AARN: Race最新文献

{"title":"The Effect of Affirmative Action on Workers' Outcomes","authors":"N. Amano-Patiño, Julián Aramburu, Zara Contractor","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3762025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3762025","url":null,"abstract":"Fifty-six years after the introduction of affirmative action in employment in the U.S., there is a lack of consensus regarding the effect of this policy on workers’ careers (Holzerand Neumark, 2000). This paper contributes to fill this gap by building and analyzing a dataset that allows us to quantify the effects of affirmative action in employment on workers’ labor market outcomes. This paper circumvents prior data restrictions by constructing the first administrative database containing worker-level information (from the Longitudinal Employment Household Dynamics) as well as the federal contractor status of workers' employers (from the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission Data and Federal Procurement Data). We estimate the causal effects of affirmative action on workers’ outcomes exploiting different features specified by the legal obligations of the regulation in a regression discontinuity setting.","PeriodicalId":137537,"journal":{"name":"AARN: Race","volume":"51 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123978571","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Indigenous Knowledge Management and Humanitarian Supply Chain for Disaster Mitigation and Sustainable Development in the Eco Communities of India: Holistic Systems Modeling Approach","authors":"S. Bhushan, S. Mani","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3871584","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3871584","url":null,"abstract":"The Humanitarian Supply Chain (HSC) can prove to become quite instrumental to any developmental initiative for capacity building in the backward eco-communities of India, particularly those which are located in disaster-prone regions. Apart from providing immediate relief assistance at the incidence of natural disasters, what is more, critical is their long-term capacity building with a holistic perspective. This is required to enhance the effectiveness and speed of community response for major humanitarian programs, such as health, food, shelter, water, and sanitation. We can thus say that the success of short-term relief work lies in the long-term capacity building and, is critical to the performance of both current and future humanitarian operations and programs. The scenarios studied in this paper are with respect to those crucial decision environments and their underlying complexities which create inherent endogenous dynamics perpetuated by various stakeholders giving functional response towards the humanitarian supply chain.","PeriodicalId":137537,"journal":{"name":"AARN: Race","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122278550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Challenges and Opportunities With Native Forestry on Māori Land","authors":"Pia Pohatu, Sophie O’Brien, Leonard J. Mercer","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3741753","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3741753","url":null,"abstract":"Domestically and abroad, government policies aim to increase afforestation and provide the many environmental and social benefits that afforestation can deliver. For multiply-owned Māori land in Aotearoa New Zealand, decision-makers often face extra challenges that may hinder their ability to meet aspirations for afforesting their land, despite the availability of various support programmes. We explore the decision-making processes of a sample of Māori landowners in Te Tairāwhiti to understand the extent to which funding programmes and afforestation incentives from the New Zealand Emissions Trading Scheme enable them to meet their own aspirations for their land. We conducted semi-structured interviews with 13 Māori land-use decision-makers that represent a range of Māori landowner entity types, including Māori incorporations, ahuwhenua trusts, ahuwhenua trusts administered by Te Tumu Paeroa and family trusts. Several key challenges emerged that are faced by our sample of Māori land decision-makers. These relate to: the historical context of Māori land use and development; governance; accessing expertise and resourcing; communication; the logistics of native forestry establishment; and challenges specific to the NZ ETS. We also identified key areas where additional support could yield substantial gains for Māori land decision-makers. These include increasing access to understandable and context-specific expert advice; investing in lasting working relationships; providing support to develop robust business cases and planting plans for native forestry; tailoring policy to be flexible to individual land blocks’ starting lines; and tailoring policy to acknowledge the ways in which Māori traditionally engaged with native forestry.","PeriodicalId":137537,"journal":{"name":"AARN: Race","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130122374","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tribes, Nations, States: Our Three Commerce Powers","authors":"Christopher R. Green","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3679265","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3679265","url":null,"abstract":"This Article argues that one aspect of the power to regulate “Commerce with foreign Nations … and with the Indian Tribes” is broader than the power over “Commerce … among the several States.” If “Tribes” and “Nations” consist of people, but “States” of territory, then “Commerce … among the several States” must cross state lines, even though small, local transactions between