Interdisciplinary Toxicology最新文献

{"title":"Acute and subacute toxicity of <i>Ammi visnaga</i> on rats.","authors":"Khaled M M Koriem, Mahmoud S Arbid, Marwa A El-Attar","doi":"10.2478/intox-2019-0004","DOIUrl":"10.2478/intox-2019-0004","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Ammi visnaga</i> (Av) is a source of khellin where a tea made from the fruit of this plant was used as herbal medicine for kidney stones in Egypt. In the present research, the acute and subacute toxicity studies with oral intake of 150, 300 and 600 mg/kg of Av seed ethanolic extract in rats were done. In acute toxicity test, 4 groups of rats (n = 6/group: 3 males and 3 females) were chosen and the first control group received tap water, while the other three groups received Av seed ethanolic extract dissolved in tap water at doses of 150, 300, and 600 mg/kg, and general behavior, adverse effects, and mortality were recorded for up to 14 days. In subacute toxicity study, 72 rats (36 males and 36 females) were divided into 4 major groups; group I received tap water (control group), while animals in groups II, III, and IV (test groups) received oral intake of Av seed ethanolic extract dissolved in tap water at doses of 150, 300 and 600 mg/ kg bwt, respectively. Each of this major group was subdivided consequently into 3 subgroups (n = 6/group: 3 males and 3 females) where brain tissue, blood sample, body and organs weights were recorded at the beginning and then after two and four weeks of the experiment for the determination of hematological, biochemical and histopathological changes in tissues (liver, kidney, brain, spleen, heart, testis and ovary). With regard to acute toxicity, Av seed ethanolic extract did not induce any toxic effects or death or any organ toxicity. In subacute toxicity study; oral intake with Av seed ethanolic extract did not reveal any change in body and organs weights, hematological parameters, serum glucose and cholesterol, brain neurotransmitters, liver and kidney functions, male and female hormones. In conclusion, Av seed ethanolic extract is nontoxic to liver, kidney, brain, spleen, heart, testis and ovary.</p>","PeriodicalId":13715,"journal":{"name":"Interdisciplinary Toxicology","volume":"12 1","pages":"26-35"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/72/1b/ITX-12-26.PMC7061450.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37751798","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The pathway of lead through the mother's body to the child.","authors":"Vanda RÍsovÁ","doi":"10.2478/intox-2019-0001","DOIUrl":"10.2478/intox-2019-0001","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Placenta, the organ on which great attention is concentrated during pregnancy, represents an ineffective barrier to the transfer of hazardous heavy metals, mainly lead, into the foetus. The presence of lead in the placenta is an environmental hazard for a person's future. Due to hormonal changes, lead is released during pregnancy into the bloodstream of the mother from deposits in the bones and in the teeth, where it has accumulated for years as a result of a contaminated environment. Since lead is a neurotoxic metal, exposure to lead during prenatal and postnatal development can cause serious neurocognitive damage and hence the development of an Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in a developing human. Our work provides an overall picture of the \"toxic pathway\" of lead through the mother's body, the risks arising from its transplacental transfer and its accumulation in the developing foetus as well as effective prevention to protect all newborns.</p>","PeriodicalId":13715,"journal":{"name":"Interdisciplinary Toxicology","volume":"12 1","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/e1/82/ITX-12-1.PMC7061448.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37752971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Non-clinical safety evaluation of a novel pharmaceutical salt, rosuvastatin ethanolamine, in Wistar rats.","authors":"Jigneshkumar Vaghasiya,&nbsp;Satyam Patel,&nbsp;Sudhir Patel,&nbsp;Shekhar Kadam,&nbsp;Ramchandra Ranvir,&nbsp;Harilal Patel,&nbsp;Rajesh Sundar,&nbsp;Mukul Jain","doi":"10.2478/intox-2019-0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/intox-2019-0002","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Rosuvastatin, a second generation 3-Hydroxy-3-Methyl Glutaryl Coenzyme-A reductase inhibitor, is widely used for the management of hypercholesterolemia. Rosuvastatin ethanolamine, developed by Cadila Healthcare Ltd., is a novel, chemically stable, and pharmaceutically acceptable salt, having better physiochemical properties than commercially available Rosuvastatin salt. The objective of the present study is to evaluate safety, tolerability, and toxicokinetic profile of novel salt. Therefore, four weeks repeated dose oral (gavage) toxicity and toxicokinetic study of Rosuvastatin ethanolamine was carried out. The drugs were administered once daily at salt corrected dose of 15, 40, and 100 mg/kg for four weeks. No signs of toxicity were observed during repeated (four weeks) oral administrations of Rosuvastatin ethanolamine in rats up to 40 mg/kg. Single male mortality was observed at 100 mg/kg dose. Microscopy finding in liver was minimal to mild bile ductular proliferation, single cell necrosis, and hepatocellular vacuolation of cytoplasm with associated statistically significant serum elevation of transaminase enzymes; AST, ALT, ALP, and/or liver functional marker; total bilirubin with at ≥40 mg/kg. The systemic exposures (AUC_0-24 and C_max) were not markedly different between males and females, or between the administration periods (except high dose, where exposure on day 28 was approximately 2 to 3 fold higher than that of day 1. In conclusion, Rosuvastatin ethanolamine exhibited toxicities to liver as the target organ at ≥40 mg/kg in this study. These adverse effects with associated exposures should be taken into consideration for the future assessing of potential Rosuvastatin toxicities.