{"title":"Detection of Epileptic Seizures from EEG Signals Using Machine Learning Classifiers","authors":"Avijit Dey Joy, S. Sarkar, Abul Kalam Azad","doi":"10.3329/bjmp.v15i1.63560","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3329/bjmp.v15i1.63560","url":null,"abstract":"Epileptic seizure is a chronic neurological disorder which affects millions of people all over the globe. It can be treated in a better way if the symptoms are detected at an early stage. In this study, we have demonstrated and evaluated the classification performances of different machine learning classifiers for the detection of epileptic seizures from electroencephalography (EEG) signals. For this, we have first applied principal component analysis (PCA) on EEG signals to obtain much reduced-length PCA vectors. These vectors are then applied to decision tree (DT), k-nearest neighbor (KNN), Naïve Bayes (NB), support vector machine (SVM) and artificial neural network (ANN) classifiers for the detection of epileptic seizures. The effects of length of PCA vectors on the performances of these classifiers have also been analyzed rigorously for 2-class, 3-class and 5-class classification of EEG signals. Besides such PCA-based classifiers, we have also proposed and evaluated the performances of a customized convolutional neural network (CNN) to directly extract features from the EEG signals as well as to perform classification tasks. The results showed that CNN outperforms PCA-based machine learning classifiers. For 2-class classification cases, CNN attains classification accuracies in the range from 99.50% to 100%, whereas 98.48% and 96.32% accuracies are obtained with CNN for 3-class and 5-class classification cases. The results signify that the proposed CNN classifier can be considered as a highly-efficient scheme for the reliable detection of epileptic seizures from EEG signals. \u0000Bangladesh Journal of Medical Physics Vol.15 No.1 2022 P 28-42","PeriodicalId":134261,"journal":{"name":"Bangladesh Journal of Medical Physics","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126702520","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Improving Deep Sensitivity of Four-Electrode Focused Impedance Method In Lungs by Varying Electrode Geometries","authors":"M. Mobarak, K. S. Rabbani","doi":"10.3329/bjmp.v15i1.63561","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3329/bjmp.v15i1.63561","url":null,"abstract":"Bio-Electrical impedance is of special interest in the detection and diagnosis of lung problems, particularly in the low and medium income countries. An age old simple technique employing four electrodes is known as ‘Tetra Polar Impedance Measurement (TPIM)’ but it cannot localize a particular zone of interest region. A new technique named as ‘Focused Impedance Method (FIM)’ was innovated by a Dhaka University group which gives high sensitivity in a localized zone of interest. Previously FIM was used from one side of the thorax which gave a rather limited information from the lungs, from shallow depths only. In order to get information from deeper regions of the lungs a new configuration of electrodes for FIM was proposed by the same group at Dhaka University which placed two electrodes at the front and two electrodes at the back of the thorax in a horizontal plane. It is expected that the degree of depth sensitivity would depend on electrode separation on both the sides. The electrode width may also have an effect. In order to study these quantitatively, COMSOL Multiphysics software was used to simulate the measurements in a rounded rectangular volume to represent a typical thorax, which was filled with isotonic saline. Electrode separations of 5cm, 10cm, 15cm and 20cm were studied while electrode widths studied were 0.15cm, 1cm and 3cm. The work supported the proposed new configuration of electrodes for FIM in that this method gives enhanced sensitivity throughout the depths of a lung and that for a thorax with a cross section of 33cm26cm, an electrode separation between 10cm and 15cm would give optimum results. For electrode width, the ones studied did not give any significant difference, however, the smallest (0.15cm) one appeared to give slightly better results. \u0000Bangladesh Journal of Medical Physics Vol.15 No.1 2022 P 43-54","PeriodicalId":134261,"journal":{"name":"Bangladesh Journal of Medical Physics","volume":"383 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124767585","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fahmida Ahmed Antara, A. Arefin, Md Tamjid Rayhan, Sabbir Ahmed Chowdhury
{"title":"Detection of Schizophrenia from EEG Signals using Dual Tree Complex Wavelet Transform and Machine Learning Algorithms","authors":"Fahmida Ahmed Antara, A. Arefin, Md Tamjid Rayhan, Sabbir Ahmed Chowdhury","doi":"10.3329/bjmp.v15i1.63559","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3329/bjmp.v15i1.63559","url":null,"abstract":"This research was conducted with the aim to detect schizophrenia automatically from EEG signals using machine learning algorithms. The 16 electrode EEG data were collected from the online repository where 43 schizophrenic and 39 healthy persons’ dataset is available. By applying Low Pass Filter and Total Variation Denoising method, raw EEG signals were denoised and were decomposed into beta, alpha, theta and delta waves by using Dual Tree Complex Wavelet Transform. To apply machine learning algorithms, five