the Linear Minimum Mean Square Error (LMMSE) estimator, optimized with BKOA for RIS phase shifts, achieved higher accuracy than the LS approach. To further enhance the efficiency and better approximate the globally optimal MMSE channel estimator, Fuzzy Embedded Recurrent Neural Network (FERNN) is proposed. The RIS-MISO-<span>CE</span>-FERNN-BKOA method attain 34.56%, 25.63%, and 18.89% higher accuracy; 28.63%, 25.41%, and 19.23% lower MMSE; and 33.56%, 29.78%, and 25.74% higher SNR when analyzed with the existing techniques. The proposed technique achieves better accuracy when compared with the conventional models, making it a robust solution for RIS-assisted MISO communication systems.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13946,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Communication Systems","volume":"38 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143826920","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hybrid Flying Foxes and Enhanced Whale Algorithm-Based Cluster Optimization Method for Efficient Stable Routing in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs)","authors":"N. Gopinath,&nbsp;A. Chinnasamy,&nbsp;T. Sathies Kumar","doi":"10.1002/dac.70076","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/dac.70076","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) is an indispensable entity to diversified number of intelligent transportation system (ITS)–enabled technologies. But network scalability, frequent topology changes, and high mobility are the major problems due to the sparse distribution of vehicles especially in highways and constantly changing vehicular network topology. Maintenance of stable route in the network between the vehicles is a herculean task as its failure increases the probability of instability. This establishment of stable routes is essential in VANETs for efficiently utilizing the computational resources such that desirable degree of quality of service (QoS) can be achieved. This stable route determination can be attained by addressing the factors of energy balancing, coverage, connectivity, and load balancing for the purpose of guaranteeing the sensed data from all the points of target to the base stations in a reliable manner. In this paper, hybrid flying foxes and enhanced whale algorithm (HFFEWA)–based cluster optimization method is proposed for attaining sustained routing that establishes stable cluster construction during the routing process. This HFFEWA adopted the factors of route along the highway, velocity, number of nodes, and communication range into the fitness function for minimizing the degree of randomness. It specifically used flying fox optimization algorithm (FFOA) for exploring the search space more eminently such that global clusters could be constructed with maximized diversity. On the other hand, enhanced whale algorithm (EWA) is adopted for preventing the issue of premature convergence. It is also proposed with the capability of well-balanced exploration and exploitation that explores and exploits the search space such that it can be used in generating optimal number of cluster heads (CHs). The simulation results of this HFFEWA conducted different vehicular density confirmed an improved network lifetime of 19.42% with the stabilized cluster construction of 32.18%, better than the competitive approaches. The evaluation of HFFEWA under different network size confirmed better performance in packet delivery rate, end-to-end delay, and packet loss.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13946,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Communication Systems","volume":"38 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143826921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}