</p>","PeriodicalId":13715,"journal":{"name":"Interdisciplinary Toxicology","volume":"12 1","pages":"7-14"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/9b/8b/ITX-12-7.PMC7061451.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37752972","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating the perception of farmers towards pesticides and the health effect of pesticides: A cross-sectional study in the oil palm plantations of Papar, Malaysia.","authors":"Shameer Khan Bin Sulaiman, Yusoff Ibrahim, Mohammad Saffree Jeffree","doi":"10.2478/intox-2019-0003","DOIUrl":"10.2478/intox-2019-0003","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Agriculture is an important occupation in Malaysia that generates a major portion of the national revenue. Similar to the rest of the world, pesticides are used to boost agricultural production in Malaysian farms. However, chemical pesticides are associated with human health hazard and are not environment-friendly as they persist in nature for long periods of time. Therefore, pesticide use should be reduced and farmers should be trained on correct and/or alternative ways of pesticide use. In this cross-sectional study, we surveyed 19 palm oil plantations in the Sabah district of Malaysia and evaluated the perception of the workers towards pesticide use and awareness regarding the health effects post-pesticide exposure. Analysis of the survey shows that most of the workers among the 270 respondents were 30-year-old males with average education, and belonged to the low income group. Majority opined that they were aware of the health hazards of pesticide use and suffered from symptoms (with mean duration of three days) such as vomiting, diarrhea, skin irritation, and dizziness. Surprisingly, the opinion was almost equally divided on whether they perceived pesticides to be the cause of their health problems, and a major percentage did not avail medical help. Most of the workers responded that they did not receive any training in pesticide handling and used partial personal protective equipment (glasses, hats, shirt, and gloves) during working hours. Interestingly, a large percentage responded that they would not read the safety material even if it was provided. These observations clearly highlight the urgency of improving the awareness, education, and attitude of these plantation workers towards the short- and long-term effects of pesticide use. They should also be educated about alternative and eco-friendly ways of farming. Finally, the plantation management should intervene and proactively advocate the use of safe farming practices.</p>","PeriodicalId":13715,"journal":{"name":"Interdisciplinary Toxicology","volume":"12 1","pages":"15-25"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/9b/97/ITX-12-15.PMC7061447.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37752973","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Medicinal plants and natural products can play a significant role in mitigation of mercury toxicity","authors":"S. Bhattacharya","doi":"10.2478/intox-2018-0024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/intox-2018-0024","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Mercury is a heavy metal of considerable toxicity. Scientific literature reveals various plants and plant derived natural products, i.e., phytochemicals, which can alleviate experimentally induced mercury toxicity in animals. The present review attempts to collate those experimental studies on medicinal plants and phytochemicals with ameliorative effects on mercury toxicity. A literature survey was carried out by using Google, Scholar Google, Scopus and Pub-Med. Only the scientific journal articles found in the internet for the last two decades (1998–2018) were considered. Minerals and semi-synthetic or synthetic analogs of natural products were excluded. The literature survey revealed that in pre-clinical studies 27 medicinal plants and 27 natural products exhibited significant mitigation from mercury toxicity in experimental animals. Clinical investigations were not found in the literature. Admissible research in this area could lead to development of a potentially effective agent from the plant kingdom for clinical management of mercury toxicity in humans.","PeriodicalId":13715,"journal":{"name":"Interdisciplinary Toxicology","volume":"11 1","pages":"247 - 254"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41910437","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mitochondrial respiratory chain inhibition and