{"title":"Distributed Voltage Unbalance Mitigation in Distribution Systems With Grid-Forming Control","authors":"Shahin S. Nudehi;Dominic Groß","doi":"10.1109/TPWRS.2026.3656052","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TPWRS.2026.3656052","url":null,"abstract":"This paper proposes a distributed voltage balancing control to mitigate voltage unbalance in three-phase distribution networks with grid-forming converters. The proposed distributed balancing control is designed based on partitioning the overall network into subnetworks that each contain one grid-forming converter and can be implemented without knowledge of branch impedances. Notably, the proposed control only requires knowledge of the type of network branches (e.g., transformer, line) and voltage measurements from within the subnetwork. Based on this information, the distributed control adjusts the phase differences of voltages of grid-forming converters. Timescale separation arguments are used to establish that the proposed control is input-to-state stable. Moreover, an analytical bound on the suboptimality of the distributed control relative to a centralized optimal control is obtained. We illustrate and validate our analytical results and efficacy of the proposed voltage balancing control using EMT simulations of a modified IEEE 13 bus feeder.","PeriodicalId":13373,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Power Systems","volume":"41 4","pages":"2937-2952"},"PeriodicalIF":8.7,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146042721","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Stability Analysis in Large-Scale Centralized Bidirectional Inverter-Based Stations Connected to Bulk Power Systems Through AC and DC Connections","authors":"Qiang Fu;Wenjuan Du;Siqi Bu;Haifeng Wang","doi":"10.1109/TPWRS.2026.3658810","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TPWRS.2026.3658810","url":null,"abstract":"Massive controlled DC resources (CDCRs), such as battery energy storage systems, are connected to AC power systems through bidirectional inverters for power balance requirements. This study investigates converter-driven stability (CDS) issues in the sub-synchronous frequency range caused by large-scale bidirectional inverter-based stations (IBSs). The impacts of the AC and DC connections of IBSs on subsynchronous oscillations (SSOs) are compared by examining three factors: the number of CDCRs, power flow direction, and control parameters of the inverters. For AC connections, IBSs may induce instability as the number of CDCRs increases, regardless of the power flow direction. To maintain stability, the maximum power amplitude of the IBS is calculated. It is found that switching to DC connections can reduce these instability risks if the DC line resistance is much less than the AC line reactance. Moreover, the method of tuning control parameters is demonstrated to be more effective in improving power-related critical stability under DC connections. Therefore, The DC-IBS is preferred for high-voltage transmission. Finally, the conclusions are validated in power systems connected with both AC- and DC-IBSs under various network topologies and system scales.","PeriodicalId":13373,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Power Systems","volume":"41 4","pages":"2590-2603"},"PeriodicalIF":8.7,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146070279","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Beyond SCR: A Comprehensive Approach to System Strength Assessment in IBR-Rich Networks","authors":"Sudipta Ghosh;Surour Alaraifi","doi":"10.1109/TPWRS.2026.3690326","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TPWRS.2026.3690326","url":null,"abstract":"High levels of inverter-based resources (IBRs) reduce synchronous inertia and influence traditional indicators of “system strength,” such as the short circuit ratio (SCR). This letter introduces a novel inertia-focused composite metric that can complement or replace strength-only screening in weak grids. It integrates three coherent components: (i) accelerating-bus inertia H<sub>B</sub>, which measures the inertial support at any bus; (ii) effective distribution inertia (EDI), which accounts for the system-level inertial support; and (iii) a Redundancy Factor (RF) that considers the diverse inertia paths owing to network topology and sources. These three elements can be normalized and combined into a System Strength Index (SSI) designed for online monitoring using PMU/SCADA data. The SSI provides the system strength through a single-number that quantifies the system strength by considering the inertias’ magnitude, distribution, and network topology. Its multiplicative structure rewards concurrent magnitude and deliverability while penalizing low-inertia or path redundancy.","PeriodicalId":13373,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Power Systems","volume":"41 4","pages":"3218-3221"},"PeriodicalIF":8.7,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148442800","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Blank Page","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/TPWRS.2026.3700000","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TPWRS.2026.3700000","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13373,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Power Systems","volume":"41 4","pages":"C4-C4"},"PeriodicalIF":8.7,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11578155","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148314168","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Distributed