features: mean, median, standard deviation, energy and kurtosis were considered for all the four wave bands. With Linear Support Vector Machine and Random Forest classifier machine learning algorithms, 12 out of 16 channels were classified with test accuracy above 95% and F1 score above 90%. Among them, 7 channels were predicted with 100% test accuracy. This research thus has the potential to detect schizophrenia unsupervised and within a noticeably short period of time giving the opportunity to real time monitoring of patients. Hence, people living in remote areas or deprived of adequate healthcare professionals can be benefitted through the outcome of this research. \u0000Bangladesh Journal of Medical Physics Vol.15 No.1 2022 P 8-27","PeriodicalId":134261,"journal":{"name":"Bangladesh Journal of Medical Physics","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125650426","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Ahmed, Mjh Khan, A. Nahar, M.F. Mortuza, M. Hosan
{"title":"A Study on Shield Design Aspects of a Semi-Industrial Co-60 Gamma Irradiation Facility at Gamma Source Division of Institute of Food and Radiation Biology of the Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission","authors":"S. Ahmed, Mjh Khan, A. Nahar, M.F. Mortuza, M. Hosan","doi":"10.3329/bjmp.v15i1.63558","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3329/bjmp.v15i1.63558","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this work is to investigate the existing shield design aspects of a semi-industrial Cobalt- 60 Gamma Irradiation Facility for 100 kCi, designed for irradiation of pharmaceutical products and daily foodstuffs as well as for research and development purposes at the Institute of Food and Radiation Biology (IFRB) of the Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission. Earlier, the initial activity of this facility was 65 kCi and stone based reinforced concrete (SBRC) of density 2.60 g/cc and specific thicknesses were used to shield the facility for safety to operational personnel and outside public. Due to a large demand for irradiation of pharmaceutical products as well as of daily foodstuffs, IFRB has decided to increase the initial activity up to 100 kCi for this facility. For this reason, the shielding design aspects of this facility were needed to be recalculated and checked for safety. This analysis was done using the Point-kernel Shielding Code Micro-Shield 5.05 and public domain Point-kernel Shielding code QAD-CGGP2 respectively considering the radiation worker dose limit of 10 μSv/hr of the International Commission on Radiological Protection, ICRP-60, 1990. The corresponding dose limit for public at large is 0.5 μSv/hr. The calculated dose rates at different locations around the facility are far below 10 μSv/hr except in one area. This location is inside the source room. No one is allowed to enter the room when the facility is in the ON mode. However, except one location, positions outside the facility have dose rates about 3 time higher than 0.5 μSv/hr, the dose limit for public at large. Therefore, this analysis shows that the existing shield design aspects of IFRB’s Co-60 gamma source room is safe for a 100 kCi source from the viewpoint of radiation safety to operating personnel but not for public at large within proximity of the facility. \u0000Bangladesh Journal of Medical Physics Vol.15 No.1 2022 P 1-7","PeriodicalId":134261,"journal":{"name":"Bangladesh Journal of Medical Physics","volume":"76 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132187385","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Instrumentation for Six Electrode Focused Impedance Method (FIM-6) for the study of localized regions in a volume conductor","authors":"Trilochan Khanal, K. S. Rabbani","doi":"10.3329/bjmp.v14i1.57314","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3329/bjmp.v14i1.57314","url":null,"abstract":"Focused Impedance Method (FIM) is a new and simple technique of electrical bio-impedance that provides an opportunity for localized measurement down to reasonable depths of the body surface using skin surface electrodes. Conceived by one of the authors (KSR) and developed in Bangladesh by a group led by him, FIM has potential applications in physiological study and in the detection or diagnosis of diseases and disorders. Being a simple technique, it is particularly suitable for low and medium income countries (LMIC). To obtain long term benefit from any technology it is necessary that the technology is understood and developed indigenously, particularly under the limitation of a resource limited country. Indigenous development also allows for further improvisation, innovation, and application in future. This paper presents the indigenous design and development of the electronic instrumentation necessary for the implementation of six electrode version of Focused Impedance Method (FIM-6) in Nepal. The work involved basic characterization of the necessary circuit blocks developed through experimental validation. In particular, the design of isolating ferrite transformers required for the instrumentation posed a challenge which was solved limiting the range of the instrumentation to range variations encountered in practice on the human body, for which initial experiments were carried out on a live human subject. This led to a simplified design. The values obtained using the developed circuitry appears