Jin Meng;Jianqiang Hu;Xinli Shi;Josep M. Guerrero;Jinde Cao
{"title":"Quantum Distributed Event-Triggered Frequency Control for AC Microgrids Under FDIAs","authors":"Jin Meng;Jianqiang Hu;Xinli Shi;Josep M. Guerrero;Jinde Cao","doi":"10.1109/TSG.2024.3513464","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TSG.2024.3513464","url":null,"abstract":"The distributed frequency control system of microgrids, which relies on classical communication networks between distributed generations (DGs) for frequency regulation and restoration, is vulnerable to cyber-attacks. Quantum distributed controllers offer a secure quantum communication scheme but are less efficient because of continuous communication in quantum systems. This paper proposes a quantum distributed event-triggered secondary frequency control strategy for the islanded AC microgrid. The suggested event-triggered control significantly lessens the communication load and is Zeno-free. Furthermore, a novel false data injection attack (FDIA) scenario is introduced for the quantum-microgrid system. The non-periodic nature of communication can be exploited to directly identify and isolate compromised communication links, thereby enhancing the resilience of the quantum-microgrid system. Finally, simulation results on an AC microgrid with four DGs validate the effectiveness of the suggested control scheme.","PeriodicalId":13331,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","volume":"16 2","pages":"903-915"},"PeriodicalIF":8.6,"publicationDate":"2024-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142809747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ioannis M. Granitsas;Oluwagbemileke E. Oyefeso;Gregory S. Ledva;Stephen A. Mock;Scott R. Hinson;Ian A. Hiskens;Johanna L. Mathieu
{"title":"Controlling Air Conditioners for Frequency Regulation: A Real-World Example","authors":"Ioannis M. Granitsas;Oluwagbemileke E. Oyefeso;Gregory S. Ledva;Stephen A. Mock;Scott R. Hinson;Ian A. Hiskens;Johanna L. Mathieu","doi":"10.1109/TSG.2024.3513296","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TSG.2024.3513296","url":null,"abstract":"Even though thermostatically controlled loads like air conditioners present a great potential for providing ancillary services to the electric power grid, the practical challenges associated with their real-time coordination have not received the necessary attention. In this work, we present a nondisruptive load control application, specifically, we demonstrate how real residential air conditioners can provide frequency regulation. Aggregate power adjustment is achieved by modifying the ON/OFF modes of the air conditioners. To account for both single and multi-zone houses, we extend the currently available techniques and develop an approach that can be used for controlling aggregations that include both types of houses. A discussion of the practical challenges encountered in our field experiments is provided, along with the hardware and software approaches we developed to circumvent them. We argue that limitations of current thermostat APIs introduce significant challenges and are an impediment to widespread adoption of fast load control applications.","PeriodicalId":13331,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","volume":"16 2","pages":"1221-1232"},"PeriodicalIF":8.6,"publicationDate":"2024-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142796841","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Power Distribution Network Topology Detection Using Dual-Graph Structure Graph Neural Network Model","authors":"Afshin Ebtia;Mohsen Ghafouri;Mourad Debbabi;Marthe Kassouf;Arash Mohammadi","doi":"10.1109/TSG.2024.3512456","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TSG.2024.3512456","url":null,"abstract":"Topology detection (TD) in the context of power distribution networks (PDNs) is a fundamental requirement for a wide range of applications, such as fault localization and load management. PDNs suffer from a lack of real-time topological information due to insufficient data on switch statuses and an increasing number of switching actions caused by reconfigurations and the control of distributed energy resources (DERs). On this basis, in this paper, a novel near real-time TD method for PDNs is proposed. This method is built on a specialized graph neural network (GNN) design using data from micro-phasor measurement units (<inline-formula> <tex-math>$mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula>PMUs), leveraging the strengths of both graph-based learning and conventional deep learning (DL) approaches. More specifically, the developed TD method implements a novel dual-graph structure GNN (DGS-GNN) model to transform the TD problem into an inductive link prediction