Human–Wildlife Interactions最新文献

{"title":"Household Perceptions and Patterns of Crop Loss by Wild Pigs in North India","authors":"B. Pandav, Lakshminarayanan Natarajan, Ankit Kumar, A. Desai, Banteibor Lyngkhoi","doi":"10.26077/6944-07B4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26077/6944-07B4","url":null,"abstract":"Loss to cultivated crops by wild pigs (Sus scrofa) is widespread and can jeopardize low-income farmers. In India, although there is lot of political interest in the problem, efforts to understand the patterns, correlates, and underlying reasons for wild pig conflict continue to be minimal. We quantified loss of wheat (Triticum aestivum) to wild pigs and assessed the spatial patterns of damage in a forest settlement of Van Gujjar (Haridwar, India), which is a dairy-based pastoralist community. We chose a 4-km2 cultivated area comprising 400 farmlands (each measuring 0.8 ha and belonging to a family) and assessed crop damage by wild pigs through field surveys during the harvest season. We interviewed 159 respondents who manage 219 of the total 400 farmlands in the study area to compare actual crop loss with perceived losses. Wild pigs damaged 2.29 tonnes (2,290 kg) of wheat, which was about 2.6% of the potential yield in the study area. A total of 39 farmlands (9.5%), managed by 28 respondents, suffered losses during the survey period at an average loss of about 58.8 kg (SD ± 89.5, range = 0.7–388 kg). During interviews, 81 respondents managing 155 farmlands (70.7%) reported having suffered wild pig-related crop loss during the survey period. They also perceived losing about 23.4% of the potential yield of wheat due to wild pigs. The perceived losses were much higher than actual losses. Actual losses measured through field surveys underscore the dichotomy between actual and perceived crop loss due to wild pigs. About 81% of recorded wild pig-related damage to wheat occurred within 200 m from the forest edge. The crop protection measures aimed at stopping wild pigs from entering the fields were mostly reactive. Although overall crop losses due to wild pigs seem low at the settlement level, for affected individual families, the losses were financially significant. Such recurrent crop losses can cause families to go into debt, trigger animosity toward conservation, and lead to retaliation measures, which may be indiscriminate and have the potential to affect other endangered mammals in conservation priority landscapes. Because crop losses by wild pigs are severe along the narrow band of fields along the edge of the forest, channeling monetary benefits through insurance-based compensation schemes can help assuage losses to farmers. Further, because crop damage by wild pigs is seasonal, experimenting with mobile fences that can be dismantled and packed away after use would be beneficial.","PeriodicalId":13095,"journal":{"name":"Human–Wildlife Interactions","volume":"22 1","pages":"12"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90907916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Machine Learning as a Tool for Wildlife Management and Research: The Case of Wild Pig-Related Content on Twitter","authors":"Lauren M. Jaebker, Hailey E. McLean, S. Shwiff, Keith M. Carlisle, Tara L. Teel, A. Bright, A. Anderson","doi":"10.26077/1EF3-1675","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26077/1EF3-1675","url":null,"abstract":"Wild pigs (Sus scrofa) are a non-native, invasive species that cause considerable damage and transmit a variety of diseases to livestock, people, and wildlife. We explored Twitter, the most popular social media micro-blogging platform, to demonstrate how social media data can be leveraged to investigate social identity and sentiment toward wild pigs. In doing so, we employed a sophisticated machine learning approach to investigate: (1) the overall sentiment associated with the dataset, (2) online identities via user profile descriptions, and (3) the extent to which sentiment varied by online identity. Results indicated that the largest groups of online identity represented in our dataset were females and people whose occupation was in journalism and media communication. While the majority of our data indicated a negative sentiment toward wild pigs and other related search terms, users who identified with agriculture-related occupations had more favorable sentiment. Overall, this article is an important starting point for further investigation of the use of social media data and social identity in the context of wild pigs and other invasive species.","PeriodicalId":13095,"journal":{"name":"Human–Wildlife Interactions","volume":"23 1","pages":"16"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90995007","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characteristics of Non-Fatal Attacks by Black Bears: Conterminous United States, 2000–2017","authors":"Janel M. Scharhag, Cady Sartini, S. Crimmins, S. Hygnstrom, Jeffrey B. Stetz","doi":"10.26077/F70C-9DBF","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26077/F70C-9DBF","url":null,"abstract":"Attacks on humans by bears (Ursus spp.) have increased in recent decades, as both human and bear populations have increased. To help mitigate the risk of future attacks, it is important to understand the circumstances in past attacks. Information and analyses exist regarding fatal attacks by both American black bears (Ursus americanus) and brown bears (U. arctos) as well as non-fatal attacks by brown bears. No similarly thorough analyses on non-fatal attacks by black bears are available. Our study addressed this information gap by analyzing all (n = 210) agency-confirmed, non-fatal attacks by black bears in the 48 conterminous United States during 2000 to 2017. Most attacks were defensive (52%), while 15% were predatory and 33% were food-motivated. Of defensive attacks, 85% were by female bears, and 91% of those females had young. Of predatory attacks, 95% were by male bears, and of food-motivated attacks, 80% were by male bears. Forty percent of defensive attacks by female bears involved dogs (Canis lupus familiaris). Sixty-four percent had an attractant present during the attack and 74% indicated there were reports of property damage by bears or of bears getting a food-reward in the area prior to the attack. A classification and regression tree model show the highest proportion of severe attacks were among a female victim who was with a dog and who fought back during an attack. When compared with previous studies of fatal attacks by black bears, which are typically predatory attacks by male bears, our results illustrate clear differences between fatal and non-fatal attacks. Our study also lends evidence to the hypothesis that dogs can trigger defensive attacks by black bears. These results have implications for risk assessment, attack mitigation, and how we advise the public to respond to an attacking bear.","PeriodicalId":13095,"journal":{"name":"Human–Wildlife Interactions","volume":"65 1","pages":"23"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74602253","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Resident Perceptions of Human–Beaver Conflict in a Rural Landscape in Alberta, Canada","authors":"Nicholas T. Yarmey, G. Hood","doi":"10.26077/0C80-AB0A","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26077/0C80-AB0A","url":null,"abstract":"The North American beaver (Castor canadensis) plays a key ecological role in wetland systems, yet their activities can result in costly damage to human infrastructure. Although qualitative research on human perceptions of beavers is rare, studies on human– beaver conflict in the United States identified generally positive attitudes toward beavers and opposition to lethal management, yet in Alberta, Canada, 79% of municipalities that managed beavers reported using trapping and shooting to remove problem beavers. Given the important ecological contributions of beavers and their potential conflict with humans, qualitative research is needed to assess perspectives of stakeholders who directly experience beaver-related impacts. To address this need, from August to September 2014, we conducted semi-structured, in-person interviews with 9 residents who lived in rural areas of Beaver County, Alberta, Canada, where the potential for human–beaver conflict was high. This pilot study involved purposive sampling to select a sample of county residents who had direct interactions with beavers on or adjacent to their properties. We found that perceptions of beaver-related impacts varied across individuals, although many respondents emphasized negative impacts to agricultural production. There were also conflicts concerning local government management actions, including both support for and opposition to lethal control. This lack of consensus among the public poses a challenge to management agencies that lack time and resources to consult with all stakeholders on a multitude of issues related to human– wildlife interactions. However, our results suggest that consultation with landowners by the government is necessary to fully understand the negative impacts residents experience, the positive impacts they desire, and the socially acceptable means for managing them.","PeriodicalId":13095,"journal":{"name":"Human–Wildlife Interactions","volume":"1 1","pages":"17"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88891432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hunter Motivations and Use of Wild Pigs in Texas, USA","authors":"Rachael L. Connally, Maureen G. Frank, G. Briers, N. Silvy, Keith M. Carlisle, John M. Tomeček","doi":"10.26077/A31F-AF48","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26077/A31F-AF48","url":null,"abstract":"Wild pigs (Sus scrofa) are a widespread exotic, invasive species that pose ecological, agricultural, and human health risks in their invaded range. Wildlife managers must manage wild pig abundance and range expansion to mitigate these risks. The diversity of stakeholders involved in the issue of wild pig management complicates efforts to manage the species, and, to be successful, wildlife professionals must consider the human dimensions associated with wild pig management. The prevalence of privately owned lands in Texas, USA necessitates cooperation to enact effective management policies. In this study, we investigate the impact of hunter motivations on wild pig harvest quantity. Motivations driving wild pig hunting are diverse. While the majority of wild pig hunters in Texas are motivated by trophy value, meat-motivated hunters harvest more wild pigs per day afield. Wildlife managers should develop plans that include various management techniques to control wild pig population growth and damage. Education and outreach will continue to be important for involving private landowners in effective wild pig management.","PeriodicalId":13095,"journal":{"name":"Human–Wildlife Interactions","volume":"103 1","pages":"10"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82503596","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Profile of Wild Pig Hunters in Texas, USA","authors":"Rachael L. Connally, Maureen G. Frank, G. Briers, N. Silvy, Keith M. Carlisle, John M. Tomeček","doi":"10.26077/D51B-9E40","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26077/D51B-9E40","url":null,"abstract":"Wild pigs (Sus scrofa) are a widespread exotic, invasive species that poses ecological, agricultural, and human health risks in invaded areas. Wildlife managers often manage wild pig abundance and expansion