to give reasonable accuracy and would be useful for further implementation of the instrumentation using PCBs. However, further work can also be taken to improve the design of the current source used and of the transformers. Thus this work satisfies the initial requirement of attempting indigenous development of the FIM technique in an LMIC like Nepal. \u0000Bangladesh Journal of Medical Physics Vol.14 No.1 2021 P 1-15","PeriodicalId":134261,"journal":{"name":"Bangladesh Journal of Medical Physics","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127335083","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Efforts to establish indigenous technology for healthcare in a low resource country – Bangladesh experience","authors":"K. S. Rabbani","doi":"10.3329/bjmp.v14i1.57315","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3329/bjmp.v14i1.57315","url":null,"abstract":"The astounding developments in healthcare technology is not available to about 84% of the global population in the low-medium income countries (LMIC). Good meaning medical equipment donation programmes from the high income countries (HIC) have made very little impact, most devices failing to give the desired service and increasing e-waste. The author, with his four decade-long experience feels that people in the LMICs with higher education in science and technology should be motivated and trained in the design and manufacture of medical devices, and they should also take the responsibility for commercial manufacture and distribution of the developed products. With this realisation early in life, he initiated similar efforts in his home country Bangladesh about four decades back against many challenges and obstacles. This produced some success stories and this paper lists some of the devices developed and distributed by groups under his leadership. The author argues that the existing industries in the LMICs are based on fully foreign technology, and do not have the capability or preparedness to take up commercial manufacture of indigenously developed technology based products. He has come up with the design of a ‘Micro-eco-system’ for the LMICs which involve the leadership of a single technology innovator or a single group of innovators to organise R&D and commercial manufacture, both. An LMIC may have hundreds or thousands of the above ‘Micro-eco-system’ to create an overall eco-system, which may be the solution eventually leading to a more equitable world, with each and every person of the globe having access to developments in science and technology in healthcare. \u0000Bangladesh Journal of Medical Physics Vol.14 No.1 2021 P 1-15 ","PeriodicalId":134261,"journal":{"name":"Bangladesh Journal of Medical Physics","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132708065","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Parama Sridevi, A. Arefin, Abu Shahadat Md. Ibrahim
{"title":"A Feasibility Study of Non-invasive Blood Glucose Level Detection Using Near-Infrared Optical Spectroscopy","authors":"Parama Sridevi, A. Arefin, Abu Shahadat Md. Ibrahim","doi":"10.3329/bjmp.v14i1.57313","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3329/bjmp.v14i1.57313","url":null,"abstract":"Diabetes mellitus, a common disease of the modern era, is a glucose level disorder in the human body that affects the vital organs of the body and damages them gradually if left untreated. Regular blood glucose monitoring is one of the prescribed routines to control the complications of diabetes. Unfortunately, most available methods of blood glucose level measurement involve invasive ways. Invasive techniques are painful, make the finger skin calloused and the patients suffer from the risk of infectious diseases. Hence, there lies a need to develop an effective non-invasive blood sugar measurement technique to relieve the patients from the nuisance. In order to address the issue, a non-invasive technique has been designed and implemented using 940 nm near-infrared (NIR) LED and a corresponding photodiode. Initially, the in-vitro test was performed over the glucose solution of various concentrations to check the sensitivity of the device. After that pilot experiments were carried out on diabetic patients. The obtained results conformed the theory of near infra-red spectroscopic optical theory. The results also showed that the developed technique can be comparable with the conventional invasive glucometer based method. Furthermore, the implemented prototype is economically viable, especially for the low-income population. This promising results thus pledge the potentials, feasibility, and reliability of the NIR based non-invasive blood glucose detection devices. \u0000Bangladesh Journal of Medical Physics Vol.14 No.1 2021 P 1-13","PeriodicalId":134261,"journal":{"name":"Bangladesh Journal of Medical Physics","volume":"74 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125049700","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Myocardial Ischemia Detection from Slope of ECG ST Segment","authors":"S. Farhan, K. T. Nahiyan","doi":"10.3329/bjmp.v10i1.39147","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3329/bjmp.v10i1.39147","url":null,"abstract":"Myocardial ischemia occurs when blood flow to heart is reduced preventing it from receiving enough oxygen. It is a possible indication of partial or complete blockage of coronary arteries. Though ischemia is accompanied by symptoms (fatigue, chest pain, shortness of breath etc.) sometimes it can be silent. If not treated, it can lead to various heart diseases. Most importantly it can progress to myocardial infarction (heart attack), which can be fatal. Thus detecting ischemia at an early stage is important to prevent serious implications. Nowadays personal healthcare monitoring systems are used which provide vital physiological information. In future ECG measurement devices would also be common in homes. So, the proposed work intends to develop an algorithm in detecting myocardial ischemia from ECG, which would be computationally less complex and easy to implement in homecare ECG devices. One way to do it is through continuous or long term monitoring of ECG. The ST segment elevation (or depression) indicates presence of ischemia. The proposed method measures slope of ST segment which must vary in case of ST changes. The algorithm is tested on selected records of the European ST-T database and returns an accuracy of 83.33%.Bangladesh Journal of Medical Physics Vol.10 No.1 2017 12-24","PeriodicalId":134261,"journal":{"name":"Bangladesh Journal of Medical Physics","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128292737","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Feasibility Study of Employing EOG Signal in Combination with EEG Based BCI System for Improved Control of a Wheelchair","authors":"A. Amin","doi":"10.3329/BJMP.V10I1.39150","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3329/BJMP.V10I1.39150","url":null,"abstract":"For a fully paralysed person, EEG (Electroencephalogram) based Brain Computer Interface (BCI) has a great promise for controlling electromechanical equipment such as a wheelchair. Again EOG (Electrooculography) based Human Machine Interface system also provides a possibility. Individually, none of these methods is capable of giving a fully error free reliable and safe control, but an appropriate combination may provide a better reliability, which is the aim of the present work. Here we intend to use EEG data to classify two classes, corresponding to left and right hand movement, and EOG data to classify two classes corresponding to left and right sided eyeball movement. We will use these classifications independently first and then combine these with different weightage to find if a better and reliable control is possible. For this purpose offline classification of motor imaginary EEG data of a subject was carried out extracting features using Common Spatial Pattern (CSP) and classifying using Linear Discriminative Analysis. The independent EEG motor imaginary data classification resulted in 89.8% of accuracy in 10 fold one leave out cross validation. The EOG eyeball movement produces distinctive signals of opposite polarities and is classified using a simple discriminant type classification resulting in 100% accuracy. However, using EOG solely is not acceptable as there always will be unintentional eye movement giving false commands. Combining both EEG and EOG with different weightage to the two classifications produced varied degrees of improvement. For 50% weightage to both resulted in 100% accuracy, without any error, and this may be accepted as a practical solution because the chances of unintentional false commands will be very rare. Therefore, a combination of EOG and BCI may lead to a greater reliability in terms of avoidance of undesired control signals.Bangladesh Journal of Medical Physics Vol.10 No.1 2017 47-58","PeriodicalId":134261,"journal":{"name":"Bangladesh Journal of Medical Physics","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132894153","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Real-Time Classification of Multi-Channel Forearm EMG to Recognize Hand Movements using Effective Feature Combination and LDA Classifier","authors":"Muhammad S. Alam, A. Arefin","doi":"10.3329/BJMP.V10I1.39148","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3329/BJMP.V10I1.39148","url":null,"abstract":"Electromyography (EMG) signals acquired from surface of arms can be crucial in recognizing nature of hand gestures. The concept is used in current highly demanding fields such as controlling prosthetic limbs, diagnosing neuromuscular disorders, manipulation of robotic arm etc. The purpose of the work was to classify a set of hand motions from corresponding multi-channel surface EMG signals by developing MATLAB tools. The research focused on extracting multiple signal features and finding the appropriate combination of extracted intelligible features to get the best classification accuracy for the specific set of hand gestures. For dynamic and fast classification purpose, linear discriminant analysis (LDA) classifier was employed. Effect of feature dimensionality reduction on classification accuracy was also investigated via Principal Component Analysis (PCA) in this research. Finally, the research analyzed different electrode placements by comparing classification accuracy for each of the set of motions and proposed a simple and compact data acquisition instrumentation having less number of electrodes while maintaining high classification accuracy.Bangladesh Journal of Medical Physics Vol.10 No.1 2017 25-39","PeriodicalId":134261,"journal":{"name":"Bangladesh Journal of Medical Physics","volume":"113 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123305093","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}