Na+K+ATPase dysfunction are determinant factors modulating the toxicity of nickel in the brain of indian catfish Clarias batrachus L.","authors":"Arpan Kumar Maiti, N. Saha, G. Paul, K. Dhara","doi":"10.2478/intox-2018-0030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/intox-2018-0030","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Nickel is a potential neurotoxic pollutant inflicting damage in living organisms, including fish, mainly through oxidative stress. Previous studies have demonstrated the impact of nickel toxicity on mitochondrial function, but there remain lacunae on the damage inflicted at mitochondrial respiratory level. Deficient mitochondrial function usually affects the activities of important adenosinetriphosphatases responsible for the maintenance of normal neuronal function, namely Na+K+ATPase, as explored in our study. Previous reports demonstrated the dysfunction of this enzyme upon nickel exposure but the contributing factors for the inhibition of this enzyme remained unexplored. The main purpose of this study was to elucidate the impact of nickel neurotoxicity on mitochondrial respiratory complexes and Na+K+ATPase in the piscine brain and to determine the contributing factors that had an impact on the same. Adult Clarias batrachus were exposed to nickel treated water at 10% and 20% of the 96 h LC50 value (41 mg.l−1) respectively and sampled on 20, 40 and 60 days. Exposure of fish brain to nickel led to partial inhibition of complex IV of mitochondrial respiratory chain, however, the activities of complex I, II and III remained unaltered. This partial inhibition of mitochondrial respiratory chain might have been sufficient to lower mitochondrial energy production in mitochondria that contributed to the partial dysfunction of Na+K+ATPase. Besides energy depletion other contributing factors were involved in the dysfunction of this enzyme, like loss of thiol groups for enzyme activity and lipid peroxidation-derived end products that might have induced conformational and functional changes. However, providing direct evidence for such conformational and functional changes of Na+K+ATPase was beyond the scope of the present study. In addition, immunoblotting results also showed a decrease in Na+K+ATPase protein expression highlighting the impact of nickel neurotoxicity on the expression of the enzyme itself. The implication of the inhibition of mitochondrial respiration and Na+K+ATPase dysfunction was the neuronal death as evidenced by enhanced caspase-3 and caspase-9 activities. Thus, this study established the deleterious impact of nickel neurotoxicity on mitochondrial functions in the piscine brain and identified probable contributing factors that can act concurrently in the inhibition of Na+K+ATPase. This study also provided a vital clue about the specific areas that the therapeutic agents should target to counter nickel neurotoxicity.","PeriodicalId":13715,"journal":{"name":"Interdisciplinary Toxicology","volume":"11 1","pages":"306 - 315"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44450802","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of AgNPs on the human reconstructed epidermis","authors":"J. Franková, J. Juráňová, V. Kamarád, B. Zálešák, J. Ulrichová","doi":"10.2478/intox-2018-0028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/intox-2018-0028","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Nanoparticles are utilized in a wide range of industries. The most studied silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are used in medicine and also in several wound dressings due to their antimicrobial properties. The inflammatory response or potential morphological changes of skin cells after their application are not well known yet. In our study we used the model of human reconstructed epidermis (RHE), prepared in our laboratory, to evaluate whether the AgNPs penetrate through RHE, induce some morphological changes of keratinocytes or influence the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and IL-8). After the application of three different concentrations (25 ppm, 2.5 ppm, 0.25 ppm) of AgNPs to of RHE for 24 hours we verified that AgNPs did not affect the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and IL-8) and neither did they influence the expression of keratin K14 and loricrin. The morphology of the cells was likewise unchanged. Based on these results we conclude that AgNPs do not have any negative effect on the morphological changes and do not increase the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines.","PeriodicalId":13715,"journal":{"name":"Interdisciplinary Toxicology","volume":"11 1","pages":"289 - 293"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46449387","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antiproliferative, neurotoxic, genotoxic and mutagenic effects of toxic cyanobacterial extracts.","authors":"Enver Ersoy Andeden, Sahlan Ozturk, Belma Aslim","doi":"10.2478/intox-2018-0026","DOIUrl":"10.2478/intox-2018-0026","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cyanobacteria are the rich resource of various secondary metabolites including toxins with broad pharmaceutical significance. The aim of this work was to evaluate the antiproliferative, neurotoxic, genotoxic and mutagenic effects of