Natural and Life Sciences Communications最新文献

{"title":"Detecting Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and Bacteria on Highly Common Contaminated Surfaces at Urban Hospital and Public Areas","authors":"Nattamon Niyomdecha, Pirom Noisumdaeng, Pakkaporn Archawametheekul, Sunisata Angkham, Benja Norapong, Muttika Fungkrajai, P. Sriwanitchrak","doi":"10.12982/nlsc.2023.010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12982/nlsc.2023.010","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The persistence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) on surfaces in public areas increases a risk of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) transmission. Alcohol products have been widely used to eliminate virus contaminants. Long-term microbial exposure to alcohol during pandemic may lead to an alcoholic tolerance emerging. We aimed to detect SARS-CoV-2 and bacteria on highly contaminated surfaces at hospital and public areas in Pathum Thani province during the late of 2021, and to evaluate alcohol susceptibility of sampled bacterial isolates. Fifty pooled swab samples were collected from environmental surfaces. Each sample was divided into two parts to test for SARS-CoV-2 and bacteria, respectively. Molecular assay was used to detect SARS-CoV-2, while bacterial detection was done by traditional culture method. SARS-CoV-2 was detected at 8% (4/50) from hospital restroom doorknobs and faucets, as well as on ATM keypads at the center market. Conversely, 96% (48/50) of bacterial contaminants were detected. Of these, only 25 isolates of medically important bacteria were identified and classified into three groups including Staphylococcus, Enterobacteriaceae and non-fermentative bacteria. All isolates were then performed an alcohol susceptibility test with three different alcohol formulas (70% ethanol, 80% ethanol and 75% isopropanol), Results were compared with standard strains (ATCC) and isolated bacteria obtained from before the COVID-19 pandemic. Isolated bacteria from this study were significantly less susceptible to all types of alcohol tested, and Staphylococcus was the most resistant to destruction. Thus, an effective infection control measure in a high-risk area should be considered and regularly practiced. Keywords: SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19, Bacteria, Highly contaminated surfaces, Alcohol susceptibility test","PeriodicalId":132692,"journal":{"name":"Natural and Life Sciences Communications","volume":"43 6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131327063","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anti-Adipogenic Effects of Unripe Green Banana Flour Extracts (Musa abb cv. Kluai “namwa”) in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes","authors":"T. Boonsong, Wanida Chawnawa, Panatda Janneoy, S. Phimsen","doi":"10.12982/nlsc.2023.004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12982/nlsc.2023.004","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This study aimed to investigate anti-adipogenesis effects of unripe banana (Musa abb cv. Kluai “namwa”) flour which were extracted by organic solvents (methanol, ethanol, hexane) and distilled water in 3T3-L1 adipocytes in vitro. Adipocytes were treated by all extracts for 7 to 12 days from the starting of adipocyte differentiation. Caffeine, anti-adipogenic bioactive compound, was used as a positive control. After treatments, intracellular lipid contents were measured by Oil Red O staining and triglyceride assay kit, respectively. The underlying mechanisms were examined by measuring changes of mRNA expression level of adipogenesis-related genes using RT-PCR technique. The results showed that the methanolic, ethanolic and hexane extracts significantly decreased (P<0.05) lipid contents in 3T3-L1 adipocytes after 7 days of incubation in a dose-dependent manner while the water extract had a significant effect after a 12-day treatment. In addition, the expression level of genes involved in adipogenesis and lipid synthesis (PPARγ, SREBP-1c, FAS) was significantly decreased (P<0.05) in all treatment groups in accordance with the lipid contents. The present study suggests that the capability of unripe banana green flour extracts on lowering lipid accumulation in adipocytes in vitro may have further implication in in vivo anti-obesity effects. Moreover, green banana flour may be a potential ingredient for beneficial health diets. Keywords: Musa abb cv. Kluai “namwa”, unripe green banana flour, 3T3-L1 adipocytes, adipogenesis","PeriodicalId":132692,"journal":{"name":"Natural and Life Sciences Communications","volume":"93 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127153568","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Effect of Topical Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) on Collagen type-I, MMP-1 Expression and Dermal Collagen Count in Photoaging Prevention","authors":"Damayanti, C. Prakoeswa, D. Purwanto, A. Endaryanto, M. Listiawan, Yohanes Widodo Wirohadidjoyo, Soetjipto, Siswandono, B. Utomo, Widjiati","doi":"10.12982/nlsc.2023.011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12982/nlsc.2023.011","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The increasing of life expectancy in world population, increases the risk of photoaging. Photoaging of the skin is a complex biologic process especially caused by ultraviolet irradiation. Photoaging becomes new concern issue, because of high public awareness of skin health and performance. Many agents had been tried to be an alternative prevention for photoaging, such as green tea. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) is the most abundant catechin in green tea, that showed its possibility to be an alternative agent in photoaging prevention. This study was aimed to evaluate the effect of topical EGCG in photoaging prevention by evaluating collagen type-I, MMP-1 expression and dermal collagen count in photoaging animal model. This was an animal in vivo study. Male Wistar rats aged 10-12 weeks were acclimated for 1 week and randomly divided into 6 groups: without intervention; ultraviolet irradiated group; ultraviolet irradiated group with topical EGCG (2.5%, 5%, 10%); and ultraviolet irradiated group with topical based cream (control group). The effect of topical EGCG in collagen type-I, MMP-1 expression and dermal collagen count were evaluated after 5 weeks of treatment. The mean of collagen type-I expression in group treated with topical EGCG were higher than control group, meanwhile the MMP-1 expression was lower than control group. Topical EGCG prevented the reduction of dermal collagen count significantly (P <0.05). It showed that topical EGCG plays role in photoaging prevention. Keywords: Topical EGCG, Photoaging, Collagen type-I, MMP-1, Dermal collagen count, Life expectancy","PeriodicalId":132692,"journal":{"name":"Natural and Life Sciences Communications","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130961940","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Non-Polar Fraction Constituents, Phenolic Acids, Flavonoids and Antioxidant Activity in Fruits from Florina Apple Variety Grown under Different Agriculture Management","authors":"N. Petkova, T. Bileva, E. Valcheva, G. Dobrevska, N. Grozeva, M. Todorova, V. Popov","doi":"10.12982/nlsc.2023.012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12982/nlsc.2023.012","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The effect of agricultural management on non-polar compounds, phenolic acids, flavonoids and antioxidant properties in apple fruit of Florina variety was studied. Antioxidant activity was evaluated using four assays (DPPH, ABTS, FRAP and CUPRAC), based on different mechanisms. The current research demonstrated that organically grown apple fruits yielded significantly higher levels of total phenolics, unsaturated fatty acids and antioxidant activity than apples from the conventional conditions. Seven representatives of phenolic acids (gallic, p-coumaric, chlorogenic, vanillic, caffeic, syringic and salicylic) and four flavonoids (quercetin, rutin, catechin and epicatechin) were found in fruits. Chlorogenic, vanillic, salicylic, caffeic acids and catechin were dominated in apples grown in organic orchards. Epicatechin, gallic and syringic acids were in the highest content in conventionally grown sward apples. The highest correlation (r2>0.99) was found between total polyphenols and antioxidant activity by three methods (DPPH, ABTS and FRAP methods). As a result of the organically grown conditions, the quality of the fruits of the Florina apple variety is improved based on the accumulation of bioactive compounds with antioxidant activity. Moreover, thirty-nine volatile components (saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, fatty alcohols, phytosterols and triterpenes) were detected in non-polar apple fraction. Palmitoleic, palmitelaidic, oleic, elaidic, (13E)-octadecenoic, (13Z)-octadecenoic, (11Z)-eicosenoic and (13Z)-eicosenoic, linoleic acid and linolenic acid and ursolic and oleanolic acid acetates dominated in organic apple orchards. Therefore, organic apple provided more phenolic acids, unsaturated fatty acids, ursolic and oleanolic acid acetates and catechin for healthy human nutrition. Keywords: Apples, Antioxidants, Anthocyanins, Organical And Conventional Growing Conditions, Polyphenolic and non-polar compounds","PeriodicalId":132692,"journal":{"name":"Natural and Life Sciences Communications","volume":"66 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133725602","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Heavy Metals and Metalloid Effects on Cytogenetics in Frogs (Sylvirana nigrovittata) around the Sepon Gold-Copper Mine, Lao PDR","authors":"Nuntita Ruksachat, Bundit Tengjaroensakul, L. Neeratanaphan, A. Tanomtong, Nikom Srikacha, Thonglom Phommavong, Latsamy Soulivongsa","doi":"10.12982/nlsc.2023.007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12982/nlsc.2023.007","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The objectives of the present study were to determine the concentrations of heavy metals and metalloids in frogs (Sylvirana nigrovittata) and to assess chromosome aberrations (CAs) in frogs collected from the Nam Kok River near the Sepon gold-copper mine, Lao PDR, as compared with those from a reference site. The results showed that the concentrations of As, Cd, Cr, and Mn in the frog muscle samples exceeded the standard values, and the accumulation of heavy metals in the frogs from the two sampling sites was significantly different (P <0.05), particularly Ba, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn and Ni. Chromosome assessment of S. nigrovittata from the study site revealed 13 types of CAs, and the highest total number of CAs was isochromatid gap with a percentage of 31.80%. Furthermore, the total number of CAs, cell number with CAs and percentage of CAs in the frogs from both sites were significantly