Americans and non-citizens are commerce “with foreign Nations” or “with the Indian tribes.” \u0000 \u0000Why think that? There is considerable evidence that the tribal commerce power replaces “trade … with the Indians” in the Articles of Confederation, but early direct definitions of the other two commerce powers are surprisingly rare. Antifederalists complained at length that the power to tax for the general welfare would make the federal government all-powerful, but not so about the commerce power which largely did the job after 1937. In January 1788, Federal Farmer 11 described the foreign commerce power as “trade and commerce between our citizens and foreigners.” Elbridge Gerry restated it in 1790 as “trade with foreigners.” Jefferson and Randolph’s 1791 bank objections defined foreign and tribal commerce as commerce with non-citizens. Martens’s 1788 international-law treatise explained “commerce … with foreign nations” as including “power over the foreigners living in its territories.” The 20-year slave-trade protection presupposes broad foreign commerce power, but narrow interstate commerce power: Congress may control “migration,” but not domestic slavery or other labor conditions. The earliest attacks on federal power over non-citizens’ commerce discussing the 1794 Jay Treaty and 1798 Alien Act were internally inconsistent. Despite lots of its own inconsistency, the Supreme Court adopted this view in 1866 in United States v. Holliday. \u0000 \u0000Why care? Broad foreign and tribal commerce powers undermine the late-nineteenth-century motivation for unenumerated “plenary” powers over foreign affairs or tribes; a limited interstate commerce power allows “powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution” to refer to something. The tribal commerce power likewise supports the Indian Child Welfare Act’s regulation of the transfers of tribal-member custody. Congress’s 1870 protection of non-citizens’ occupational and contracting rights and 1986 prohibition on employment discrimination rest on its foreign commerce power, not the Fourteenth Amendment; Congress may regulate non-citizens’ labor conditions, but not labor conditions generally. Antidiscrimination law can then refocus on equal citizenship — the Privileges or Immunities Clause for states and fiduciary principles for the federal government — instead of historically-less-plausible rights for all humanity. Cases like Graham v. Richardson would turn on pre-emption, and three gaps in antidiscrimination law — federal citizenship classifications in Mathews v. Diaz, governmental functions in Ambach v. Norwick, and tribal classificat","PeriodicalId":137537,"journal":{"name":"AARN: Race","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116580729","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neighborhood Racial and Ethnic Diversity and Residential Segregation in Large Urban Areas in the U.S., 1980-2010","authors":"J. Ottensmann","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3658760","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3658760","url":null,"abstract":"Racial and ethnic neighborhood diversity and residential segregation among whites, African-Americans, Latinos, and Asians and Pacific Islanders are measured for 59 large urban areas in the United States from 1980 to 2010. Neighborhood diversity is defined as the average of diversity in census tracts. Neighborhood diversity increased dramatically from 1980 to 2010 for nearly all urban areas. It was significantly higher in areas in the South and West and in areas that were growing more rapidly. Residential segregation is defined as the relative difference between neighborhood diversity and the maximum possible for the urban area given the distribution of the population across the racial and ethnic groups. Segregation declined over the period considered and was lowest in urban areas in the West.","PeriodicalId":137537,"journal":{"name":"AARN: Race","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132112076","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diversity Effects for Altruistic Behavior: Evidence from the Field and International Data","authors":"Timothy MacNeill, David Wozniak","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3226297","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3226297","url":null,"abstract":"To investigate the relationship between ethnic diversity and altruism, we conduct a field experiment comparing ethnically diverse and homogeneous communities. We observe that people are more altruistic in diverse communities, that ethnic discrimination in altruism is only present in low diversity communities, and that discrimination and cultural differences in altruism disappear when subjects receive a gift from another community member. This positive relationship between diversity and altruism is verified using international data from 115 countries with multiple diversity measures. The results suggest that policies that encourage increased diversity and interaction between ethnic groups within communities and nations may increase prosocial behavior and reduce discrimination.","PeriodicalId":137537,"journal":{"name":"AARN: Race","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121050174","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Collective Victimhood and Social Prejudice: A Post-Holocaust Theory of Anti-Semitism","authors":"G. Antoniou, Elias Dinas, Spyros Kosmidis","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3011983","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3011983","url":null,"abstract":"Anti-Semitism represents one of the most penetrating forms of prejudice, yet social research has failed to address the causal underpinnings of the phenomenon. To this end, we put