to mitigate these risks. The diversity of stakeholders involved in the issue of wild pig management complicates efforts to manage the species, and, to be successful, wildlife professionals should consider the human dimensions associated with wild pig management. The prevalence of privately owned lands in Texas, USA necessitates cooperation to enact effective management policies. In this study, we investigate the factors that affect a hunter’s likelihood to participate in wild pig hunting. Multiple factors affect participation in wild pig hunting activities. We found that participation in other types of big game hunting increased the likelihood of participation in wild pig hunting and that wild pig hunting does not deter individuals from participating in other types of hunting activities. Additionally, hunters’ attitudes toward wild pigs are important in determining the likelihood of participation in wild pig hunting. Finally, our results suggest that hunters are largely uninformed about wild pigs and do not hold the same perceptions, values, or tolerance levels of the species. The diversity of preferences among wild pig hunters necessitates that wildlife managers consider the desires of the public as well as natural resource needs in creating socially acceptable management plans for the species.","PeriodicalId":13095,"journal":{"name":"Human–Wildlife Interactions","volume":"34 1","pages":"8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81630124","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Close Encounters of the Feral Swine","authors":"Rosanna M. Vail","doi":"10.26077/6738-0631","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26077/6738-0631","url":null,"abstract":"It was late one night on the island of Kauai, and I was fresh with the freedom of a driver’s license. Leaving an event with a friend as my passenger, I drove at the speed of island life on a street we had traveled a thousand times. On a downhill slope, dimly lit, at a sharp curve quite dangerous even by day, the headlights shone on 2 huge masses in the road. I slammed on the brakes of my family’s Ford Escort. At a dead stop, shaken up, and grateful to not be rear-ended, we sat and waited—2 teenage girls at a near-collision with 2 enormous wild pigs (Sus scrofa) blocking the dark road. What a way to miss curfew. Although such encounters are rare in the daily lives of most locals, wild pigs are among the most abundant invasive large vertebrate species in the Hawaiian Islands, causing damage to native vegetation and island ecosystems (Hess et al. 2020). Yet, the origin story of this species in the islands has only recently been unfolding. Studies linked genetic markers of Hawaiian wild pigs to smaller pig species of Polynesian ancestry, indicating that Polynesian voyagers rather than Captain James Cook introduced pigs to the Hawaiian Islands several centuries earlier than originally thought (Linderholm et al. 2016). Over time, the Polynesian pig, called puaʻa, “repeatedly interbred with multiple varieties of domestic swine, Asiatic wild boar, and European wild boar introduced by explorers and colonists beginning in the 1770s” (Hess et al. 2020, 405). The pigs grew larger in another way, too—with each retelling of my story from that dark and dangerous night. Today, the history of the wild pig in Hawaii intertwines with its cultural significance, which can both inform and complicate wildlife management practices. Lohr et al. (2014) examined perceptions of wild pigs and other game species among Hawaii residents from 6 islands. Although pig hunting is common and pig consumption is part of Hawaiian tradition, respondents in non-hunter groups across all islands generally wanted pig abundance to decrease. Respondents also assigned varying levels of cultural value to pigs and other species in the study. This variability indicates a need for localized management approaches (Lohr et al. 2014). Additional human dimensions research focused on discrete island communities can further facilitate balanced management plans. The specificity of wildlife management in Hawaii, and further, on Kauai, led me to wonder: how can wildlife professionals achieve a greater balance of effective management and localized values and opinions going forward? To what extent are academic curriculums or professional development trainings adapting to address sociocultural factors in the wildlife profession? How can multiple voices, each with something at stake, cohere toward end goals of species management and positive human–wildlife interactions and perceptions that hold equal weight with a culturally conscious process of getting there? I approach these questions from outside the field ","PeriodicalId":13095,"journal":{"name":"Human–Wildlife Interactions","volume":"115 1","pages":"27"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75725592","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Viewing Bornean Human–Elephant Conflicts Through an Environmental Justice Lens","authors":"Elena C. Rubino, Christopher Serenari, N. Othman, M. Ancrenaz, Fauzie Sarjono, Eddie Ahmad","doi":"10.26077/B316-C029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26077/B316-C029","url":null,"abstract":": Sabah, on the northeastern corner of Borneo, is concurrently Malaysia’s largest producer of oil palm ( Elaeis guineensis ) and home to the endangered Bornean elephants ( Elephas maximus borneensis ; elephants). Concomitantly, Sabah has been experiencing increasing and unsustainable human–elephant conflicts (HECs), which have not been thoroughly investigated from a human dimensions standpoint. To address this void, in March 2019, we conducted semi- structured interviews with 37 villagers located in the Sabah districts of Lahad Datu, Tawau, and Telupid to investigate