Stochastic Optimal Dispatching Strategy for the Energy Storage-Integrated Soft Open Points in Distribution Networks","authors":"Changhee Han;Sungyoon Song","doi":"10.1109/TPWRS.2026.3653979","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TPWRS.2026.3653979","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, we propose a distributed energy management strategy for multi-terminal energy storage-integrated soft open points (ES-SOPs) to enable the flexible and coordinated operation of interconnected distribution networks (DNs) with high renewable penetration. We designed a bi-level distributed optimization framework to decompose the overall coordination problem into local DN operations and global ES-SOP management. The operational cost of each DN is minimized under relaxed reliability constraints using a distributionally robust chance-constrained (DRCC) formulation. The coordination layer minimizes the converter and battery losses and ensures a power balance between the battery and soft open points (SOPs). The DRCC approach addresses the PV and load forecast uncertainties without assuming specific distributions. The optimization problem is implemented using an analytical target cascading approach that ensures scalable convergence and preserves the DN independence. We conducted case studies to validate the effectiveness of the proposed method in balancing the operational cost of the DNs and power grid reliability by varying the key parameters in the DRCC framework (i.e., ambiguity set radius and risk parameters).","PeriodicalId":13373,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Power Systems","volume":"41 4","pages":"2910-2923"},"PeriodicalIF":8.7,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145961936","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Geometric Operational Security Region of Renewable Energy Generation: A Simplex Rotating Hyperpyramid Method","authors":"Xuejun Hu;Can Wan;Chong Wang;Rongcan Xiao;Ping Ju","doi":"10.1109/TPWRS.2026.3655792","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TPWRS.2026.3655792","url":null,"abstract":"High penetration of renewable energy generation (REG) presents severe uncertainties for power system operation. It is critical to quantify the accommodation level of REG in the nonlinear system operation model by calculating the geometry of the security region projection. This paper proposes a novel simplex rotating hyperpyramid (SRH) method to effectively obtain the geometric operational security region of REG based on the AC optimal power flow model. As a generalized convex geometry projection method, affine subspaces-based matrix operations are defined to simplify complex cross-dimensional geometric operations. Then, a rotating hyperpyramid is established as the basis tool of convex projection, which is conveniently constructed from a standard simplex. Based on the generated rotating hyperpyramid, a localized geometry construction method is proposed to achieve basic approximation components of the convex nonlinear region. Next, a dynamic global approximation iteration algorithm is developed to rapidly obtain the global geometric operational security region of REG. Comprehensive case studies demonstrate the effectiveness and superiority of the SRH method.","PeriodicalId":13373,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Power Systems","volume":"41 4","pages":"2967-2980"},"PeriodicalIF":8.7,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146001016","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Integrated Primary-Secondary Distribution System State Estimation With Bimodal Error Distribution","authors":"Surendra Bajagain;Anamika Dubey","doi":"10.1109/TPWRS.2026.3667487","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TPWRS.2026.3667487","url":null,"abstract":"Traditionally, measurement errors are assumed to follow Gaussian distribution in the state estimation process. However, statistical analysis of field measurements has shown that measurement errors can have multimodal and skewed distribution. This work aims to develop a static power distribution system state estimator that can capture skewed bimodal measurement error distribution and enable a joint medium-voltage (MV) primary feeders and low-voltage (LV) secondary feeders state estimation. A distributed primary-secondary (MV-LV) state estimation algorithm is proposed and iteratively executed until convergence at the MV-LV boundary. The primary state estimator is formulated as an equality-constrained maximum likelihood estimation problem and the secondary state estimator is formulated as a forward-backward sweep power flow problem. The proposed algorithm is demonstrated using the IEEE 123 bus distribution test feeder modified to include secondary network extensions at 47 different nodes. The simulation results show that the state estimation results are improved by considering skewed bimodal distribution for measurement errors, the performance of the state estimator with the approximate secondary model is highly sensitive to unbalanced loadings of the split-phase customer and the convergence speed of the joint MV-LV state estimation process is improved by collecting all the legs active and reactive power demands of the split-phase customer in LV feeders.","PeriodicalId":13373,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Power Systems","volume":"41 4","pages":"2655-2666"},"PeriodicalIF":8.7,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147279080","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Multi-Area