Proceedings OCEANS '83最新文献

{"title":"Design Of A 160 MW OTEC Plantship For Production of Methanol","authors":"W. Avery, D. Richards","doi":"10.1109/OCEANS.1983.1151953","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.1983.1151953","url":null,"abstract":"The use of OTEC plantships at their full potential to produce synfuels and energy intensive products would make the tropical oceans a resource which could supply energy greatly exceeding present world demands. Methanol is a particularly attractive OTEC product because it can replace unleaded gasoline as a motor vehicle fuel and is a preferred feedstock for high efficiency fuel cells designed for electric power generation. Preliminary analyses indicate that OTEC methanol would be a more economical motor vehicle fuel than unleaded gasoline at present prices. OTEC methanol is produced in a process which involves reaction of oxygen, produced by water electrolysis on the OTEC ship, with coal to form carbon monoxide, which is then catalytically combined with hydrogen, produced in the same electrolysis process, to form methanol. Coal is transported to the plantship by bulk carrier and the methanol product is returned to shore by tanker. A preliminary description is presented in the paper of the process requirements, and projected output and costs of a 160 MW (nominal) OTEC methanol plantship. The design is based on scale-up of the 1980 APL design of a 40 MW ammonia plantship, with substitution of a methanol plant for the ammonia plant and readjustment of the ship system to accommodate the larger process and equipment space required. Three industrial organizations have participated in the design study. Brown and Root Development, Inc. (BARDI) performed the initial shipboard methanol plant design study and performance analysis benefiting from the detailed engineering design and cost information which BARDI had assembled for a barge mounted methanol-from-natural-gas plant, and drawing on design, cost and operating information for the TVA ammonia-from-coal pilot plant, employing the Texaco gasifier, which was designed and built by BARDI. Information on a molten carbonate gasifier developed by Rockwell International, and ship integration and methanol synthesis data provided by Ebasco Services, Inc., are providing the basis for a second iteration of the plantship design and costs. Initial APL study of the molten carbonate gasifier process on a 160 MW plantship showed a significant increase in production over the initial shipboard methanol plant design study, to 1450 metric tons/day of fuel grade methanol, and a \"first-cut\" estimated delivered cost at U.S. ports of $0.45 to $0.60 per gallon.","PeriodicalId":137921,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings OCEANS '83","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121599706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"U.S. Navy's Deep Submergence Forces","authors":"J. Ransom","doi":"10.1109/OCEANS.1983.1152055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.1983.1152055","url":null,"abstract":"Since its inception in 1970, Submarine Development Group ONE has functioned as the U. S. Navy's sole operating arm for underwater search, recovery, and rescue. As such, it maintains the largest, most diverse collection of Deep Submergence assets in the world, including submarines, manned and unmanned submersibles, search systems, diving systems, surface ships, and shore facilities. A wealth of operational experiences have been acquired with these assets over the past thirteen years in both Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, leading to the establishment of numerous techniques and equipment developments. This paper will describe specific Submarine Development Group systems and present results of several recent operations. Future plans will also be discussed.","PeriodicalId":137921,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings OCEANS '83","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121946528","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sewage Discharge Impacts On Coral Reef Communities","authors":"R. Pastorok, G. Bilyard","doi":"10.1109/OCEANS.1983.1152024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.1983.1152024","url":null,"abstract":"Sewage discharges may potentially impact coral reef communities through nutrient enrichment, sedimentation of effluent solids, and bioaccumulation of toxic contaminants. The cumulative impacts of a large discharge in poorly-flushed waters may disrupt reef community structure by stressing sensitive coral species and modifying competitive interactions. High nutrient loading favors the growth of opportunistic species (e.g., benthic green or blue-green algae, bryozoans, tunicates), which out-compete slower growing corals for a limited substrate resource. Excessive sedimentation may lead to altered growth forms and severe decreases in coral cover, taxonomic richness, and colony size. Available data for predicting the effects of toxic contaminants on coral reef systems are limited, but suggest that toxic substances may inhibit coral growth, alter metabolic functions, and reduce recruitment. Based on information available in the literature, a tentative scale of sedimentation impacts is proposed for reef slope communities.","PeriodicalId":137921,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings OCEANS '83","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122016420","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pumping