{"title":"Dynamic testing of frequency relays","authors":"N. Stringer","doi":"10.1109/ICPS.1995.526985","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICPS.1995.526985","url":null,"abstract":"Frequency relays are often applied on power systems either to protect generation equipment or provide load shedding capabilities. Accurate setting and operation of these relays is essential in the proper coordination of the power system equipment. Dynamic testing provides a method of assuring the proper operation of frequency relays. Along with this testing is a myriad of complexities and confusion. Dynamic tests are not always as straightforward as one might think, especially when the results are not as anticipated. The methods of testing, type of test equipment used, and the specific relay measuring techniques all play a significant role in the dynamic testing results. This paper discusses the intricacies of dynamic frequency testing along with the differences between test equipment and frequency relays and how these differences affect the testing results. A sampling of four frequency relays was tested (three solid-state devices and one electromechanical), each using four different test sets. Results of each are discussed.","PeriodicalId":138670,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of 1995 Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Conference","volume":"189 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133435252","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Considerations for generator ground fault protection in mid size cogeneration plants","authors":"R. Rifaat","doi":"10.1109/ICPS.1995.527006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICPS.1995.527006","url":null,"abstract":"Generator ground-fault protection aspects are analyzed for midsize cogeneration plants. In these plants, the generators may be connected to a common generator bus. The overall bus-connected system should be considered when applying generator high-resistance grounding schemes. Calculations are reviewed for sizing generator neutral-ground resistance and evaluating third harmonic originated in the scheme. The relevant applications of third harmonics in applying 100% stator ground-fault protection schemes are examined. Practical considerations are presented for establishing selectivity of ground-fault protection schemes in the case of a common generator bus.","PeriodicalId":138670,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of 1995 Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Conference","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125496063","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A comparison between the ANSI/IEEE and the CENELEC/IEC approach to overload protection of insulated power cables","authors":"G. Parise, G. Rubino","doi":"10.1109/ICPS.1995.528568","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICPS.1995.528568","url":null,"abstract":"The same basic principles on which the methods of power cable protection against overloads are based are summed up by different criteria and formulations within ANSI/IEEE and CENELEC/TEC publications. The studies carried out by the technical committees of these organizations have been examined and compared, in order to point out not only their differences, but also their complementary aspects. By combining the two approaches, it has been possible to outline a \"third way\" to determine the admissible duration of overload currents and define intermediate criteria for the emergency ratings of cables and for the coordination of protective devices.","PeriodicalId":138670,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of 1995 Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Conference","volume":"30 2","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120863667","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Calculation of ampacities and sizing of line and neutral conductors in the presence of harmonics","authors":"A. Hiranandani","doi":"10.1109/ICPS.1995.526989","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICPS.1995.526989","url":null,"abstract":"Today nonlinear loads are becoming a bigger part of the electrical\u0000load in industrial and commercial power systems. Nonlinear loads\u0000generate harmonics in line currents resulting in additional conductor\u0000heating. This heating results in a higher temperature rise of the cable\u0000which can exceed the rated temperature of the cable if it is not sized\u0000to carry harmonic currents. Existing ampacity tables by the NEC or IEEE\u0000are based on heating generated by sinusoidal currents. The presence of\u0000nonsinusoidal harmonic currents in the cable requires derating of the\u0000cable. This paper has developed an equation for calculating the ampacity\u0000for line and neutral conductors in the presence of harmonics","PeriodicalId":138670,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of 1995 Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Conference","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133895850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Minimizing the effects of voltage disturbances on continuous industrial processes","authors":"K. Carrick","doi":"10.1109/ICPS.1995.527000","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICPS.1995.527000","url":null,"abstract":"The continuous industrial process considered to be within the scope of this paper is defined. Typical process plant reaction to power interruptions and voltage sags is described and the characteristics of the voltage sags experienced by continuous process plants are discussed. The reaction of process and motor control components is described. Methods of minimizing the adverse reaction to voltage disturbances by manipulation or the control component circuit configuration and/or manipulation of the control power supply are presented.","PeriodicalId":138670,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of 1995 Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Conference","volume":"13 3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116648232","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Computer-aided coordination and overcurrent protection for distribution systems","authors":"L. Tolbert","doi":"10.1109/ICPS.1995.527005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICPS.1995.527005","url":null,"abstract":"Overcurrent protection and coordination studies for electrical distribution systems have become much easier to perform with the emergence of several commercially available software programs that run on a personal computer. These programs have built-in libraries of protective device time-current curves, damage curves for cable and transformers, and motor starting curves, thereby facilitating the design of a selectively coordinated protection system which is also well-protected. Additionally, design time when utilizing computers is far less than the previous method of tracing manufacturers` curves on transparent paper. Basic protection and coordination principles are presented in this paper along with several helpful suggestions for designing electrical protection systems. A step-by-step methodology is presented to illustrate the design concepts when using software for selecting and coordinating the protective devices in distribution systems.","PeriodicalId":138670,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of 1995 Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Conference","volume":"76 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124892426","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Distribution feeder loss computation by artificial neural network","authors":"S. Kau, M. Cho","doi":"10.1109/ICPS.1995.526992","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICPS.1995.526992","url":null,"abstract":"This paper proposes an artificial neural network (ANN) based\u0000feeder loss calculation model for distribution system analysis. In this\u0000paper, the functional-link network model is examined to form the\u0000artificial neural network architecture to derive the various loss\u0000calculation models for feeders with different configuration. Such an\u0000artificial neural network is a feedforward network that uses a standard\u0000back-propagation algorithm to adjust weights on the connection path\u0000between any two processing elements (PEs). Feeder daily load curve in\u0000each season are derived by field test data. A three-phase load flow\u0000program is executed to create the training sets with exact loss\u0000calculation results. A sensitivity analysis is executed to determine the\u0000key factors including power factor, feeder loading primary conductors,\u0000secondary conductors, and transformer capacity as the variables for\u0000components located at the input layer. By using an artificial neural\u0000network with pattern recognition ability, this study has developed\u0000seasonal and yearly loss calculation models for overhead and underground\u0000feeder configurations. Two practical feeders with both overhead and\u0000underground configurations in the Taiwan Power Company distribution\u0000system are selected for computer simulation to demonstrate the\u0000effectiveness and accuracy of the proposed models. Compared with models\u0000derived by the conventional regression technique, results indicate that\u0000the proposed models provide more efficient tools to the district\u0000engineer for feeder loss calculation","PeriodicalId":138670,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of 1995 Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Conference","volume":"59 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125353306","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Transient effects of PWM drives on induction motors","authors":"C. Melhorn, Le Tang","doi":"10.1109/ICPS.1995.526990","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICPS.1995.526990","url":null,"abstract":"With the advances in semiconductor devices, adjustable-speed drives (ASDs) have become more prevalent than ever before in industrial and commercial processes. Many facilities are installing ASDs to improve the efficiency of their processes and to increase the control of their processes. While the effects of ASDs on the power system are well known, many engineers and systems integrators are not aware of the effects that ASDs can have on the motor that is driven by the drive. This paper describes the techniques used to measure, analyze and simulate the problems associated with the use of pulsewidth modulation (PWM) ASDs to drive induction motors. Measures to mitigate these problems are also discussed. The electromagnetic transients program (EMTP) is used to simulate the phenomena, compare results against measurements, and evaluate mitigation techniques.","PeriodicalId":138670,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of 1995 Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Conference","volume":"70 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127713638","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Review of technologies for current-limiting low-voltage circuit breakers","authors":"C. Brice, R. Dougal, J. Hudgins","doi":"10.1109/ICPS.1995.526988","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICPS.1995.526988","url":null,"abstract":"Conventional air-magnetic circuit breakers, which are widely used in low-voltage applications, utilize magnetic forces that are produced by blowout coils, the geometry of the arcing contacts, or both. The magnetic forces act to push the arc off the contacts into an arc chute, which consists of a number of metal plates. The arc chute causes the arc to be split into a number of smaller arcs, thereby facilitating the process of extinguishing the arc. In the last 20 years, the technology of circuit breakers has dramatically advanced, now including mature devices based on gas-blast (such as SF/sub 6/) and vacuum interruption. At the same time, the technology of power electronic devices has evolved rapidly, leading to suggestions of a purely static circuit breaker based on solid-state electronic devices. Recently, several different proposals have appeared for current-limiting devices to be used in conjunction with or in replacement of conventional circuit breakers. The technologies involved in these proposals have ranged from very familiar (series reactors) to quite innovative (conductive polymer devices). Several of these proposed technologies have been used to a limited extent in commercial products, but they are very likely to see increasing applications as the technology matures. This paper begins with a short review of conventional circuit breaker action for background, then reviews the recent literature for current-limiting technologies that could be applied to low-voltage electric power systems. The paper concludes with a description of work underway for further development of conductive polymer current limiters.","PeriodicalId":138670,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of 1995 Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Conference","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121413469","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A microcomputer-based testing station for dynamic and static testing of protective relay systems","authors":"Weijen Lee, Ren-Jun Li, J. Gu","doi":"10.1109/ICPS.1995.527004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICPS.1995.527004","url":null,"abstract":"Dynamic and static relay performance testing before installation in the field is a subject of great interest to utility relay engineers. The common practice in utility testing of new relays is to put the new unit to be tested in parallel with an existing functioning relay in the system, wait until an actual transient occurs and then observe and analyze the performance of new relay. It is impossible to have a thorough test of the protective relay system through this procedure. An equipment, Microcomputer-Based Testing Station (or PC-Based Testing Station), that can perform both static and dynamic testing of the relay is described in this paper. The Power System Simulation Laboratory at the University of Texas at Arlington is a scaled-down, three-phase, physical power system which correlates well with the important components for a real power system and is an ideal facility for the dynamic and static testing of protective relay systems. A brief introduction to the configuration of this laboratory is presented. Test results of several protective functions by using this laboratory illustrate the usefulness of this test set-up.","PeriodicalId":138670,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of 1995 Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Conference","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127360704","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}