task for a multi-graph dataset. During the training phase, a node attribute similarity graph is created, and the resulting node embeddings are aligned with the actual topology graph (ATG) using a structure-aware loss function. In the inference phase, however, unlike standard GNN models that require structural information as input, the ATG is recovered based solely on node attributes. The developed method enables TD using a limited number of phasor measurements with low inference time and superior generalization capability for unseen scenarios. Its strong performance in large-scale PDNs with varying configurations, as well as its robustness to uncertainties from DERs and noisy environments, is demonstrated on the IEEE 33- and 123-Bus benchmarks and a standard 240-Bus test system. The proposed method outperforms its DL-based counterparts in scenarios where full or partial system topology should be detected.","PeriodicalId":13331,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","volume":"16 2","pages":"1833-1850"},"PeriodicalIF":8.6,"publicationDate":"2024-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142782557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Joint Power and Renewable Energy Certificate Trading Method in the Peer-to-Peer Market","authors":"Tengfei Ma;Wei Pei;Hao Xiao;Yanhong Yang;Li Ma","doi":"10.1109/TSG.2024.3493194","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TSG.2024.3493194","url":null,"abstract":"A novel peer-to-peer joint power & renewable energy certificate trading method is proposed to reflect the power & environment values of renewable power simultaneously, as well as promote the on-site utilization. Firstly, the P2P power trading and Renewable Energy Certificate (REC) trading market models are proposed respectively considering their coupling relationships. Secondly, the P2P joint power and REC trading market model is formulated as a centralized optimization problem from the perspective of social welfare maximization in the distribution network level. Thirdly, the centralized optimization model is decomposed into local optimization problems and a distributed interactive algorithm based on Alternating Direction Method of Multipliers is proposed to clear the joint power and REC market, as well as protect the privacy of each participant. Lastly, case studies are performed on the modified IEEE 15-node and 69-node distribution networks to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method, in terms of improvement of social welfare, promotion of renewable power local consumption, and environmental value expression of renewable power.","PeriodicalId":13331,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","volume":"16 2","pages":"1604-1618"},"PeriodicalIF":8.6,"publicationDate":"2024-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142776666","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Coordinated Planning of Transmission Network Expansion and Distribution Network Modernization With Microgrids Under Non-Uniform Discrete Choices","authors":"Xutao Han;Zhiyi Li;Jiabei Ge;Yong Yan;Xuanyi Xiao","doi":"10.1109/TSG.2024.3509528","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TSG.2024.3509528","url":null,"abstract":"The paper proposes a coordinated planning method to reduce redundant costs for distribution network modernization with microgrids considering the practical configuration of candidate capacities. We first use the values of binary decision variables to represent whether to choose corresponding practical candidate capacities, whereby the investment choices are definitely feasible in engineering. Then, a bi-level stochastic model that incorporates combinatorial uncertain scenarios in spatial-temporal-event dimensions is formulated. To address the intractable large-scale mixed integer lower-level models, we also provide a clustering method in iterations to project scenarios onto all possible binary decisions. The number of binary decision variables and scenario-related state variables in lower-level models is thus significantly reduced without losing accuracy at the same time. Further, we extend enhanced Benders decomposition to a hot start nested form to be compatible with both inner-loop mixed integer linear subproblems and outer-loop linear security assessment subproblems. Mathematically, the proposed method can rapidly converge to practical and optimal choices for candidate capacities within finite iterations. Finally, we validate the total cost savings from coordinated planning and the optimality, rapidity, and scalability of the proposed method on integrated IEEE systems.","PeriodicalId":13331,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","volume":"16 2","pages":"1405-1421"},"PeriodicalIF":8.6,"publicationDate":"2024-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142776667","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zuowen Tan;Faxin Cao;Xingzhi Liu;Jintao Jiao;Wenlei You;Judou Lin