different (P <0.05). The results of this study suggest that heavy metal and metalloid from the Sepon gold-copper mine area negatively affected S. nigrovittata in terms of chromosomal defects. Keywords: Aberration, Abnormality, Amphibian, Animal, Toxicant","PeriodicalId":132692,"journal":{"name":"Natural and Life Sciences Communications","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121921056","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Soybean Elicited with Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Light Attenuates Stromal-Derived Factor-1 Associated with CXCR4 in High-Fat/Fructose Diet Mice","authors":"Y. Safitri, Y. Christina, Mochammad Fitri Atho illah, G. Permatasari, Farida Dewi Nur aini, D. W. Agustina, S. Widyarti, Muhaimin Rifai","doi":"10.12982/nlsc.2023.014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12982/nlsc.2023.014","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Soybean elicited with microorganisms transforms its phytochemical content which is rich in anti-inflammatory action. However, the potential effect of the elicited soybean extract (ESE) on the maintenance of the stromal-derived factor-1 (SDF-1) regulatory system in the spleen, thymus, hepar, and bone marrow in high-fat/fructose diet (HFFD) mice is yet to be investigated. In our study, the spleen, thymus, hepar, and femurs were collected and isolated at the end of the experiment. The expression of SDF-1 in hepar, CD4+, CD8+, T cells, and B220+ cells was measured using flow cytometry analysis. To determine the interaction between the active compound of ESE and CXCR4, docking analysis was conducted using PyRx 0.8. The expression of splenic and thymic CD4+SDF-1+, CD8+SDF-1+, and hepatic SDF-1+ was elevated in HFFD mice but not in normal diet (ND) mice. ESE had significantly declined (P < 0.05) in CD4+SDF-1+ and CD8+SDF-1+ T-cells subsets. ESE treatment improved the development of B cells in HFFD mice. The molecular docking analysis identified glyceollin I with the strongest affinity of −8.4 kcal/mol. The results suggest that glyceollin I has a positive effect as a CXCR4 inhibitor. ESE supplementation was significant in maintaining the regulatory system of SDF-1 expressed by CD4+, CD8+, hepatocyte, and B220+ cells in HFFD associated with obesity Keywords: CXCR4, Glyceollin, High-fat, High-fructose, SDF-1, Soybean","PeriodicalId":132692,"journal":{"name":"Natural and Life Sciences Communications","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130362124","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chemical Constituents Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activities of the Leaves and Flowers from Gardenia carinata Wallich","authors":"Nichthima Warinthip, B. Liawruangrath, S. Natakankitkul, Narabhats Rannurags, S. Pyne, S. Liawruangrath","doi":"10.12982/nlsc.2023.003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12982/nlsc.2023.003","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The essential oil of the leaves was isolated by hydrodistillation and the ethanolic extract of the flowers from Gardenia carinata Wallich. were analyzed for the first time using GC and GC-MS. For the leaves essential oil: Seventeen compounds were detected and eleven compounds were identified, corresponding to 71.10% of the total chromatographical oil compounds. The major constituents were phytol (13.80%), 3-hexene-1-ol, benzoate (12.50%), vitispirane (8.00%), hexadecanal (7.90%), β-damascenone (3.90%) and (E,E)-α-farnesene (3.80%). For the flowers extract: Seventeen compounds were identified, constituting 37.5% of the total chromatographical components. The typical compounds were heneicosane (9.70%), ethyl linolenate (5.70%), squalene (5.70%), 4-allylphenol (5.40%), stigmasterol (2.10%), n-docosane (1.60%), lupenone (1.40%), hexadecanoic acid (0.90%) and compesterol (0.70%). The leaves essential oil showed antibacterial activity against both Gram positive S. aureus with the most potent activity at 18.7 µg/disc, and Gram negative E. coli with an activity of 17.6 µg/disc. The oil was not active against Gram negative P. aeruginosa. The antioxidant activity of the leave essential oil and the ethanolic flower extract were evaluated by using the DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging assay. The leave essential oil showed medium antioxidant activity with the IC50 value of 15.24 ± 0.08 and 10.88 ± 0.05 mg/mL. The ethanolic flower extract possessed high antioxidant activity with the IC50 value of 3.68 ± 0.03 and 2.53 ± 0.03 mg/mL. Keywords: Gardenia carinata, GC-MS, Leave essential oil and ethanolic flowers extract, Antibacterial and antioxidant activities.","PeriodicalId":132692,"journal":{"name":"Natural and Life Sciences Communications","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130763924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Environmental and Industrial Impact on the Biological Systems of Living Organisms","authors":"K. Dakieva, G. Sadykanova, A. Tsyganov, A. Chursin, A. Sharipkhanova, A. Egorina","doi":"10.12982/nlsc.2023.015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12982/nlsc.2023.015","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The purpose of this work is to establish the adaptive, stress and compensatory responses in people employed in titanium production and in laboratory animals kept at the Ust-Kamenogorsk Titanium and Magnesium Plant. It focused on the adaptive responses of mice (a total of 28 individuals in the experimental