{"title":"Continuous-Time Distributed Seeking for Variational Generalized Nash Equilibrium of Online Game","authors":"Jianing Chen;Sichen Qian;Chuangyin Dang;Sitian Qin","doi":"10.1109/TAC.2026.3683007","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TAC.2026.3683007","url":null,"abstract":"This article mainly investigates a class of distributed Variational Generalized Nash Equilibrium (VGNE) seeking problems for both online noncooperative games and online aggregative games with time-varying coupling inequality constraints. Two novel continuous-time distributed VGNE seeking algorithms are proposed, which realize the constant regret bound and sublinear fit bound, superior to those of the criteria for online optimization problems and online games. Furthermore, to reduce unnecessary communication among players, a dynamic event-triggered mechanism involving internal variables is introduced into the distributed VGNE seeking algorithm, while the constant regret bound and sublinear fit bound are still maintained. Also, the Zeno behavior is strictly prohibited. Moreover, we further investigate the impact of communication noise on the player’s measurement of its neighbors’ relative states. It is demonstrated that both the regret and fit bounds remain valid as long as the noise level is not excessively large. This result reveals, to some extent, the proposed algorithm’s noise-resilient capability. Finally, an online uncrewed aerial vehicle swarm game and an online Nash–Cournot game are given to demonstrate the validity of the theoretical results.","PeriodicalId":13201,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control","volume":"71 10","pages":"6479-6493"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147664025","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"IEEE Control Systems Society Publication Information","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/TAC.2026.3729136","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TAC.2026.3729136","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13201,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control","volume":"71 10","pages":"C2-C2"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11715844","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149072292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Multistability of Self-Attention Dynamics in Transformers","authors":"Claudio Altafini","doi":"10.1109/TAC.2026.3687461","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TAC.2026.3687461","url":null,"abstract":"In machine learning, a self-attention dynamics is a continuous-time multiagent-like model of the attention mechanisms of transformers. In this article, we show that such dynamics is related to a multiagent version of the Oja flow, a dynamical system that computes the principal eigenvector of a matrix corresponding for transformers to the value matrix. We classify the equilibria of the “single-head” self-attention system into four classes: consensus, bipartite consensus, clustering, and polygonal equilibria. Multiple asymptotically stable equilibria from the first three classes often coexist in the self-attention dynamics. Interestingly, equilibria from the first two classes are always aligned with the eigenvectors of the value matrix, often but not exclusively with the principal eigenvector.","PeriodicalId":13201,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control","volume":"71 10","pages":"6582-6595"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147739679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Offline Learning of Decision Functions in Multiplayer Games With Expectation Constraints","authors":"Yuanhanqing Huang;Jianghai Hu","doi":"10.1109/TAC.2026.3708406","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TAC.2026.3708406","url":null,"abstract":"We explore a class of stochastic multiplayer games where each player in the game aims to optimize its objective under uncertainty and adheres to some expectation constraints. The study employs an offline learning paradigm, leveraging a preexisting dataset containing auxiliary features. While prior research in deterministic and stochastic multiplayer games primarily explored vector-valued decisions, this work departs by considering function-valued decisions that incorporate auxiliary features as input. We leverage the law of large deviations and degree theory to establish the almost sure convergence of the offline learning solution to the true solution as the number of data samples increases.","PeriodicalId":13201,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control","volume":"71 10","pages":"6955-6961"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148371907","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Estimation and Prevention of Sensor Replacement Attacks in Supervisory Control Systems","authors":"Zhaoyang He;Zhiwu Li","doi":"10.1109/TAC.2026.3691015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TAC.2026.3691015","url":null,"abstract":"This article proposes a defense method against an attacker who can replace the readings of vulnerable sensor events. We assume that the attacker can make a prediction action of the attack result, called an attack estimation, during the reconnaissance phase. Two concepts, strong sensor replacement attack estimability and weak SR-estimability, are introduced to capture the cases that the attacker can accurately and inaccurately estimate that an unsafe state is reached in an attacked system, respectively. A structure called an attacker estimator is built to model the behavior of a system under all stealthy attack decisions, from which two methods are derived to verify the proposed concepts. Based on honeypot technology, we construct a prevention module that can use decision insertion functions (DI-functions) to tamper with an attacker’s attack estimation and maintain the behavior of the closed-loop system. We design a two-player game-like structure (decision insertion structure) to describe the interaction between the module and the system. An algorithm is proposed to synthesize DI-functions for two different objectives.","PeriodicalId":13201,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control","volume":"71 10","pages":"6932-6938"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149072243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Data Informativity under Data Perturbation","authors":"Taira Kaminaga, Hampei Sasahara","doi":"10.1109/tac.2026.3738318","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tac.2026.3738318","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13201,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2026-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149077547","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Behrad Samari, Gian Paolo Incremona, Antonella Ferrara, Abolfazl Lavaei
{"title":"From Data to Sliding Mode Control of Uncertain Large-Scale Networks With Unknown Dynamics","authors":"Behrad Samari, Gian Paolo Incremona, Antonella Ferrara, Abolfazl Lavaei","doi":"10.1109/tac.2026.3738001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tac.2026.3738001","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13201,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control","volume":"668 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2026-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149077548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Lyapunov-Based Small-Gain Theorem for Fixed-Time ISS: Theory, Optimization, and Games","authors":"Michael Tang, Miroslav Krstic, Jorge I. Poveda","doi":"10.1109/tac.2026.3738248","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tac.2026.3738248","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13201,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control","volume":"63 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2026-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149077551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}