Heritage Science最新文献

{"title":"Atacamite discolouration under the influence of arsenates in wall paintings in the Kizil Grottoes, Xinjiang, China","authors":"Ling Shen, Jie Yang, Jiakun Wang, Shaoping Lin, Hui Zhang, Zhaozhao Liu, Zhibo Zhou","doi":"10.1186/s40494-024-01406-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40494-024-01406-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study was focused on a specific blue‒green pigment applied on the edges of the green blocks of wall paintings in the Kizil Grottoes, the earliest Buddhist cave complex in China containing many wall paintings. Based on in situ portable XRF analyses, μ-Raman spectroscope, elemental analysis (SEM–EDS and EPMA-WDS) and μ-XRPD analyses, the pigment was proven to be lavendulan [NaCaCu₅(AsO₄)₄Cl·5H₂O], which has not been reported in ancient wall painting studies before. Lavendulan was found to coexist with atacamite [Cu₂(OH)₃Cl] in some of the samples in the study and showed a nanoneedle-like morphology. Further investigations of lavendulan revealed that it was probably not originally used as a pigment but was generated by the transformation of atacamite under the influence of arsenates [As(V)] and Na⁺. This phenomenon and the related mechanism were discovered in this study and are discussed in this paper. As an important cultural heritage site in the Silk Road, the Route Network of the Chang’an-Tianshan Corridor and the Kizil Grottoes are listed as UNESCO World and Natural Heritage sites. The pigment types and preservation conditions of wall paintings are similar to those of many wall paintings found along the Silk Road, and further attention should be given to this discolouration mechanism for heritage site conservation.</p>","PeriodicalId":13109,"journal":{"name":"Heritage Science","volume":"41 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142193142","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"艺术学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Digitalizing cultural heritage through metaverse applications: challenges, opportunities, and strategies","authors":"Dipima Buragohain, Yahui Meng, Chaoqun Deng, Qirui Li, Sushank Chaudhary","doi":"10.1186/s40494-024-01403-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40494-024-01403-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Preservation and accessibility of cultural heritage have become essential with the rapid advancements of globalization and modernization endeavors constantly threatening historical artifacts and sites across the world. The advent of the metaverse, with its immersive and interactive capabilities, presents a novel approach to safeguarding and promoting cultural heritage. The current study aims to explore the potential of metaverse applications in digitalizing cultural heritage, encompassing virtual reconstructions, educational outreach, global accessibility, and sustainability. It conducts a systematic literature review using PRISMA guidelines to collect, screen, and evaluate existing research enquiries into investigating current practices and technologies in the digitalization of heritage preservation. The study also conducts case study research to investigate the challenges and opportunities associated with the virtual preservation of tangible and intangible cultural assets, including issues of authenticity, representation, and sustainability. Furthermore, it evaluates the impact of metaverse applications on public engagement and cultural education. The findings provide valuable insights into developing innovative strategies for preserving cultural heritage in the digital age while highlighting best practices and guidelines for optimizing metaverse applications in cultural heritage preservation.</p>","PeriodicalId":13109,"journal":{"name":"Heritage Science","volume":"58 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142193143","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"艺术学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrated study on the conservation of ecocultural heritage in the Tiantai Mountain area, China","authors":"Yanxuan Zhao, Hui Wu, Yingjia Fan, Hexian Jin, Yifan Wang, Lei Lu","doi":"10.1186/s40494-024-01398-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40494-024-01398-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study deeply analyzes the ecocultural heritage of the Tiantai Mountain area in Eastern China, assesses its current status and explores effective mechanisms for its conservation and construction. Employing remote sensing technology, kernel density analysis and Minimum Cumulative Resistance Model, the study comprehensively evaluated the environmental characteristics of the region and its role in historical and modern conservation efforts. The results demonstrate the unique distribution patterns of ecocultural heritage in various conservation zones, such as restoration, controlled construction and core conservation zone. Furthermore, the study highlights the importance of religious beliefs and clan systems in the preservation of traditional knowledge and practices, with significant impacts of local community participation on conservation strategies. This research provides new theoretical and practical support for the implemention of ecocultural heritage conservation and development within religiously significant areas, highlights the need for conservation measures and synergistic strategies between ecological and cultural practices.