International journal for parasitology最新文献

{"title":"Cryptic Biomphalaria spp. diversity, spatial population structure and contrasting schistosome infection patterns in the Lake Albert region.","authors":"Julius Tumusiime, Casim Umba Tolo, Grace Kagoro-Rugunda, Daisy Namirembe, Cyril Hammoud, Christian Albrecht, Tine Huyse","doi":"10.1016/j.ijpara.2026.104927","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijpara.2026.104927","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Biomphalaria snails are intermediate hosts of Schistosoma mansoni, and their distribution predicts where intestinal schistosomiasis may occur. Here, we investigated the genetic diversity and distribution patterns of Biomphalaria spp. in the Lake Albert region and assessed their role in the transmission of schistosomes. Snails (n = 6869) were screened for schistosome infections using cercariae shedding and molecular techniques. In total, 29,670 Biomphalaria snails were collected, 90% of which were in the upland sites. For a subset of snails (n = 184) we sequenced a partial cytochrome c oxidase subunit one (COX1) fragment for phylogeographic analyses. Biomphalaria sudanica, Biomphalaria pfeifferi and Biomphalaria stanleyi were identified, with the former two species having haplotypes shared at the lake and upland sites. We also report the presence of a cryptic lineage, tentatively named B. cf. pfeifferi, awaiting further description. Molecular assays revealed higher overall prevalence of S. mansoni (1.9%) and S. rodhaini (1.12%) among Biomphalaria spp. (n = 1619) than inferred from cercarial shedding (0.66%). However, S. mansoni occurred exclusively at lake and nearby stream sites and was hosted predominantly by B. sudanica (24.7%, 22/89) and B. pfeifferi (5.4%; 5/147), while S. rodhaini, hosted mainly by B. cf. pfeifferi, was widely distribution in upland sites allopatric to S. mansoni. The wet season (October and November) had the highest S. mansoni prevalence. We argue that the lack of S. mansoni in upland sites reflects a more nuanced situation than simply the absence of suitable host snails, and suggest taxonomic revision of the B. pfeifferi complex.</p>","PeriodicalId":13725,"journal":{"name":"International journal for parasitology","volume":" ","pages":"104927"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148584383","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Good parasites make bad hosts: why is hyperparasitism uncommon among metazoan parasites.","authors":"Juan T Timi, Robert Poulin","doi":"10.1016/j.ijpara.2026.104926","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijpara.2026.104926","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Hyperparasitism, in which a parasite exploits another parasite, represents a logical extension of parasite diversity and complexity within ecological networks. While common and ecologically significant in microbial systems, hyperparasitism among metazoan parasites appears comparatively rare. This discrepancy is intriguing given the high diversity and frequent co-occurrence of parasites within hosts. Here, we compile and review published cases of hyperparasitism involving metazoan parasites to assess their taxonomic distribution and ecological characteristics. We identify a wide range of hyperparasitic strategies, including opportunistic associations and highly specialized interactions. However, many published cases appear to be accidental or rare, suggesting that true hyperparasitism is even less frequent than reported. We argue that the relative rarity of hyperparasitism among metazoan parasites results from a combination of ecological and evolutionary constraints, including low encounter probabilities, dependence on multiple hosts, parasite aggregation, limited trophic accessibility, structural simplicity of parasite bodies, the presence of dual immune barriers imposed by both host and parasite, and, especially, energetic scaling constraints. Together, these factors restrict the conditions under which hyperparasitism can evolve and persist. Therefore, despite the vast diversity of parasites, their suitability as hosts is limited, and thus they rarely serve as hosts for other metazoan parasites. In this context, \"good parasites\" may indeed make \"bad hosts.\"</p>","PeriodicalId":13725,"journal":{"name":"International journal for parasitology","volume":" ","pages":"104926"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148455806","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The duration and pattern of recurring heatwaves shape host-parasite interactions under thermal stress.","authors":"Viktoria Rozmann, Floriane O'Keeffe, Michael Officer, Pepijn Luijckx, Jeremy J Piggott","doi":"10.1016/j.ijpara.2026.104925","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijpara.2026.104925","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Anthropogenic climate change is expected to increase not only mean temperatures but also the magnitude and pattern of thermal variability, including the frequency, duration, and predictability of extreme events. While the effects of elevated mean temperatures on disease dynamics are well studied, far less is known about how different patterns of temperature variability shape host-parasite interactions, despite theoretical predictions from the climate variability hypothesis. Here, we used a controlled experimental system (Daphnia magna and two microsporidian parasites, Ordospora colligata and Hamiltosporidium tvaerminnensis) to disentangle the effects of thermal variability. Across two experiments