European Economics: Political Economy & Public Economics eJournal最新文献

{"title":"Impact of Para-Tariffs in Sri Lanka: The Case for Improved Transparency in Border Taxes","authors":"N. Pitigala, Prakash J. Singh","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3648573","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3648573","url":null,"abstract":"In an era of global trade dominated by global value chains, much of the recent empirical \u0000analysis has focused on the impacts of non-tariff barriers, behind-the-border measures, and other \u0000transaction costs on integration. Though most countries have substantially lowered their Most Favored Nation tariffs, evidence is surfacing from developing countries that other border taxes are on the rise, increasing the level and complexity of protection. Para-tariffs are often disguised, under-reported, and, in some cases, total protection levels exceed committed tariff bindings under the WTO. A case study of Sri Lanka, using partial and general equilibrium modelling, shows that the phased reduction of para-tariffs and unification with existing customs tariff structures could boost domestic production, promote exports, raise employment and GDP, while simplifying tariff administration. Increasing the transparency of border taxes requires full implementation of WTO Article II on reporting tariff schedules, including para-tariffs, together with institutional capacity building of developing countries across their respective customs and other related agencies.","PeriodicalId":132443,"journal":{"name":"European Economics: Political Economy & Public Economics eJournal","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127698282","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Is Sunlight the Best Disinfectant? Reassessing BEPS Action 5's Tax Ruling Transparency","authors":"P. Hasson","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3647362","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3647362","url":null,"abstract":"The OECD's BEPS Project was a major attempt to harmonize tax principles between jurisdictions and prevent tax motivated artificial profit shifting. One aspect of the BEPS Project is Action 5's tax ruling transparency framework. High-profile instances of tax avoidance, such as LuxLeaks and the Apple-Ireland state aid case, have only elucidated the extent to which tax authorities can use rulings to facilitate tax avoidance. However, it should not be expected that Action 5's tax ruling transparency will materially curb the use of rulings to aid tax avoidance.<br><br>For Action 5's transparency framework to achieve its goal, it must deter either countries from issuing favorable rulings that depart from the issuing country's tax laws and principles and other international tax norms or firms from utilizing these favorable rulings. This paper argues that Action 5 does not have this deterrent effect. However, when tax ruling transparency is coupled with a disgorgement mechanism, such as EU state aid law enforcement, transparency is likely to reduce the number of instances where tax rulings will serve as an effective tool to induce tax motivated income shifting. As such, this paper argues that a disgorgement mechanism, analogous to EU state aid law enforcement but with a different substantive backdrop, should be implemented to effectuate the desired behavioral responses to Action 5's tax ruling transparency.","PeriodicalId":132443,"journal":{"name":"European Economics: Political Economy & Public Economics eJournal","volume":"195 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115649822","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cryptocurrency and Social Justice: a Study of Indian Taxation Laws on Emerging Virtual Challenges","authors":"P. Harit","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3615059","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3615059","url":null,"abstract":"A democratic form of Govt. is always defined as “by the Public, for the Public and to the Public.” The basic function of a government is to deliver public services to its citizens for which it requires resources to finance its expenditure. Among others, taxation works as a major source to fund public expenditure. Developments and Advancements in the technologies, has enabled the Govt. to identify new ways and opened new platforms to collect taxes. Among them, comes the curious situation of taxation of Cryptocurrency. Unlike the fiat currency, Cryptocurrencies are decentralized, relying on a peer-to-peer network that operates without any third-party intervention like the Central Bank. The purpose of this paper is to explore Cryptocurrency and the prevailing regulatory structure concerning them. It studies the different natures of cryptocurrency and analyses:<br><br>(1) Scheme of existing domestic laws and relates cryptocurrency, <br><br>(2) Domestic laws affecting taxation of cryptocurrency related activities and <br><br>(3) Major economies response to cryptocurrency.","PeriodicalId":132443,"journal":{"name":"European Economics: Political Economy & Public Economics eJournal","volume":"64 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126610786","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transmission of the Sovereign Debt Crisis: Bank-Firm Level Evidence From France","authors":"Pietro Grandi, Elisa Darriet, M. Guille, Jean-Jacques Belin","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3608358","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3608358","url":null,"abstract":"Using