</p>","PeriodicalId":13109,"journal":{"name":"Heritage Science","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142193147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"艺术学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Scientific analysis of folk contract documents from Tianshui region: insights of fiber use and preservation state","authors":"Mengfan Ge, Zhou Gu, Feifei Tian, Jiatong Shi, Yiming Yang, Jilong Shi, Bin Han","doi":"10.1186/s40494-024-01390-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40494-024-01390-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Folk contract documents (FCD) are valuable materials for studying social history, and the paper they use reflects the social realities of different eras and social classes. Research and scientific analysis of numerous FCD samples after the fourteenth century are rare. We conducted a study on 96 Tianshui folk contract documents (TFCD, 107 paper samples) from the Tianshui area of Gansu Province, Northwest China, taking into account both the textual content and the materiality of paper carriers, and interpreted the results from multiple lines of evidence and discussion. Physical performance analysis revealed that the paper used by the northern folk exhibits a lower apparent density, which is not conducive to the long-term preservation of paper. The preservation status investigation, curtain pattern analysis, and fiber analysis show that the paper used in the TFCD differs from traditional cultural paper regarding disease types, production precision, and fiber materials, providing a basis for its protection and restoration. The analysis of chemical components indicated that the aging and yellowing of paper can be correlated with the content of sulfur and carbonyl groups. The feasibility of using pyrolysis gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) analysis to quickly identify papermaking fibers in a large number of paper samples was proposed. By utilizing various techniques to inspect the paper of documents, this study helps to enhance the academic understanding of FCD materials. In addition, it expands the knowledge base of Northwest handmade paper.</p>","PeriodicalId":13109,"journal":{"name":"Heritage Science","volume":"83 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142193146","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"艺术学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental and finite element assessment of stabilizing configurations for underground heritage sites","authors":"Sayed Hemeda","doi":"10.1186/s40494-024-01384-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40494-024-01384-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Heritage sites in Alexandria, Egypt, are some of the UNESCO world heritage sites at high risk from geo-environmental hazards, in particular caused by sea level rise and heavy rain due to the climate change. Recently, safeguarding UNESCO world subterranean and built heritage draws more attention. After recent environmental catastrophies in Alexandria, sustainable conservation materials and stabilizing configurations of underground monumental structures has also become urgent and highly demanded. Based on typical damage due to the heavy weathering caused by the ground water table and salt, this paper offers a guide for engineers and conservators, where rock structures consolidation and stabilizing configurations to protect these structures in the static state and against strong seismic events is presented. In this paper, typical geotechnical problems and damage to the Catacombs of of Kom El-Shoqafa are presented first, followed by an experimental evaluation methodology that includes spectroscopic and morphological characterization in addition to the mechanical testing of untreated and treated rock samples with synthetic organosilicone and acrylic compounds. The effectiveness of the new silica-based consolidants was evaluated in terms of the amount of solid adsorbed, mechanical properties (e.g., surface hardness, ultrasonic velocity, modulus of elasticity and modulus of compressive strength), and resistance to salt crystallization. The treated groups showed better mechanical strength than the control group. The ability of the treated samples to resist climate change negative impact was also greatly improved. According to laboratory tests, new silica-based hardeners and hydrophobic materials have great potential for strengthening weathered Calcarenitic rock structures. It was observed that the rock samples containing the modified binder (MTMOS + Wacher BS 15) reach higher mechanical strength parameters. After the experimental study (testing procedures), FEM analysis was performed using PLAXIS 2D code to validate the silica-based consolidants and verify their efficiency in improving the response of rock structures in static and seismic states against strong earthquake events. The results of this work confirm the high potential of low-cost injection techniques and stabilizing configurations (pre- stressed anchors and concrete friction piles) technology, confirming the possibility of achieving significant improvement in the geotechnical properties of Calcarenitic rock structures and enhancing the seismic performance of underground archaeological structures using low-cost injection technology that is easy to manufacture.</p>","PeriodicalId":13109,"journal":{"name":"Heritage Science","volume":"77 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142193150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"艺术学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Changsha historic urban area: a study on the evolution characteristics and influencing factors of the connectivity of construction land","authors":"Boyang Zhang, Jinyu Fan, Piao Zhang, Sha Shen, Yangming Ren","doi":"10.1186/s40494-024-01401-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40494-024-01401-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study aims to understand the connectivity characteristics of construction land during the spatial evolution of historic urban areas. The complex network analysis method is employed to examine the evolution of the spatial structure of construction land in the four periods of the Changsha historic urban area. The results indicate that the spatial network morphology of construction land follows a repeated development pattern resembling a cluster–mother–child relationship. Additionally, the vulnerability in the evolution of land use spatial relationships is very low, while the overall stability of the land use network structure decreases. The spatial equilibrium of land use shows a downwards trend, the accessibility of land where existing cultural relics and historic sites are located is generally moderate to low, and some plots require improvement. In the evolution of connectivity in the construction land of historic urban areas, the main development challenges are the uneven growth caused by imbalanced land value influenced by capital and the need to balance the preservation of land use patterns with improved accessibility to cultural relics and historic sites. Therefore, it is highly important to dynamically detect and optimize the network structure of construction land to protect and develop historic urban areas.