Critical Perspectives on Open Development最新文献

Using the Critical Capabilities Approach to Evaluate the Tanzanian Open Government Data Initiative 使用关键能力方法评估坦桑尼亚开放政府数据倡议

Critical Perspectives on Open Development Pub Date : 2021-02-16 DOI: 10.7551/MITPRESS/11480.003.0018

G. Moshi, Deo Shao

{"title":"Using the Critical Capabilities Approach to Evaluate the Tanzanian Open Government Data Initiative","authors":"G. Moshi, Deo Shao","doi":"10.7551/MITPRESS/11480.003.0018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7551/MITPRESS/11480.003.0018","url":null,"abstract":"The framework proposed by Zheng and Stahl (chapter 9, this volume) challenges the idea that open development initiatives have positive and uniform objectives. They suggest that open data initiatives are influenced by ideological and political structures and that progress and outcomes should be determined based on how the initiative affects the wellbeing and agency freedom of those it intends to support. It assumes that actors will have different capabilities and interests in engaging in open initiatives and that power differentials affect how and why actors get involved. For open data initiatives, it is still not clear how the critical capabilities approach (CCA) applies. Its four pillars— humancentered development, protection of human agency, human diversity, and democratic disclosure— can be interpreted both within and outside the institutions, driving open data initiatives quite differently. This is why the critical questions provided by the evaluation framework make it easier for researchers and practitioners to target how and why the principles translate into the structures, processes, and outcomes of the initiative over a project’s life cycle. This reflection considers our experience researching Tanzania’s open government initiative (TOGI), focusing specifically on the open data initiative, to interrogate the effectiveness of Zheng and Stahl’s CCA evaluation framework. TOGI was a wellestablished open government initiative. It began in 2011 when Tanzania joined the Open Government Partnership (OGP). The overarching goals of the OGP are to promote transparency, accountability, and citizen participation. As part of TOGI, Tanzania carried out two action plans. Action Plan I occurred in 2012 and 2013, with the goal of establishing the 12 Using the Critical Capabilities Approach to Evaluate the Tanzanian Open Government Data Initiative","PeriodicalId":133444,"journal":{"name":"Critical Perspectives on Open Development","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131553951","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

A Critical Capability Approach to Evaluate Open Development 评估开放式开发的关键能力方法

Critical Perspectives on Open Development Pub Date : 2021-02-16 DOI: 10.7551/MITPRESS/11480.003.0014

Yingquin Zheng, B. Stahl, B. Faith

{"title":"A Critical Capability Approach to Evaluate Open Development","authors":"Yingquin Zheng, B. Stahl, B. Faith","doi":"10.7551/MITPRESS/11480.003.0014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7551/MITPRESS/11480.003.0014","url":null,"abstract":"The concept of open development has evolved over time. Smith et al. (2008) presented Open ICT4D as a working hypothesis that refers to the use of new ICTs to engage in open processes to achieve development gains. It is underlined by a set of principles that privilege universal access, participation, and collaboration over restricted access and centralized production (Smith and Elder 2010). Stemming from ICT4D roots, the openness of concern in this context is considered to be digitally or informationnetwork enabled. Open development refers not only to the technological infrastructure that supports openness but also more importantly to the processes that enhance sharing, collaboration, social inclusion, accountability, and transparency. In recent years, open movements have spread across many sectors, including open data, open government, open educational resources, open science, and open development, and standards for openness have been adopted in many of these sectors. In June 2013, the European Union adopted an updated directive aimed at facilitating the reuse of public sector information by businesses, creative citizens, developers, and others (European Commission 2013). At the same time, the G8 countries signed the Open Data Charter, built around five principles: open data by default, high quality and quantity, usable by all, release data for improved governance, and release data for innovation (Susha et al. 2014). This in itself could be seen as demonstrating the importance of digitally enabled openness to a range of international and national political entities both in middleincome countries and in the Global North. In many cases, openness is being promoted by institutional players such as international organizations, national and local governments, and nongovernmental organizations. 9 A Critical Capability Approach to Evaluate Open Development","PeriodicalId":133444,"journal":{"name":"Critical Perspectives on Open Development","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132514830","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Learning as Participation: Open Practices and the Production of Identities 作为参与的学习:开放实践和身份的产生