and control groups). The population of human participants consisted of 430 workers in the main workshops and 100 office workers (control group) employed at the plant. Morbidity and working conditions were analyzed. Urinary and blood biochemistry was evaluated. Changes in nitrogen metabolism were observed. The level of urea increased by 22%, creatinine – by 19%, and hydroxyproline – by 71% after a 2-week exposure to titanium and its compounds. Changes in carbohydrate metabolism were found. The level of glucose increased by 44% and the level of lactic acid increased by 65% after a 4- and 12-week exposure. As to animals, the study confirmed that there was a 41% increase in the concentration of lactic acid, a 38% increase in glucose, and a 50% increase in hydroxyproline following a 2-week exposure. Creatinine increased by 20%, indicating kidney damage in animals. The adaptive changes observed in workers can be markers in risk assessment. Keywords: Titanium, Pollution, Manufacturing plant, Toxins, Adaptive changes, Creatinine, Hydroproline","PeriodicalId":132692,"journal":{"name":"Natural and Life Sciences Communications","volume":"123 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127062429","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Species Composition and Distribution of Acetes in Tuyong Canal, Thepha District, Songkhla Province, Thailand","authors":"Supaporn Saengkaew, Kua Rittiboon, Somsak Buatip, Chavapot Chavavongsa, Wiraya Chuchote","doi":"10.12982/nlsc.2023.013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12982/nlsc.2023.013","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This research aimed to study species composition and water characteristics affecting Acetes distribution in Tuyong canal, Thepha district, Songkhla province, Thailand. Based on 790 samples were collected from the five stations located along the canal by using the scoop net during October 2020 to March 2021. The result showed that Acetes erythraeus and Acetes japonicus were found in the Tuyong canal, Thepha district, Songkhla province. A. erythraeus was the dominant species found and had exhibited a peak season in January 2021 which happen to be after the monsoon season. It was found overall station and month, whereas A. japonicus was not found on November and December. Acetes spp. were found in abundance at the stations close to the mouth of the canal, compared to the stations located to inside canal. The Pearson correlation indicated that Acetes distribution was positively related to pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), total dissolved solids concentration (TDS), temperature, conductivity and salinity. The regression model showed a significant relationship between parameter of species, time, station, pH and temperature with Acetes distribution. Acetes had a mean weight of 42.27 ± 32.51 mg and a body length of 15.25 ± 5.31 mm A. erythraeus was found to be larger than A. japonicus. In both species of Acetes, males were larger than females. Acetes-sex ratio was favorite in females. Keywords: Acetes, Distribution, Thepha district, Songkhla","PeriodicalId":132692,"journal":{"name":"Natural and Life Sciences Communications","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129180567","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Formulation of Coconut Oil Mouthwash with Mixed Emulsifier and Its Growth Inhibition of Candida albicans Biofilms","authors":"Paween Chanpa, Darunee Owittayakul, P. Wanachantararak, W. Chaiyana, S. Sookkhee","doi":"10.12982/nlsc.2023.016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12982/nlsc.2023.016","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Virgin coconut oil has been used for oil pulling, which helps to promote oral health and can inhibit oral fungi. Due to 15-20 minutes of rinsing time, oily taste, and instability of lately developed mouthwashes, this present study aimed to develop a mouthwash formula from virgin coconut oil with good stability and appropriate rinsing time to inhibit Candida albicans in biofilm. The formulation results showed that the mixed emulsifiers between tween 80 and span 80 at the ratio of 40:60 were appropriate to use as the mixed emulsifier of virgin coconut oil. After the formulation, seven mouthwash formulas including F5 (10:25:65), F21 (20:20:60), F36 (30:20:50), F49 (40:20:40), F59 (50:15:35), F67 (60:10:30) and F73 (70:5:25) which comprised the ratios among virgin coconut oil: mixed emulsifier: distilled water, respectively, exhibited the stable emulsion by using the lowest mixed emulsifier in each ratio. Results from the XTT assay at various exposure times demonstrated that a five-minute exposure with formula F73 exhibited the highest inhibitory activity against C. albicans biofilm with a significant difference compared to other formulas. To confirm the anticandidal activity, the F73 formula could inhibit the growth of C. albicans after enumerating the colonies with an exposure time of five minutes. It may be concluded that the appropriate virgin coconut oil mouthwash was formulated at the ratio of coconut oil: mixed emulsifier: distilled water at 70:5:25 and could inhibit C. albicans after five minutes of exposure. Keywords: Formulation, Coconut oil mouthwash, Mixed emulsifier, Candida albicans, Biofilm","PeriodicalId":132692,"journal":{"name":"Natural and Life Sciences Communications","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129082361","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}