conducted under different thermal regimes, we exposed hosts to cyclic (predictable) and random (unpredictable) heatwaves. Contrary to predictions from the climate variability hypothesis, temperature variability did not uniformly increase infection risk. Instead, infection outcomes depended on the mean temperature, duration of the heatwaves, the pattern of thermal variation, and parasite identity. At lower temperatures (Experiment 1), thermal variability had minimal effects on infection. At higher mean temperatures (Experiment 2), parasites responded in distinct ways: H. tvaerminnensis spore production was sensitive to the pattern of heat events, whereas O. colligata responded primarily to heatwave duration. These results demonstrate that climatic variability can differentially alter host-parasite interactions rather than exerting consistent directional effects on disease, with the effects of temperature variability depending on both species identity and thermal regime. Taken together, these findings suggest that increasing climatic variability may influence parasite communities and disease outcomes under the ongoing global change.</p>","PeriodicalId":13725,"journal":{"name":"International journal for parasitology","volume":" ","pages":"104925"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148420804","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Protein kinase G regulates microneme exocytosis through a microneme-localized ion transport domain-containing protein in Neospora caninum.","authors":"Xianmei Wang, Na Yang, Shui Yu, Kun Guo, Shiman Yang, Lifang Wang, Qun Liu, Yong Fu, Jing Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.ijpara.2026.104924","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijpara.2026.104924","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Neospora caninum is a major apicomplexan pathogen causing bovine abortion, resulting in major economic losses to the global livestock industry. Since its initial identification in 1988, N. caninum has emerged as one of the leading infectious causes of bovine abortion worldwide. Protein kinase G (PKG) acts as a central regulator of parasite motility, invasion, and egress; however, the downstream effectors that mediate these processes remain poorly defined. To systematically define the PKG-associated signaling network, we employed TurboID-mediated proximity labeling combined with subcellular localization profiling and phosphoproteomic analysis, identifying 37 high-confidence candidate proteins associated with PKG. These proteins are involved in vesicular trafficking, ion transport and metabolism, transcriptional regulation, and phosphoinositide/cyclic nucleotide signaling. We further identified a previously uncharacterized microneme-localized protein containing ion-transport domains, ITP1, that shows proximity to PKG and exhibits PKG-dependent phosphorylation. Genetic ablation of ITP1 significantly impaired parasite invasion and egress and reduced microneme protein secretion. These findings support a functional link between PKG signaling and ion transport-associated processes in the regulation of microneme exocytosis and host cell invasion in apicomplexan parasites.</p>","PeriodicalId":13725,"journal":{"name":"International journal for parasitology","volume":" ","pages":"104924"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148420816","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clonal amplification and weak genetic structuring in the rumen fluke Calicophoron daubneyi at a regional scale in the French Pyrenees.","authors":"Pilar Alda, Juliette Langand, Dominique Faugère, Antonio A Vázquez, Elodie Chapuis, Marion Vittecoq, Thierry De Meeûs, Sylvie Hurtrez-Boussès","doi":"10.1016/j.ijpara.2026.104923","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijpara.2026.104923","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Calicophoron daubneyi is an emerging rumen fluke of ruminants whose prevalence and geographic range have increased markedly across Western Europe over recent decades. Despite its growing veterinary importance, population-level genetic studies of this trematode have been hampered by the absence of suitable multilocus markers, with previous work relying on mitochondrial or ribosomal sequences that provide limited resolution for epidemiological inference. In this study, we developed and validated the first panel of polymorphic microsatellite markers for C. daubneyi and applied them to assess genetic diversity, clonality, and population structure in natural populations from the eastern French Pyrenees. Using Illumina-based genomic sequencing, we isolated 16 candidate loci, of which 10 robust and polymorphic microsatellites were retained after stringent quality filtering. We used these markers to genotype 187 adult parasites collected from cattle originating from seven localities spanning a maximum pairwise distance of approximately 50 km. Analyses explicitly accounted for the strong clonal amplification characteristic of trematode life cycles. We observed high levels of genetic diversity and a pronounced but variable clonal signal among sites. After attempting to correct for clonality and null alleles, genetic differentiation among populations was low and no significant isolation by distance was detected, consistent with substantial genetic exchange occurring at the regional spatial scale examined. These findings suggest that definitive host movement contributes importantly in shaping parasite gene flow within this interconnected livestock system. By providing the first validated