Critical Perspectives on Open Development Pub Date : 2021-02-16 DOI: 10.7551/MITPRESS/11480.003.0007

Bidisha Chaudhuri, Janaki Srinivasan, Onkar Hoysala

{"title":"Learning as Participation: Open Practices and the Production of Identities","authors":"Bidisha Chaudhuri, Janaki Srinivasan, Onkar Hoysala","doi":"10.7551/MITPRESS/11480.003.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7551/MITPRESS/11480.003.0007","url":null,"abstract":"For some time, the world has been looking hopefully toward digitally enabled openness to bring about positive transformation and development (Smith, Elder, and Emdon 2011). In this chapter, we unpack this hope and examine the linkages between open initiatives and development. The prefix open conjures up the idea of making digital platforms, knowledge, and knowledge development processes more accessible, including to a hitherto excluded group of people. However, the links between openness, participation, and development are far from automatic, and understanding people’s participation in open processes continues to elude researchers and practitioners. Thus, what we need to focus on is not only whether participation occurred but who participated and who was excluded (whether by exercising their choice or systematically). In sum, there is a need to understand how existing micro and institutional power structures shape the dynamics of participation. Moreover, open development cannot afford to focus merely on the outcomes of an intervention and label them a success or failure relative to the goals of that intervention. We need to focus equally on the processes and practices by which those outcomes were reached. This chapter develops a framework for a better understanding and analysis of open development processes that link people’s participation in open practices to open development outcomes through changes in their identities. Understanding people’s participation in open processes involves analyzing “what kind of participation and to what avail, on whose terms it takes place, and how it recasts power” (Singh and Gurumurthy 2013, 176). Harvey (2013, 284) likewise pointed out in his study of AfricaAdapt that participation in a collaborative learning network is contingent on “the 4 Learning as Participation: Open Practices and the Production of Identities","PeriodicalId":133444,"journal":{"name":"Critical Perspectives on Open Development","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126692682","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Index 指数

Critical Perspectives on Open Development Pub Date : 2021-02-16 DOI: 10.7551/mitpress/11480.003.0022

引用次数: 0

Understanding Divergent Outcomes in Open Development 理解开放发展的不同结果

Critical Perspectives on Open Development Pub Date : 2021-02-16 DOI: 10.7551/MITPRESS/11480.003.0013

A. Dearden, M. Walton, Melissa Densmore

{"title":"Understanding Divergent Outcomes in Open Development","authors":"A. Dearden, M. Walton, Melissa Densmore","doi":"10.7551/MITPRESS/11480.003.0013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7551/MITPRESS/11480.003.0013","url":null,"abstract":"During October and November 2015, mass student uprisings shook South Africa as university students across the country coordinated protests to shut down all South African campuses. The #FeesMustFall movement challenged exorbitant fee increases and outsourced labor practices in an increasingly commodified higher education system. The movement’s demands emphasized free, quality, and decolonized education (Naidoo 2016). Students employed a wide range of protest tactics, such as occupying university buildings, closing access routes, shutting down classes, protest songs and marches, and extensive use of social media. Their hashtags, such as #NationalShutdown, #FeesMustFall, and #endoutsourcing (linking the students’ demands to the conditions of service staff at universities), generated extensive social media activity, including South Africa’s first Tweetstorm. Many compared these actions to the student protests of June 1976, since the specific demand #FeesMustFall took place in the context of a broader political challenge, namely anger at the slow pace of change two decades after the advent of democracy in the country. At the same time, a resurgence of black consciousness and feminism challenged the continued dominance of white, male, middleclass norms at the university and seen in society as a whole. Blackled student movements used intersectional feminisms to challenge patriarchal and gendered practices both outside and inside the movements, which continued through 2016, culminating in another spate of protests and shutdowns in October and November of that year. At many universities, including the University of Cape Town (UCT), facetoface lectures were intermittently suspended in response to the 8 Understanding Divergent Outcomes in Open Development","PeriodicalId":133444,"journal":{"name":"Critical Perspectives on Open Development","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125814123","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A Stewardship Approach to Theorizing Open Data for Development 开放数据促进发展理论的管理方法