forward a new theory of anti-Semitism that builds on the legacy of the Holocaust. Standing as the benchmark for collective suffering, the Holocaust creates competition over recognition of the status of the victim. Upward comparisons between victimized in-groups with other victimized out-groups trigger social prejudice. Victimhood, thus, creates an antagonistic view of the Jews that, in turn, fuels anti-Semitic prejudice. We test this theory using data from Greece -- the European nation with the highest proportion of anti-Semites -- leveraging two survey experiments. Our results confirm the observational implications of the theory, while a natural experiment and a comparative analysis shed additional light on the causal mechanism. The findings of our research carry important implications for dealing with anti-Semitism and for combating various forms of out-group prejudice.","PeriodicalId":137537,"journal":{"name":"AARN: Race","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116740708","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The New Institutional Understanding of Ethnicity","authors":"M. Barbashin","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2887726","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2887726","url":null,"abstract":"This article analyzes the methodological features of the implementation of the institutional approach in studies of ethnicity. The author emphasizes that institutional analysis lets us move from studying the history of the development of ethnic groups to studying the structure of the development. The application of the institutional approach allows researchers to reconsider many of the classic problems of modern Ethnology, including the reproduction of ethnicity, ethnic conflicts, the formation of sub-ethnic groups, and the development of the contemporary ethnic groups. Linking the study of ethnicity with studies of the behavior of individuals in the institutional space of the group, the author emphasizes that Ethnology should become an institutional science, and researchers should use the methodological potential of New Institutionalism.","PeriodicalId":137537,"journal":{"name":"AARN: Race","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121500909","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Racial and Gender Discrimination in Transportation Network Companies","authors":"Yanbo Ge, Christopher R. Knittel, D. MacKenzie, Stephen Zoepf","doi":"10.3386/W22776","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3386/W22776","url":null,"abstract":"Passengers have faced a history of discrimination in transportation systems. Peer transportation companies such as Uber and Lyft present the opportunity to rectify long-standing discrimination or worsen it. We sent passengers in Seattle, WA and Boston, MA to hail nearly 1,500 rides on controlled routes and recorded key performance metrics. Results indicated a pattern of discrimination, which we observed in Seattle through longer waiting times for African American passengers—as much as a 35 percent increase. In Boston, we observed discrimination by Uber drivers via more frequent cancellations against passengers when they used African American-sounding names. Across all trips, the cancellation rate for African American sounding names was more than twice as frequent compared to white sounding names. Male passengers requesting a ride in low-density areas were more than three times as likely to have their trip canceled when they used a African American-sounding name than when they used a white-sounding name. We also find evidence that drivers took female passengers for longer, more expensive, rides in Boston. We observe that removing names from trip booking may alleviate the immediate problem but could introduce other pathways for unequal treatment of passengers.","PeriodicalId":137537,"journal":{"name":"AARN: Race","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123211105","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"कळंब तालुक्यातील कोलाम जमातीचे आर्थिक व सामाजिक संरचनेचे भौगोलिक अध्ययन (Geographical Study of the Economic and Social Structure of the Kolam Tribe in Kalamb Taluka)","authors":"Nilkantha Narule","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3461274","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3461274","url":null,"abstract":"<b>Marathi Abstract:</b> कळंब तालुक्यात कोलाम हा आदिवासी समुदाय प्रमुख आहे. त्यांना आदिवासी म्हणतात. ते सुरूवातीपासूनच आपल्या समान भूप्रदेशावर राहतात. ते कळंब समुदायातील अनेक गटात आहेत. त्यापैकी काही राजगोंड नावाचे रॉयल गट आहेत. त्यांच्या लग्न आणि इतर उत्सवात दांदरी आणि घुसडी हे नृत्यप्रकार केले जातात. त्यांच्या सदस्य गटात जुन्या परंपरांचे अस्तित्व असून तरूण लोक त्याचा आनंद घेतात. कोलाम समुदाय जंगलातील औषधी वनस्पती व इतर आयुर्वेदिक औषधी वनस्पतींची विक्री करतात. या पेपरचा उद्देश भौगोलिक संदर्भातील विशेष संदर्भ् असलेल्या आर्थिक आणि सामाजिक बाबींचा अभ्यास करणे होय. <br><br><b>English Abstract:</b> Kolam community is prominent in kalamb taluka it comes in shedule tribe. They are also called as Adivasi is one who has veritage and living from the beginning. There are several groups of kalamb community. Some of them has Royal groups called Raj Gond. The Dandari and Ghusadi are the dances in the marriages and other festival. There are the members of tradition existed in their groups, the youngsters enjoy librery in mey aspects. The kolam community sells the forest ites and other important items like medicinal plants, herbs etc. This paper aims to study the economical and social aspect with special reference to geographical context. <br><br>","PeriodicalId":137537,"journal":{"name":"AARN: Race","volume":"51 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132718004","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}