microsatellite toolkit and baseline population-genetic data for C. daubneyi, this study establishes a foundation for future molecular epidemiological investigations of transmission dynamics, host-parasite interactions, and parasite dispersal in European livestock systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":13725,"journal":{"name":"International journal for parasitology","volume":" ","pages":"104923"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148387176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Shifts in strongylid communities associated with chronic wasting in mountain gorillas","authors":"Kelly Marie Sambucci,&nbsp;Peter Samaš,&nbsp;Benard Ssebide,&nbsp;Klára Judita Petrželková,&nbsp;Ricky Okwir Okello,&nbsp;Fred Nizeyimana,&nbsp;Nelson Bukamba,&nbsp;Tierra Smiley-Evans,&nbsp;Kirsten Gilardi,&nbsp;Barbora Pafčo,&nbsp;Barbora Červená","doi":"10.1016/j.ijpara.2026.104848","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijpara.2026.104848","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Host–parasite relationships are typically maintained in a dynamic equilibrium, but disruptions to this balance can lead to clinical disease and population-level health impacts. Chronic wasting, characterized by chronic loss of body condition, alopecia, a browning hair coat and pot belly, is an emerging health concern in mountain gorillas of Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda. Deworming of suspected cases has led to marked short-term health improvements, implicating intestinal helminths. To investigate, we analysed faecal samples from human-habituated gorillas collected in 2018 and 2021, and unhabituated gorillas in 2018, using high-throughput sequencing of strongylid nematodes (ITS-2) and gut bacteria (16S). Strongylid community composition varied with chronic wasting occurrence, with <em>Oesophagostomum</em> emerging as a key taxon driving this difference, while bacterial communities remained relatively stable. Strongylid diversity increased between 2018 and 2021, and habituated gorillas exhibited reduced strongylid genetic diversity, higher relative abundance of <em>Oesophagostomum</em> and lower relative abundance of <em>Murshidia</em> compared to unhabituated gorillas. These results suggest that a higher abundance of <em>Oesophagostomum</em> is associated with chronic wasting in mountain gorillas due to either a causative association or other genetic, immunological or environmental causes allowing <em>Oesophagostomum</em>, a common member of the gut eukaryote community of the Bwindi gorillas, to overpopulate.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13725,"journal":{"name":"International journal for parasitology","volume":"56 7","pages":"Article 104848"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147618331","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development and validation of an explainable prediction model for schistosomiasis seropositivity: a population-based screening study in Hunan Province, China","authors":"Yu Zhou,&nbsp;Ling Tang,&nbsp;Mao Zheng,&nbsp;Benjiao Hu,&nbsp;Yanfeng Gong,&nbsp;Liyun Zhu,&nbsp;Liang Shi,&nbsp;Lei Lin,&nbsp;Xinran Yang,&nbsp;Pin Long,&nbsp;Yue Chen,&nbsp;Qingwu Jiang,&nbsp;Yibiao Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.ijpara.2025.104766","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijpara.2025.104766","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Early identification of people at risk of schistosomiasis infection is critical to interrupting disease transmission. We develop and validate an explainable machine learning prediction model that integrates demographic, behavioral, and environmental factors to identify these individuals. A total of 103,707 individuals were included to train and internally validate the model, and 16,574 individuals were used for external validation. The Random Forest (RF) model demonstrated the best discriminative performance among the five machine learning models evaluated. It accurately predicted schistosomiasis seropositivity in both internal validation (AUC = 0.943, F1 score = 0.809) and external validation (AUC = 0.897, F1 score = 0.770) and has been translated into a practical tool to support real-world application. Feature importance analysis indicated that the most significant predictors of schistosomiasis seropositivity included the presence of schistosomiasis symptoms, history of exposure to infected water, endemicity types of the village, gender, and village risk category. Furthermore, the SHapley Additive exPlanation (SHAP) method was employed to explain how these variables influence the prediction outcomes. This study provides a reference for early identification of high-risk populations and facilitates the translation of theoretical modeling studies into practical work applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13725,"journal":{"name":"International journal for parasitology","volume":"56 7","pages":"Article 104766"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145855799","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An intimate view of Leishmania infantum chromosome ends reveals less conserved subtelomeric regions and variations in the telomeric repeat","authors":"Habtye Bisetegn,&nbsp;Beatriz Cristina Dias de Oliveira,&nbsp;Arthur de Oliveira Passos,&nbsp;Cristiane de Santis Alves,&nbsp;Evan Ernst,&nbsp;Maria Isabel Nogueira Cano","doi":"10.1016/j.ijpara.2025.104769","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijpara.2025.104769","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Leishmania