</p>","PeriodicalId":13109,"journal":{"name":"Heritage Science","volume":"43 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141942929","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"艺术学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The spectral inversion model for electrical conductivity in mural plaster following phosphate erosion based on fractional order differentiation and novel spectral indices","authors":"Yikang Ren, Fang Liu","doi":"10.1186/s40494-024-01385-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40494-024-01385-0","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;The Dunhuang murals are a precious treasure of China’s cultural heritage, yet they have long been affected by salt damage. Traditional methods for detecting salt content are costly, inefficient, and may cause physical harm to the murals. Among current techniques for measuring salt content in murals, hyperspectral remote sensing technology offers a non-invasive, circumventing issues of high costs, low efficiency. Building on this, the study constructs an inversion model for the Electrical Conductivity (EC) values of mural plaster subjected to phosphate erosion, through the integration of Fractional Order Differentiation (FOD), a novel three-band spectral index, and the Partial Least Squares Regression algorithm. The specific research contents include: (1) Initially, in preparation for the experiments, the materials used to create the samples underwent a rigorous desalting process, and phosphate solutions were prepared using deionized water to ensure uniform experimental conditions and the accuracy of the results. These meticulous preprocessing steps guaranteed that the measured EC values exhibited a clear correlation with the phosphate content. Subsequently, by employing qualitative experimental analysis techniques, this study was able to more accurately simulate the real-world scenarios of mural plaster affected by salt damage, enabling a deeper investigation into the mechanisms by which salts inflict microscopic damage to murals. (2) Explores the absorption mechanisms and characteristic spectral bands of the Electrical Conductivity (EC) values measured after the phosphate erosion of mural plaster. By integrating the optimal spectral indices, a univariate linear regression model is constructed, providing a basis for the rapid quantitative measurement of electrical conductivity in murals. (3) By comparing the accuracy of the Phosphate Simple Ratio (PSR) and Phosphate Normalized Difference Index (PNDI) spectral indices based on the linear regression model, the first six orders of the highest accuracy spectral index were selected as the optimal three-band spectral index combination, used as explanatory variables, with mural plaster electrical conductivity as the response variable, employing the PLSR method to construct the mural phosphate content high-spectral feature inversion model. The study’s findings include: (1) Surfaces of samples deteriorated by phosphate erosion formed numerous irregularly shaped crystal clusters, exhibiting uneven characteristics. (2) By comparing the outcomes of different orders of fractional differentiation, it was found that the model performance reached its optimum at a 0.3 order of differentiation for both PSR and PNDI data, with a determination coefficient (Q&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;) of 0.728. (3) Utilizing PLSR, this study employed the previously determined optimal six-order three-band spectral index combination as explanatory variables, with salt content as the response variable, successfully constructing the high-spectral ","PeriodicalId":13109,"journal":{"name":"Heritage Science","volume":"33 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141942937","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"艺术学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lejja archaeological site, Southeastern Nigeria and its potential for archaeological science research","authors":"Pamela Ifeoma Eze-Uzomaka, Chioma Vivian Ngonadi, Christian Chukwuma Opata, John Uche Ngonadi","doi":"10.1186/s40494-024-01383-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40494-024-01383-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In 2017/2018, two seasons of archaeological surveys were undertaken in Lejja, southeastern Nigeria. The aim of the archaeological field work was to systematically sample the area to locate archaeological sites, scatters of artefacts, features; and to characterize and record these findings. A particular objective was to identify sites with different typological or chronological characteristics and to then select representative examples for further investigation and excavations. This paper thus focuses for the first time; on the general knowledge of the archaeological signatures in addition to iron working that abound at the Lejja site from an archaeological perspective. We aimed to identify sites with evidence of iron production and sites with other characteristics of human habitation to compare inter-site variation. Using ethnoarchaeological studies, archaeological surveys and excavations, sixteen new sites were identified stretching from iron smelting sites to domestic/habitation sites and ancestral sites. We utilized both a systematic transect and an opportunistic approach to locate and map the archaeological sites encountered. The focus of the study was on thirteen key villages in Lejja southeastern Nigeria. Analysis of data shows that there seem to be distinct areas on the landscape for habitation and metal working respectively. However, it is unclear as yet what this distinction represents in terms of social organization, particularly whether they represent one community with different activity sites or two communities with distinct identities or indeed a more complex temporal and spatial patterning.