Of Low-Temperature Deep Sea Water For Cooling Of Facilities On Land","authors":"T. Emura, T. Hamada, R. Hirasawa, T. Matsumoto","doi":"10.1109/OCEANS.1983.1151971","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.1983.1151971","url":null,"abstract":"The low-temperature deep-sea water is pumped up to coast through pipes. We cool refrigerants of refrigerating machines in the pumped low-temperature sea water. This reduces the electric power of refrigerating machines. The electric power saved exceeds the power for pumping, so that we can operate the refrigerating system with less electric power. We also use the pumped low-temperature sea water for cooling of nuclear power plants on coast. The pumped low-temperature sea water is heated by the plants only up to the temperature of surface sea water, so that enviromental changes caused by the increase of the temperature of surface sea water can be avoided.","PeriodicalId":137921,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings OCEANS '83","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131793201","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Surface Currents During The ARSLOE Storm Measured By The CODAR Crossed-Loop System","authors":"D. Barrick, B. Lipa","doi":"10.1109/OCEANS.1983.1152139","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.1983.1152139","url":null,"abstract":"Data from a single-site CODAR system were used to study near-shore surface currents during a storm at ARSLOE. The dominant surface currents resulted from the storm winds and waves; tidal currents observed were nearly an order of magnitude weaker. The onshore and alongshore current components changed direction when these components of the wind reversed. Average current speed was 2.13% of the wind. Overall surface current direction was more nearly parallel to the coast than the wind. One notable exception occurred then the onshore wind component that had been blowing several days ceased; surface flow was nearly all offshore as the storm-surge sea level dropped back to normal.","PeriodicalId":137921,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings OCEANS '83","volume":"144 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124609422","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"U.S. Navy Activities In Ocean Wave Measurement And Prediction","authors":"S. Bales, G. Neuschafer","doi":"10.1109/OCEANS.1983.1151961","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.1983.1151961","url":null,"abstract":"The natural environment plays an increasingly important role in U.S. Navy ship design trade-off studies and in at-sea tactical decisions. The performance of ships, weapons, and personnel is strongly dependent on the prevailing winds and state of the seaway. Millions of dollars are expended each year in repairing fleet damage due to wind and wave loadings. Even the largest of vessels is not immune to these degradations where aircraft on deck are constantly faced with the threat of salt spray corrosion. In order to build more sea-kindly ships, the Navy has initiated a program to provide new technology for ship design. A major focus of the program is to develop procedures for better quantification of the wind/wave environment. Central to this effort are directional wave hindcasts developed at Fleet Numerical Oceanography Center (FNOC) in Monterey, California. Analysis of these hindcasts has recently produced new sea state occurrence charts for the North Atlantic and North Pacific Oceans. While the characteristics of wave directionally remain elusive, quantification of spectral spreading has been undertaken. Stratified sampling techniques are being used to develop a new wave spectral family and may permit, for the first time, the probabilistic calculation of ship response in representative moderate to heavy, swell corrupted, wind generated seas. Validation of these data are accomplished, among other ways, by deployment of a directional (roll-pitch) wave buoy and subsequent comparison to FNOC forecasts, and also by postmortem analysis of ship casualty reports with corresponding wave hindcasts or forecasts. Importantly, the hindcast data base also permits the development of wave statistics heretofore unavailable in any quantity. While the primary focus of the hindcasting effort to date has been on the North Atlantic and North Pacific, efforts to expand the work to the Indian Ocean and Mediterranean Sea are planned.","PeriodicalId":137921,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings OCEANS '83","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122257828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Federal Program In Marine Polymetallic Sulfide Research","authors":"D. Duane, D. Heinrichs, T. Offield","doi":"10.1109/OCEANS.1983.1152108","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.1983.1152108","url":null,"abstract":"The largest pool of federal resources available for research directed solely toward polymetallic sulfides is derived from three agencies: The National Science Foundation (NSF), the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) within the Department of Commerce, and the Geological Survey (USGS) within the Department of Interior. Programs of these three agencies are the subject of this paper. A fourth, the Office of Naval Research (ONR) in the Department of Defense sponsors activities which are supportive in a peripheral way. Each program reflects the missions of its