cyanobacterial extracts containing Microcystin-LR (MCLR) <i>in vitro</i>. ELISA analysis results showed that MCLR contents of five cyanobacterial extracts were 2.07 ng/mL, 1.43 ng/mL, 1.41 ng/mL, 1.27 ng/mL, and 1.12 ng/mL for <i>Leptolyngbya</i> sp. SB1, <i>Phormidium</i> sp. SB4, <i>Oscillatoria earlei</i> SB5, <i>Phormidium</i> sp. SB2, Uncultured <i>cyanobacterium</i>, respectively. <i>Phormidium</i> sp. SB4 and <i>Phormidium</i> sp. SB2 extracts had the lowest neurotoxicity (86% and 79% cell viability, respectively) and <i>Oscillatoria earlei</i> SB5 extracts had the highest neurotoxicity (47% cell viability) on PC12 cell at 1000 µg/ml extract concentration. <i>Leptolyngbya</i> sp. SB1 and <i>Phormidium</i> sp. SB2 showed the highest antiproliferative effect (92% and 77% cell death) on HT29 cell. On the other hand, all concentrations of five toxic cyanobacterial extracts induced DNA damage between 3.0% and 1.3% of tail intensity and did not cause any direct mutagenic effect at the 1000 µg/plate cyanobacterial extracts. These results suggest that cyanobacteria-derived MCLR is a promising candidate for development of effective agents against colon cancer.</p>","PeriodicalId":13715,"journal":{"name":"Interdisciplinary Toxicology","volume":"11 1","pages":"267-274"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6853012/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43457933","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Zika virus infection from a newborn point of view. TORCH or TORZiCH?","authors":"Adriana Tahotná, J. Brucknerová, I. Brucknerová","doi":"10.2478/intox-2018-0023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/intox-2018-0023","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Zika virus (ZIKV) belongs to the group of viruses called arboviruses. Congenital Zika syndrome is a new disease with infectious teratogenic aetiology. The clinical symptoms are divided into morphological and functional. Most severe complication is the foetal brain disruption sequence that includes severe microcephaly, anomalies of the eyes and congenital contractions of joints. The aim of this paper was to review available facts about Zika virus infection from a newborn point of view in a form of the summary of all important information. Zika virus infection is a problem of past, present and future. Epidemics may occur because of global climate changes, also in countries where natural conditions for life of mosquitos are not present. This clearly indicates the need to continue developing of vaccines and specific antiviral drugs. Until this happens, we must adhere individual preventive measures. Zika virus has proven to us how it can affect the health of adults and neonates but also thinking of healthy people. Newborns with microcephaly on the front pages of the media caused in 2015 panic and fear around the world – for this reason education of people is necessary. Due to serious congenital disorders associated with ZIKV infection and global impact of virus we suggest modifying old acronym TORCH for new TORZiCH to accent the position of Zika virus.","PeriodicalId":13715,"journal":{"name":"Interdisciplinary Toxicology","volume":"11 1","pages":"241 - 246"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42472579","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Measurement of melamine migration from melamine-ware products by designed HPLC method and the effect of food-type on the level of migration","authors":"E. Haghi, M. Alimohammadi, Attaollah Shakoori, Fariba Razeghi, P. Sadighara","doi":"10.2478/intox-2018-0031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/intox-2018-0031","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Melamine-ware is widely used around the world. There is a public health concern as regards the safety of melamine when exposed to food. This study was carried out to measure the level of melamine migration in melamine-ware products by HPLC method and the effect of food-type on the level of melamine migration. In food control laboratories in Iran, there is no common method to measure and monitor melamine migration, hence a method using HPLC technique was adopted and validated to solve this problem. The validation results showed the reliability with 94.9% accuracy and 95.3% precision. Furthermore, the limit of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) were 0.145 and 0.435 µg/ml, which for a new method were within acceptable ranges. Melamine migrations from 4 most available melamine wares were measured. Distilled water, 3% acetic acid and 15% ethanol were used as food simulant at 30 °C for 90 min. Although melamine migration occurred in all samples and acidic conditions had a significant effect, the values were not higher than the European standard (30 µg/ml). The study revealed that the HPLC method was valid and could be applied and developed to measure melamine migration. However, precautions should be considered while choosing melamine-ware utensil as long-term exposure to this substance has a negative effect on health, especially on the kidneys.","PeriodicalId":13715,"journal":{"name":"Interdisciplinary Toxicology","volume":"11 1","pages":"316 - 320"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49553007","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}