Critical Perspectives on Open Development Pub Date : 2021-02-16 DOI: 10.7551/MITPRESS/11480.003.0005

K. Reilly, Juan Pablo Alperin

{"title":"A Stewardship Approach to Theorizing Open Data for Development","authors":"K. Reilly, Juan Pablo Alperin","doi":"10.7551/MITPRESS/11480.003.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7551/MITPRESS/11480.003.0005","url":null,"abstract":"Early open data for development (OD) work was premised on the assumption that ITenabled open data would decentralize power and enable public engagement by disintermediating knowledgeintensive processes such as education, decisionmaking, innovation, cultural production, health care, and publishing (Smith, Elder, and Emdon 2011, iv). With this in mind, OD practitioners and researchers have tended to focus their efforts on the distribution of data rather than its production or uptake (Smith and Seward 2017). However, in practice, public engagement in open data has been insufficient (Mutuku and Mahihu 2014), as well as asymmetrical or inequitable (Benjamin et al. 2007) in developing countries, suggesting that much greater attention should be paid to the forces shaping production and uptake of data. There is increasing recognition that uneven uptake of open resources is more than just a problem of inadequate publicity or capacity. Writing about the World Development Report 2016: Digital Dividends, Yochai Benkler (2016) argues that policymakers need to focus their attention on the growing power of platforms to mediate our access to economically productive digital resources. Rather than giving people the skills necessary to access, use, and appropriate open data, says Benkler, governments need to start creating regulations that prevent these platforms from controlling the economic, social, and political opportunities available to citizens through open processes. We are seeing growing recognition of the need to analyze the motivations and agendas of key actors within the open data field. For example, Tyson (2015, n.p.) argues that “data intermediaries will play a critical role in the post2015 development agenda” because they will determine whether and how to measure the achievement of the UN Sustainable Development 2 A Stewardship Approach to Theorizing Open Data for Development","PeriodicalId":133444,"journal":{"name":"Critical Perspectives on Open Development","volume":"75 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121639379","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Conclusion 结论

Critical Perspectives on Open Development Pub Date : 2021-02-16 DOI: 10.7551/mitpress/11480.003.0020

M. Smith, A. Chib, Caitlin M. Bentley

引用次数: 0

Changing Infrastructure in Urban India: Critical Reflections on Openness and Trust in the Governance of Public Services 印度城市基础设施的变化:对公共服务治理中的开放性和信任的批判性思考

Critical Perspectives on Open Development Pub Date : 2021-02-16 DOI: 10.7551/MITPRESS/11480.003.0010

D. Sadoway, Satyarupa Shekhar

{"title":"Changing Infrastructure in Urban India: Critical Reflections on Openness and Trust in the Governance of Public Services","authors":"D. Sadoway, Satyarupa Shekhar","doi":"10.7551/MITPRESS/11480.003.0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7551/MITPRESS/11480.003.0010","url":null,"abstract":"Cities in India are in a state of flux characterized by rapid changes in population, land use, and infrastructural arrangements. With approximately 68 percent of its nearly 1.21 billion residents still living in rural communities (Census of India 2011a), the relatively recent rapid growth in India’s cities has exerted severe pressure on local governments to better supply public services. Indian cities can be understood as vast provisioning machines (Amin 2014) that provide services and infrastructure for sustaining the lives of their citizens (figure 6.1). In this critical reflection, we discuss how questions about open systems and trust— elaborated on in the theoretical work of Rao et al. (chapter 3, this volume)— relate to the provision of urban services and infrastructure. Internationally, a variety of open practices and systems demonstrate apparent promise for improving urban public service delivery. For example, governments and civil society groups have created open platforms and have crowdsourced citizens’ input on diverse issues linked to local service or infrastructure needs (Hagen 2011). Our research— drawing on perspectives of both local government and civil society intermediaries— provides insight into public service and infrastructure issues in a rapidly changing city in India, as well as theoretical reflections for advocates and theorists of open systems. We link our study to a critique of Rao et al.’s operating theory, discussed in chapter 3 of this volume, about trust (or trustworthiness) in combination with open systems (or openness), and we apply this to questions about the provision of public services and infrastructure in Chennai, India. Rao et al. (chapter 3, this volume) have introduced a trust model that applies to open systems in a 6 Changing Infrastructure in Urban India: Critical Reflections on Openness and Trust in the Governance of Public Services","PeriodicalId":133444,"journal":{"name":"Critical Perspectives on Open Development","volume":"61 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126695179","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Stewardship Regimes within Kenya’s Open Data Initiative and Their Implications for Open Data for Development 肯尼亚开放数据倡议中的管理制度及其对开放数据促进发展的影响