parent agency, and through various techniques, including cooperation among bench level scientists, is mutually supportive and nonduplicative. Support for the DSRV ALVIN is a joint effort among NSF, ONR, and NOAA.","PeriodicalId":137921,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings OCEANS '83","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122262621","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Artificial Reef Technology A Strategy For Active Impact Mitigation","authors":"R. Grove, J. Yuge, C. Sonu","doi":"10.1109/OCEANS.1983.1151989","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.1983.1151989","url":null,"abstract":"While complying with Federal and State standards aimed at regulating the effluent discharge activities into the marine environment, the discharger may opt to go beyond the stereotype role of an \"enforcee\" in order to act to improve the environment with which its industrial activity must coexist. Southern California Edison Company's artificial reef research program has stemmed from the updated vision of resource management in which the goal is a net gain in the quality of the environment. This goal is to be achieved by introducing positive impacts to outbalance whatever negative impacts still may or may not accrue from the regulated discharge activities. Immediate benefits expected from this program are: 1. By adding a new habitat, the artificial reef will help enhance the marine environment through increased production of biomass, a compensating factor for using once-through cooling water for coastal power plants and also for siting power plants on the coast in general. 2. By locating the reefs in naturally impoverished areas such as flat, sandy nearshore regions, fish and other marine biota may be attracted to it. Thus, in addition to producing biomass, this technique could be used to possibly better manage existing marine resources. It is proposed that the structural design of an artificial reef module, according to best available information from Japanese reef technology, should apply favorably in Southern California nearshore waters. The reef module is a low-lying pentagon 2.5 m in diameter with water current deflectors, and interior compartments.","PeriodicalId":137921,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings OCEANS '83","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130318118","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In Situ Quantification Of Oil Entering An Estuary Under Protective Booms","authors":"W. Phoel","doi":"10.1109/OCEANS.1983.1152182","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.1983.1152182","url":null,"abstract":"After an exploratory oil well (IXTOC I) blew out in the Gulf of Mexico in June 1979, three million gallons of oil were estimated to impact the Texas coast, primarily along Padre Island. Booms, either complete or staggered, were placed across the inlets to prevent oil from entering the environmentally sensitive estuaries, including the Laguna Madre. These estuaries are important nesting areas for birds and nursery areas for fish and other marine life. There was concern that subsurface oil of substantial quantities was entering the estuaries under the booms during flood tides. Diving investigations at the booms to observe and quantify the amount of subsurface oil entering the estuaries indicated that between zero and 100 kg of weathered oil was entering the Laguna Madre per day. Except for some small deposits on the shores of the inlet and flats in the estuary, the oil had no obvious impact.","PeriodicalId":137921,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings OCEANS '83","volume":"7 2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131146068","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Time Difference Raytrace Method For Ranging And Sound Channel Probing","authors":"F. Maltz","doi":"10.1109/OCEANS.1983.1152121","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.1983.1152121","url":null,"abstract":"A method for time delay ranging in the deep sound channel is outlined here. The method is based on modeling sound channel SSP by an N-layer model. The parameters of the model are reference sound speedC_{o}. layer thicknessDeltaZ and sound speed gradient vectorunderline{g}. For ranging purposes, it is only necessary to determine the composite parameter(Delta C/Delta R). As shown, this can be done by differential ray trace or by using two distinct bearing angles. Another alternative is to use an analytical profile and to differentiate axial range with respect to the vertical arrival anglephi. The same methodology is proposed to solve the inverse problem, namely the gradient set is obtained fromNindependent observations of the phase gradient parameter(Delta C/Delta R). The explicit transformation of SSP to phase gradient for an axial configuration of sources and receivers for the layered model is outlined. A simple transposition method is discussed to obtain an off-axis configuration of source/receiver allocations. All the results presented here have been restricted to ray trajectories having a single upper and single lower rapath loop. This propagation mode is generally associated with first convergence zone ranges, that is to say ranges of the order of 50km.","PeriodicalId":137921,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings OCEANS '83","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130865001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}