a large panel dataset of more than 60.000 firms matched to 125 banks in France, we investigate the transmission of the Sovereign Debt Crisis to the French economy via lending relations. We show that French banks’ exposure to sovereign stress negatively affected their corporate borrowers and this impact is heterogeneous across firms. We document three main findings. First, banks most exposed to risky sovereign debt decreased overall lending by more relatively to less exposed banks during the Sovereign Debt Crisis. Second, firms that borrowed from banks with higher sovereign debt exposure obtained less short-term loans and faced higher funding costs with respect to firms related to other banks. Third, the magnitude of these effects depends on the likelihood of firms being financially constrained: among firms related to banks with larger exposure to sovereign risk, younger and smaller firms were relatively more affected by these credit restrictions. These results support existing evidence on the spill-overs of the Sovereign Debt Crisis in the Euro Area from peripheral to core countries via the direct exposure of their domestic banking system.","PeriodicalId":132443,"journal":{"name":"European Economics: Political Economy & Public Economics eJournal","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128828427","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Political Failures in Innovation Policy: A Cautionary Note","authors":"Anders Kärnä","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3593332","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3593332","url":null,"abstract":"Within the field of innovation studies, researchers have identified several market failures that hamper investment in R&amp;D, innovation and growth in a market economy. Several policies such as government subsidies, tax deductions, soft loans, and public venture capital provided to firms that pursue R&amp;D have therefore been recommended by researchers, in addition to regulations to increase the quality and standards of goods and services. Less attention has been paid to government failures in cases where a policy fails to achieve its stated goal, often due to conflicts between the interests of special interest groups and the public. This paper discusses the concept of government failure within an innovation policy context and why this perspective is important for policy design since it is likely that policies that aim to reduce market failures could suffer from political failures. A text analysis of all papers published in 5 leading innovation journals between 2010 and 2019, a total of 5,526 papers, indicates a lack of research about government failures, which could lead to recommendations from researches to policymakers not being successful due to political failures.","PeriodicalId":132443,"journal":{"name":"European Economics: Political Economy & Public Economics eJournal","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125093508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"What is Driving the Decline in Contributions of Multinational Firms to Corporate Tax Revenues?","authors":"Katarzyna Bilicka","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3714944","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3714944","url":null,"abstract":"This paper explores reasons for declining contributions of multinational firms to corporate tax revenues. Using a population of UK firms, I show that over the period 2000 - 2014 multinationals paid a declining fraction of corporate tax revenues, while expanding in size. In 2014 over 70% of total assets reported on UK company balance sheets were held by companies that paid no tax and were part of a multinational group. Further, tax incentives for small and medium companies have increased the number and the corporate tax revenues from those companies. I analyze potential reasons for why these patterns occurred.","PeriodicalId":132443,"journal":{"name":"European Economics: Political Economy & Public Economics eJournal","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126141131","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Ethics of Tax Evasion: Literature Review","authors":"Aidan Collymore","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3589385","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3589385","url":null,"abstract":"This literature review will summarize research into factors affecting views on tax evasion as well as give a brief overview of what tax evasion is. It addresses tax evasion, tax compliance as well as research on perceptions of tax ethics in different countries as well as the findings of previous student focused studies.","PeriodicalId":132443,"journal":{"name":"European Economics: Political Economy & Public Economics eJournal","volume":"78 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133179260","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Altruism, Predation and the Samaritan’s Dilemma","authors":"A. Marciano, S. Dughera","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3582433","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3582433","url":null,"abstract":"The goal of this paper is to study the consequences of non-reciprocal or unilateral altruism, that is, of altruism between individuals who have different concern for others. By contrast to what the literature usually shows-that unilateral altruists lead egoists to cooperate, that non-reciprocal altruism destroys altruism or that it generates