</p>","PeriodicalId":13109,"journal":{"name":"Heritage Science","volume":"372 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141942854","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"艺术学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mapping the past with historical geographic information systems: layered characteristics of the historic urban landscape of Nanjing, China, since the Ming Dynasty (1368–2024)","authors":"Xuefeng Bai, Xinyu Jiao, Takeru Sakai, Hao Xu","doi":"10.1186/s40494-024-01400-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40494-024-01400-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The layering process of the historic urban landscape (HUL) has spatial and temporal characteristics. With the help of digital technology, building a database to collect and manage spatial information on HUL is an effective research method. Taking Nanjing since the Ming Dynasty (1368–2024) as an example, our paper proposes a framework for constructing a historical geographic information system (HGIS) for HUL. The results show that (1) ancient Chinese historical archives have good potential for use in the construction of historical landscape databases. The HGIS can visualize the evolution of HUL and realize the storage, expression, querying, and analysis of information in different formats. (2) The Republic of China is a turning point in the evolution of Nanjing’s HUL. In terms of spatial evolution, the main distribution areas of urban form and characteristic places, as well as the NACH (normalized angular choice) and NAIN (normalized angular integration) cores of the road network, all moved from the south to the north of the city. In terms of typological evolution, the urban form changes from a predominantly residential area to one that emphasizes residential, administrative, educational and industrial areas. The main types of characteristic places shifted from house gardens, temples and ancestral halls to scenic buildings and public gardens. (3) Political factors, urban planning, commercial ports, and land prices influence the layering process of the HUL. The constructed database guides the preservation of HUL from the digital heritage perspective and the construction of other historical databases with spatial characteristics.</p>","PeriodicalId":13109,"journal":{"name":"Heritage Science","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141942932","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"艺术学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effect of traditional processing craft on the hygroscopicity of palm leaf manuscripts","authors":"Dehao Yu, Xuanhua Li, Si’ao Sun, Hong Guo, Hao Luo, Jinmeng Zhu, Liusan Li, Shan Wang, Liuyang Han","doi":"10.1186/s40494-024-01402-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40494-024-01402-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Palm leaf manuscripts, which are crucial carriers of historical, religious, scientific, and artistic information in East and Southeast Asia, specifically encapsulate significant aspects of Buddhist culture and thus require comprehensive research and preservation efforts. The base material of palm leaf manuscripts is processed palm leaves, which are hygroscopic and profoundly affected by environmental humidity. Currently, there is a research gap regarding the impact of traditional processing crafts and natural aging on the hygroscopicity of palm leaf manuscripts. Utilizing dynamic water vapor sorption (DVS), the hygroscopic properties of palm leaves from various years were assessed before and after traditional processing in Yunnan Province, China. The results show that traditional processing slightly increases the equilibrium moisture content (EMC) in environments with 0 to 60% relative humidity (RH), but significantly lowers EMC in high humidity environments, with reductions up to 19.01%. Additionally, hysteresis doubled post-processing, indicating enhanced stability under fluctuating humidity conditions. Sorption models suggest that traditional processing increases the number of adsorption sites while reducing physical adsorption or capillary condensation. FT-IR (Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy) analysis indicates that the relative contents of cellulose and hemicellulose were reduced by 39.90% and 3.97%, respectively. Degradation occurring in both the crystalline and amorphous regions of cellulose. After natural aging, the hygroscopicity of processed palm leaves improved across the entire humidity range of 0 to 95%, and there was a slight increase in hysteresis. This is due to the increase in both adsorption sites and physical adsorption capabilities. FT-IR results also indicate that the relative contents of cellulose and hemicellulose were decreased by 57.52% and 19.83% after nature aging, respectively. These findings confirm that traditional processing improves the writability and humidity resilience of the leaves, while natural aging enhances their overall hygroscopic properties. This research contributes to our understanding of how humidity damages palm leaf manuscripts. aids in determining optimal RH ranges for storage, and assesses the effectiveness of consolidation treatments in their long–term preservation.</p>","PeriodicalId":13109,"journal":{"name":"Heritage Science","volume":"2012 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141942989","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"艺术学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}