{"title":"LPPMM-DA: Lightweight Privacy-Preserving Multi-Dimensional and Multi-Subset Data Aggregation for Smart Grid","authors":"Zuowen Tan;Faxin Cao;Xingzhi Liu;Jintao Jiao;Wenlei You;Judou Lin","doi":"10.1109/TSG.2024.3509675","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TSG.2024.3509675","url":null,"abstract":"The smart grid facilitates data centers in collecting real-time power consumption data from users, which is essential for effective power management. Such real-time data may inadvertently disclose the identities and activities of power users. Data aggregation has been identified as a viable solution to this challenge, enabling data centers to obtain only the aggregate power consumption data without accessing individual user information. However, most existing aggregation methodologies are limited to multi-dimensional data aggregation and fail to ensure user privacy, data integrity, and authentication. In this study, we propose a ring signature based multi-dimensional and multi-subset aggregation (LPPMM-DA) scheme. This proposed method allows the data center to compute both the total power consumption and the number of users within each subset across various dimensions. Based on the hardness assumption of the Elliptic Curve Discrete Logarithm Problem (ECDLP), the ring signature utilized in our scheme is demonstrably unforgeable against adaptive chosen message attacks within the random oracle model. A comprehensive analysis indicates that the proposed scheme meets the security requirements for data aggregation in the smart grid context. Furthermore, performance evaluations reveal that the implementation of this scheme results in lower computational and communication overhead compared to existing related approaches.","PeriodicalId":13331,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","volume":"16 2","pages":"1801-1816"},"PeriodicalIF":8.6,"publicationDate":"2024-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142776797","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Attack-Resilient Distributed Fixed-Time Consensus Control for HBESSs and Circuit Implementation","authors":"Ruiqi Zhou;Xingxing Ju;Ben Niu;Yanli Zou","doi":"10.1109/TSG.2024.3507197","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TSG.2024.3507197","url":null,"abstract":"This paper investigates the consensus control problem for heterogeneous battery energy storage systems (HBESSs) with switching topologies. An attack-resilient distributed control scheme is proposed to realize active/reactive power sharing, energy level balancing and frequency/voltage restoration within fixed-time. Rigorous proofs derive the convergence time upper bound for each objective, which is independent on the HBESSs’ initial states and tighter than previous bounds. It is also shown that under bounded actuator attacks, above three control objectives can still be realized in fixed-time. Moreover, analog circuits are firstly constructed to physically implement this new control strategy, which provides a new insight to deploy advanced control schemes on HBESSs. Several simulation examples validate those conclusions from both numerical and circuital perspectives.","PeriodicalId":13331,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","volume":"16 2","pages":"1392-1404"},"PeriodicalIF":8.6,"publicationDate":"2024-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142777226","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Securing FACTS-Based Wide Area Damping Controllers Using Modified Conditional Generative Adversarial Networks","authors":"Masoud Babaei Vavdareh;Mohsen Ghafouri;Amir Ameli","doi":"10.1109/TSG.2024.3510155","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TSG.2024.3510155","url":null,"abstract":"The performance of wide-area damping controllers (WADCs) heavily depends on the accuracy and authenticity of the measurements received from phasor measurement units (PMUs). These controllers receive PMU data and send the control commands back to grid actuators, e.g., flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS) devices. The use of cyber systems required for transferring PMU measurements, however, makes the controller and entire power system prone to a variety of cyber attacks, e.g., false data injection attacks (FDIAs). On this basis, this paper (i) proposes an FDIA model against FACTS-based WADCs and (ii) develops detection and mitigation methods for the proposed attacks. First, FDIAs are designed to destabilize the system, considering realistic limitations on the power grids. Then, a