non-desirable exploitation-we show that unilateral altruism does not forcedly lead egoists to cooperate nor it destroys altruism and that, in some situations, it can even be Pareto improving. By analyzing a simple cooperation game with other-regarding preferences, we find that unilateral altruism gives birth to a Samaritan's Dilemma where egoists predate Samaritans by free-riding on their contribution. Perhaps counterintuitively, we also show that in case \"exploited\" Samaritans experience a higher subjective well-being than in a classical Prisoners' dilemma. Finally, we derive conditions for the evolutionary stability of both the predators' and Samaritans' behavior.","PeriodicalId":132443,"journal":{"name":"European Economics: Political Economy & Public Economics eJournal","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115020568","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Monetary Financing and Fiscal Discipline","authors":"Oliver Hülsewig, Armin Steinbach","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3589859","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3589859","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Rules governing monetary state financing vary across jurisdictions. The mainstream rationale for bans of state financing rests on the empirical assumption that monetary financing undermines fiscal discipline. We address the plausibility of this assumption by estimating local projection models for a panel of euro area countries to explore the reaction of the sovereigns’ fiscal position to a monetary policy shock. Our results suggest that fiscal discipline is not waning after an expansionary monetary policy innovation that can be related to non-standard policy interventions, as expressed through an improvement of the primary balance despite declining borrowing costs. While no compelling inferences can be made as to the driving force of this improvement – political pressure channeled through conditionality may be a plausible explanation – our results suggest that empirical claims on the adverse effect of unconventional monetary policy on fiscal discipline are ill-founded.","PeriodicalId":132443,"journal":{"name":"European Economics: Political Economy & Public Economics eJournal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129667931","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fiscal Expenditure Spillovers in the Euro Area: An Empirical and Model-Based Assessment","authors":"Mario Alloza, M. Ferdinandusse, P. Jacquinot, K. Schmidt","doi":"10.2866/931020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2866/931020","url":null,"abstract":"espanolEste documento describe los principales canales de transmision de los efectos desbordamiento (spillovers) de las politicas fiscales nacionales a otros paises de la zona deleuro y analiza su magnitud utilizando diferentes modelos. En el contexto de la Union Economica y Monetaria (UEM), los efectos desbordamiento de las politicas fiscales son relevantes para la evaluacion precisa de las perspectivas economicas en los paises miembros, asi como en los debates sobre un cambio coordinado en el tono de la politica fiscal de la zona del euro y sobre su capacidad fiscal. El documento se centra en los efectos indirectos de las expansiones basadas en el gasto publico, presentando dos ejercicios complementarios. El primero es una investigacion empirica de los efectos desbordamiento basada en un novedoso y amplio conjunto de datos trimestrales para los paises mas grandes de la zona del euro, y en nuevas estimaciones basadas en datos anuales para un panel de 11 paises de la misma zona. El segundo ejercicio utiliza un modelo de equilibrio general de varios paises con una especificacion fiscal detallada y la posibilidad de analizar los efectos desbordamiento basados en el comercio entre paises. Los resultados sugieren que los efectos desbordamiento derivados de las politicas fiscales de gasto son heterogeneos —pero, en general, positivos— entre los paises del area del euro. La reaccion de los tipos de interes a las expansiones fiscales es un determinante destacado de la magnitud de estos efectos desbordamiento EnglishThe paper describes the main transmission channels of the spillovers of national fiscal policies to other countries within the euro area and investigates their magnitude using different models. In the context of Economic and Monetary Union (EMU), fiscal spillovers are relevant for the accurate assessment of the cyclical outlook in euro area countries, as well as in the debates on a coordinated change in the euro area fiscal stance and on a euro area fiscal capacity. The paper focuses on spillovers from expenditure-based expansions by presenting two complementary exercises. The first is an empirical investigation of spillovers based on a new, long quarterly dataset for the largest euro area countries and on new estimates based on annual data for a panel of 11 euro area countries. The second uses a multi-country general equilibrium model with a rich fiscal specification and the capacity toanalyse trade spillovers. Fiscal spillovers are found to be heterogeneous but generally positive among euro area countries. The reaction of interest rates to fiscal expansions is an important determinant of the magnitude of spillovers","PeriodicalId":132443,"journal":{"name":"European Economics: Political Economy & Public Economics eJournal","volume":"57 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123136094","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}