Frequency Dynamic Constrained Unit Commitment Based on Bernstein Polynomial Approximation","authors":"Chao Qin;Xu Hu;Yuan Zeng;Junzhi Ren","doi":"10.1109/TPWRS.2026.3670816","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TPWRS.2026.3670816","url":null,"abstract":"The escalating integration of renewable energy sources into modern power systems has significantly reduced system inertia, intensifying frequency stability risks. Conventional frequency-constrained unit-commitment models inadequately capture inter-area frequency disparities and consequently misrepresent regional frequency dynamics, which is a critical shortcoming in multi-area power systems with nonuniform inertia distribution. This paper proposes a multi-area frequency-constrained unit commitment (MAFCUC) model that rigorously embeds regional frequency security constraints. Bernstein polynomial approximations are used to transcribe the differential–algebraic equations describing multi-area frequency response into tractable algebraic constraints. The proposed MAFCUC is formulated as a mixed-integer linear programming model, and an adaptive bi-level decomposition algorithm is developed to improve the solution efficiency, which dynamically estimates frequency nadir timing to streamline solution processes. The tightness and effectiveness of the proposed model in ensuring multi-area frequency security are validated across multiple test systems of different scales. Compared to conventional center-of-inertia-based methods, the MAFCUC model accurately captures regional frequency oscillations and improves frequency stability.","PeriodicalId":13373,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Power Systems","volume":"41 4","pages":"2717-2729"},"PeriodicalIF":8.7,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147371358","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Qingyang Li;Shichao Liu;Chunsheng Yang;Hicham Chaoui;Abdulmotaleb El Saddik
{"title":"Robust Deep Reinforcement Learning Based Coordinated Wide-Area Damping Control for Multimode Inter-Area Oscillations With Randomly Delayed PMU Measurements","authors":"Qingyang Li;Shichao Liu;Chunsheng Yang;Hicham Chaoui;Abdulmotaleb El Saddik","doi":"10.1109/TPWRS.2026.3670916","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TPWRS.2026.3670916","url":null,"abstract":"Although the integration of phasor measurement units (PMUs) and wide-area transmission systems improves the system stability by transmitting the remote control signals to dampen inter-area low-frequency oscillations (LFOs), the reliance on communication networks for signal transmission induced time delays, significantly degrading wide-area damping control (WADC) performance. This paper proposes a coordinated WADC scheme to damp multi-mode LFOs. For LFO modes with small disturbances, this work designs a deep reinforcement learning (DRL) based WADC with a long short-term memory (LSTM) delay compensator. DRL agent adapts to the unknown power systems by designing an optimal stabilization voltage action set. For LFOs with large disturbances, this paper proposed robust DRL-based WADC to stabilize power systems with severe LFOs with online training for a continuous optimal action set. The minimax DRL algorithm optimizes the worst-case performance of the proposed policy and therefore provides robustness to uncertainties. The cyber layer metric (time delay) and the physical system metrics (phase angle and speed) are uniquely combined into the state set and provide sufficient cyber-physical information for the DRL agent. Extensive comparisons on two large IEEE systems under multimode LFOs demonstrate that the proposed coordinated WADCs can improve 20<inline-formula><tex-math>$%$</tex-math></inline-formula> to 35<inline-formula><tex-math>$%$</tex-math></inline-formula> of the stabilization effectiveness and save 50<inline-formula><tex-math>$%$</tex-math></inline-formula> of the training costs.","PeriodicalId":13373,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Power Systems","volume":"41 4","pages":"2468-2481"},"PeriodicalIF":8.7,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147371359","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yuhan Huang;Tao Ding;Chenggang Mu;Rui Bo;Pengwei Du
{"title":"Multi-Parametric Nonlinear Programming for Lossy LMP Sensitivity Analysis Using Outer Progressive Cuts","authors":"Yuhan Huang;Tao Ding;Chenggang Mu;Rui Bo;Pengwei Du","doi":"10.1109/TPWRS.2026.3670782","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TPWRS.2026.3670782","url":null,"abstract":"Accurate sensitivity analysis of locational marginal price (LMP) is crucial for risk hedging and market management. This paper proposes multiparametric nonlinear programming for sensitivity analysis of LMP with nonlinear network loss, also known as lossy LMP. Global analytical solutions for lossy LMP and the corresponding critical regions are derived. An outer progressive cut algorithm is developed to constrain the network loss error within a specific range for the whole parametric domain. Case studies show the improved accuracy over methods with lossless or fixed loss factors, and a two-order-of-magnitude online speedup over Monte Carlo methods while maintaining lower total computational time.","PeriodicalId":13373,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Power Systems","volume":"41 4","pages":"2895-2909"},"PeriodicalIF":8.7,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147371361","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}