modified conditional generative adversarial network (MCGAN) is utilized for the detection and mitigation of these FDIAs. To detect this attack, a detector is developed from the discriminator of MCGAN, using the fine-tuning technique. The use of this proposed method enhances detection performance in imbalanced datasets and effectively identifies unseen high-risk attacks. Following the detection, a mitigation method is implemented based on the coordination of a graph-based interpolation and the tuned generator of the developed MCGAN. This method effectively mitigates the impact of the FDIAs on the FACTS-based WADCs. The effectiveness of the attack model, as well as the detection and mitigation methods, is assessed using the two-area Kundur and New England 39-Bus test systems.","PeriodicalId":13331,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","volume":"16 2","pages":"1817-1832"},"PeriodicalIF":8.6,"publicationDate":"2024-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142759907","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Infinitesimal-Attack-High-Impact Phenomena: Cyber-Attack Bifurcation in Two-Terminal HVDC Power Delivery Systems","authors":"Jiazuo Hou;Hanchen Deng;Xuan Gong;Jimmy Chih-Hsien Peng","doi":"10.1109/TSG.2024.3508732","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TSG.2024.3508732","url":null,"abstract":"Voltage-source converters (VSC) and current-source converters (CSC) are two predominant techniques in high-voltage direct-current (HVDC) power delivery systems. They are crucial for inter-regional power exchange. The cyber vulnerabilities of HVDC systems have been physically demonstrated, threatening their secure operation. To this end, this study investigates the closed-form bifurcation hyperplanes in the cyber-attack injection space of both the VSC HVDC system and the CSC HVDC system. By considering the inherent nonlinearity in intra-station switching control and inter-station coordination control, this study formulates different clusters of attack-induced equilibrium points in HVDC systems. Closed-form sufficient conditions are then derived for triggering small-attack-high-impact and even infinitesimal-attack-high-impact phenomena, in which an infinitesimal cyber-attack can activate rapid power reversal by altering the DC current polarity in VSC HVDC systems or DC voltage polarity in CSC HVDC systems. These attack-induced properties are experimentally validated by establishing a hardware-in-the-loop HVDC cybersecurity testbed, incorporating a Real Time Digital Simulator (RTDS) and a STM32F429-based cyber-attack prototype. The video demonstration and the first-of-its-kind open-source HVDC cybersecurity testbed are attached.","PeriodicalId":13331,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","volume":"16 2","pages":"1775-1789"},"PeriodicalIF":8.6,"publicationDate":"2024-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142760395","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Xiaomei Wu;Hao Huang;Junbin Chen;Xiangrui Tong;Ning Tong;Loi Lei Lai
{"title":"Consensus Algorithm-Based Two-Stage Frequency Regulation Strategy With EVs Participating as VSMs","authors":"Xiaomei Wu;Hao Huang;Junbin Chen;Xiangrui Tong;Ning Tong;Loi Lei Lai","doi":"10.1109/TSG.2024.3507012","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TSG.2024.3507012","url":null,"abstract":"Isolated grids, with large-scale intermittent renewable energy sources (RESs), face more severe frequency stability issues. Fortunately, grid-connected electric vehicles (EVs) present an opportunity to provide frequency services. In this paper, a two-stage frequency regulation strategy, in which EVs participate in the form of a virtual synchronous machine (VSM), is proposed. First, a frequency response (FR) model is established for both charging stations (CSs) and battery swapping stations (BSSs) using VSM control. On this basis, a two-stage strategy is proposed to consider both frequency regulation performance and system economy. Specifically, in the day-ahead stage (DAS), a multi-unit economic dispatch (ED) model is designed to formulate the operation plan; in the real-time stage (RTS), a consensus-based power allocation strategy is designed for multi-units, responsive to real-time market prices. Case studies involving real-world data of load, RES, and CS illustrate the key benefits of the proposed method, including (i) decreasing frequency deviation, (ii) providing extra rotational inertia, and (iii) reducing dispatch costs.","PeriodicalId":13331,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","volume":"16 2","pages":"1562-1574"},"PeriodicalIF":8.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142753598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}