infantum</em> is an intracellular protozoan parasite that causes visceral leishmaniasis, predominantly affecting marginalized populations in tropical and subtropical countries. The parasite genome comprises 36 chromosomes whose ends have not been characterized. In most eukaryotes, chromosome termini are capped by telomeres and associated proteins, forming nucleoprotein structures that maintain genome stability and prevent the ends from being mistaken as broken DNA. <em>Leishmania</em> telomeres are composed of G-rich repetitive DNA replenished by telomerase activity. Here, we showed a detailed view and assessment of the 72 chromosome end termini of <em>L. infantum</em> reference strain JPCM5 using Southern blot and Oxford nanopore (ONT) whole genome sequence. <em>L. infantum</em> telomeres, besides the canonical hexameric repeat, contain hexamer variants. The subtelomeres comprise frequent octameric repeats intercalated by interstitial telomeric hexamers and a 62 bp <em>Leishmania</em> conserved telomere-associated sequence containing the Conserved Sequence Block 2 (CSB2) and other elements. The ONT data also provided a complete panorama of <em>L. infantum</em> chromosome termini, showing clusters of high gene density, and determining the telomere size in all chromosome arms. The estimated <em>L. infantum</em> TRF (terminal restriction fragment) length, ranging from 100 to 500 bp, is sensitive to T5 exonuclease digestion, confirming they are at the termini; a similar strategy was used to assess the subtelomeric octameric repeats. Also, procyclic and metacyclic promastigotes showed similar TRF profiles, and promastigote telomeres show different nuclear distributions depending on the cell cycle phase. Our results showed that <em>L. infantum</em> chromosome ends show a mosaic organization, adding valuable information about its genomic architecture and evolution.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13725,"journal":{"name":"International journal for parasitology","volume":"56 7","pages":"Article 104769"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145917602","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genetic diversity of Plasmodium falciparum equilibrative nucleoside transporters PfENT1 and PfENT4: Implications for purine-based antimalarial drug development","authors":"Worlanyo Tashie,&nbsp;Harry P. de Koning,&nbsp;Nancy O. Duah-Quashie,&nbsp;Neils B. Quashie","doi":"10.1016/j.ijpara.2025.12.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijpara.2025.12.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The emergence and spread of <em>Plasmodium falciparum</em> resistance to current antimalarial drugs underscores the urgent need for new therapies with novel mechanisms of action and broad therapeutic potential. The purine salvage pathway in <em>P. falciparum</em> is a validated drug target and the import of purines into the parasite, mediated by Equilibrative Nucleoside Transporters (<em>Pf</em>ENTs), is a critical step in this pathway. Despite emerging as drug targets, the genetic diversity of <em>Pf</em>ENTs remains poorly characterized. Understanding this diversity is crucial for optimizing a potential purine-based drug development. Here, we report the genetic diversity in <em>Pf</em>ENT1 and <em>Pf</em>ENT4 in <em>P. falciparum</em> field isolates from geographical regions worldwide. Illumina-generated sequences and Variant Call Format (VCF) files for over 7,000 isolates were retrieved from the European Nucleotide Archive and Malaria Genomic Epidemiology Network data repositories respectively. VCF files were filtered to detect single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and insertions/deletions (InDels) in <em>Pf</em>ENT1 and <em>Pf</em>ENT4. Additionally, Illumina-generated sequences were analyzed to identify copy number variations (CNVs) in these genes. In both <em>Pf</em>ENT1 and <em>Pf</em>ENT4, only SNPs were identified as no InDels or CNVs were found. The frequency of missense variants in <em>Pf</em>ENT1 and <em>Pf</em>ENT4 was 4.5 % and 6.2 % respectively. Three common genetic variants, F36S,<!--> <!-->V129I, and<!--> <!-->L133F, were identified in <em>Pf</em>ENT1, with minor allele frequencies (MAF) of 4.0 %, 4.1 %, and 3.0 %, respectively. Additionally, four common genetic variants, I188F, N209I, A260T, and S383A, were found in <em>Pf</em>ENT4, with MAF of 2.2 %, 1.6 %, 1.5 %, and 38.9 %, respectively. In both genes, most genetic variants substituted non-polar amino acid residues with similar residues. The allele frequencies of the SNPs identified are similar (<em>p</em> &gt; 0.05) in rural and urban areas. In conclusion, this study revealed that <em>Pf</em>ENT1 and <em>Pf</em>ENT4 are highly conserved with low genetic diversity, emphasizing their importance and suitability as drug targets.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13725,"journal":{"name":"International journal for parasitology","volume":"56 7","pages":"Article 104760"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145793557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Aims and scope and Editorial board","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/S0020-7519(26)00138-4","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S0020-7519(26)00138-4","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13725,"journal":{"name":"International journal for parasitology","volume":"56 7","pages":"Article 104907"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148573419","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}