villager cognitions regarding elephants, behaviors toward elephants, the formal and informal village institutions employed to mediate HECs, and the future viability of human–elephant coexistence. Respondents highlighted emotions of fear, anger, and frustration over crop and property damage that villagers were unable to effectively mitigate employing traditional institutions and strategies. Although negative emotions were somewhat tempered by the cultural significance of elephants, respondents indicated that coexistence with elephants remains challenging and is likely only viable under certain conditions: domestication of elephants, if elephants no longer destroyed crops, and/or if elephants were provided separate forested habitat away from humans. Our results demonstrated that elephant conservation in Sabah is viewed as a “not in my backyard” claim, which can hint at the presence of environmental injustice. We further examined Sabah HECs using an environmental justice framework and concluded that HEC as an environmental justice problem requires traditional fixes to be merged with more extensive, sustainable solutions that improve stakeholder agency.","PeriodicalId":13095,"journal":{"name":"Human–Wildlife Interactions","volume":"60 1","pages":"18"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88258671","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Population Increases of Large Birds in North America Pose Challenges for Aviation Safety","authors":"R. Dolbeer","doi":"10.26077/53F9-EDC3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26077/53F9-EDC3","url":null,"abstract":"There is a strong correlation between bird mass and the likelihood of aircraft damage during a bird–aircraft collision. Thus, the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) has established airworthiness standards related to bird mass for engines, airframes, and windshields. Most standards use large (1.8 kg) and medium (1.1 kg) birds as benchmarks (the empennage and certain large turbofan engines use a 3.6-kg bird). There are 20 large (≥1.8 kg) and 16 medium (1.1–1.7 kg) bird species in North America with ≥20 strikes reported for civil aircraft (FAA National Wildlife Strike Database), 1990 to 2018. I analyzed the population changes of these 36 species from 1990 to 2018 in relation to flocking behavior. For the 20 large species, the combined population had a net gain of 27.8 million birds (129% increase). For the 16 medium species, the combined population had a net gain of 6.7 million birds (20% increase). Notably, all 9 species with body mass ≥3.6 kg indicated population increases. In agreement with the increased numbers of birds, the number of strikes involving large and medium birds showed significant (P < 0.01) positive trends from 1990 to 2020 as did strikes involving multiple birds. The threat to aviation safety from large and medium birds, especially flocking species, was much higher in 2018 than in 1990. Although progress is being made to mitigate the risk by management programs to keep large and medium birds away from airport properties, these actions do little to mitigate the threat during climb and approach phases of flight. Enhanced airworthiness standards for aircraft components, bird-detecting radar to provide real-time warnings, and aircraft lighting schemes to improve visibility of aircraft to birds are priority areas of research and development to mitigate these off-airport threats to aviation safety.","PeriodicalId":13095,"journal":{"name":"Human–Wildlife Interactions","volume":"191 1","pages":"5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76642260","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Field Guarding as a Crop Protection Method: Preliminary Implications for Improving Field Guarding","authors":"Leah J. Findlay, R. A. Hill","doi":"10.26077/DF2C-63D3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26077/DF2C-63D3","url":null,"abstract":"Negative interactions between crop farmers and wild primates are an issue of significant concern. Despite many crop farmers using field guards as a method of crop protection against foraging primates, there are very few published accounts of how effective this technique is and how it might be improved. To bridge this knowledge gap, we used direct observations from a hide to collect the behaviors of field guards, chacma baboons (Papio ursinus; baboons), and vervet monkeys (Chlorocebus pygerythrus; vervets) foraging in a 1-ha butternut squash (Cucurbita moschata) field for 4 months (May to August) in 2013 on a 564-ha commercial farm in the Blouberg District of South Africa. Only half of the cropforaging events were chased by field guards, with vervets being chased much less frequently than baboons. Guards responded more often to events with greater primate numbers and to those that occurred earlier in the day. Guard delay in responding to crop-foraging events and baboon delay in responding to the guard both increased in the low productivity season. Baboon response delay also increased with more animals involved. Based on this case study, we suggest recommendations to improve the effectiveness of field guarding. This includes implementing an early warning alarm system, shortening field guard shifts, increasing guard numbers during the morning and low productivity season, and increasing the perceived fear of field guards, potentially by employing male guards or providing uniforms and deterrent accessories. Further evaluation in other local contexts will help determine how these findings can be adopted on a wider scale.","PeriodicalId":13095,"journal":{"name":"Human–Wildlife Interactions","volume":"2012 1","pages":"20"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86424703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}