Critical Perspectives on Open Development Pub Date : 2021-02-16 DOI: 10.7551/MITPRESS/11480.003.0009

P. Mungai, Jean-Paul Van Belle

{"title":"Stewardship Regimes within Kenya’s Open Data Initiative and Their Implications for Open Data for Development","authors":"P. Mungai, Jean-Paul Van Belle","doi":"10.7551/MITPRESS/11480.003.0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7551/MITPRESS/11480.003.0009","url":null,"abstract":"Reilly and Alperin (chapter 2, this volume) argue that there are a variety of ways that open data can be connected to meaningful use, depending on the actors and stewardship regime that manage the data. The concept of stewardship adds to the open data scholarship by emphasizing open data intermediation and asking whether powerful actors engage in intermediation strategies that align with the types of social values that citizens prioritize. Thus, identifying stewardship regimes involves uncovering and confronting actors’ power and position, values and relationships, and how and why the needs and wants of others (who might benefit from open data) go unmet. In this reflection, we contemplate the potential of the stewardship approach to better understand an open government data initiative. We draw on research conducted on Kenya’s Open Data Initiative (KODI). The initiative’s purpose, as defined by the Kenyan government, focused on increasing access to government data sets by making them available in free and easily reusable formats, with the aim of increasing government accountability and transparency (ICT Authority 2017).","PeriodicalId":133444,"journal":{"name":"Critical Perspectives on Open Development","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131758403","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

What Makes an Agriculture Initiative Open? Reflections on Sharing Agriculture Information, Writing Rights, and Divergent Outcomes 是什么让农业倡议开放?关于农业信息共享、写作权与成果分歧的思考

Critical Perspectives on Open Development Pub Date : 2021-02-16 DOI: 10.7551/MITPRESS/11480.003.0017

P.G.I.J. Gamage, C. Rajapakse, Helani Galpaya

{"title":"What Makes an Agriculture Initiative Open? Reflections on Sharing Agriculture Information, Writing Rights, and Divergent Outcomes","authors":"P.G.I.J. Gamage, C. Rajapakse, Helani Galpaya","doi":"10.7551/MITPRESS/11480.003.0017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7551/MITPRESS/11480.003.0017","url":null,"abstract":"Agricultural initiatives in the development sphere have seen torrid evolution. The Green Revolution conjures up images of scientists in lab coats coming up with efficient ways to grow staple crops such as wheat and maize, which were then transferred to developing countries in a wave of technocratic initiatives between the 1930s and 1960s. Lewis’ (1954) economic development model suggested that the ultimate goal for the process of economic expansion should be to see complete absorption of small and subsistence rural farming by the capitalist sector. Yet, through implementing the Green Revolution, development practitioners and policymakers soon realized that including Indigenous and rural subsistence farmers in policy and planning could actually be an important development objective in and of itself (Parnwell 2008). Over the course of the next four decades, putting the perspectives of rural and poor farmers first became important for generating sustainable livelihoods that were capable of dealing with increasing pressures on the environment and higher rates of rural to urban migration (Chambers 1994). Nevertheless, there remains a tension between agriculture initiatives imposed from the top and those that stress pluralist approaches to empower farmers. A review of public sector agricultural extension initiatives in developing countries by Rivera, Qamar, and Van Crowder (2001), for instance, demonstrated mixed results, recommending increasing partnerships between farmers and supportive agricultural organizations and businesses, greater decentralization toward lower levels of government, and subsidiarity at the grassroots level. 11 What Makes an Agriculture Initiative Open? Reflections on Sharing Agriculture Information, Writing Rights, and Divergent Outcomes","PeriodicalId":133444,"journal":{"name":"Critical Perspectives on Open Development","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133671104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1