Hormones最新文献

{"title":"Once upon a time in Anatolia: the kings with bulging eyes","authors":"Hulya Elbe","doi":"10.1007/s42000-024-00561-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s42000-024-00561-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The Hittite Empire, formed by the Hittites who settled in central Anatolia at the beginning of the second millennium BC, has left behind rich archeological remains. In this historical review, statues of the Hittite priest-kings, King Idrimi, King Šuppiluliuma, and King Tarhunza, who ruled in these lands in ancient times, are analyzed. Graves’ disease (GD) is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism. Patients with GD are also at risk of developing Graves’ orbitopathy (GO). Upper eyelid retraction and exophthalmos (bulging eyes) are common in patients diagnosed with GO. Could the kings who lived in Anatolia at different times in the distant past have suffered from the same disease?</p>","PeriodicalId":13017,"journal":{"name":"Hormones","volume":"38 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140608704","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thyroid dysfunction due to trace element deficiency—not only selenium but also zinc","authors":"Kohei Nagano, Yuma Motomura, Hironori Bando, Masaaki Yamamoto, Keitaro Kanie, Kei Yoshino, Yushi Hirota, Tomoko Yamada, Michiko Takahashi, Hidenori Fukuoka, Wataru Ogawa","doi":"10.1007/s42000-024-00550-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s42000-024-00550-1","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Introduction</h3><p>Levels of serum selenium (Se) and zinc (Zn) decrease when total parental nutrition (TPN) is administered without trace element supplementation for just a few weeks. These trace elements are involved in thyroid hormone metabolism and their deficiencies cause thyroid dysfunction. However, there have been few reports on the details of its clinical course.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Case presentation</h3><p>A 50-year-old man presented with thyroid dysfunction due to Se and Zn deficiency. He had an approximately 70-cm residual small intestine after undergoing intestinal resection and he received TPN without trace element supplementation for one and a half months. Blood tests revealed high levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and free thyroxine (FT4) and low levels of free triiodothyronine (FT3). An abnormal pattern of thyroid function led to suspicion of Se deficiency. Se supplementation raised FT3 levels and lowered FT4 levels to within their respective reference ranges; however, subclinical hypothyroidism persisted with transient TSH elevation. We suspected that Zn deficiency also contributed to the hypothyroidism and, therefore, initiated Zn supplementation, which resulted in normalization of thyroid function.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Discussion</h3><p>Although thyroid dysfunction has been reported in many studies conducted on Se and Zn deficiencies, hormonal patterns vary between reports. Further accumulation of cases, including detailed data on nutritional status, would be of benefit to elucidate the clinical reality.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Conclusion</h3><p>It is important to consider Se and Zn deficiencies when TSH and FT4 levels are elevated. It should also be noted that transient TSH elevation may be observed with Se supplementation.</p>","PeriodicalId":13017,"journal":{"name":"Hormones","volume":"32 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140596038","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synergistic neuroprotective action of prolactin and 17β-estradiol on kainic acid-induced hippocampal injury and long-term memory deficit in ovariectomized rats","authors":"Karen De la Torre, Marco Antonio Cerbón, Gladys Molina-Salinas, José Eduardo Suárez-Santiago, Jean-Pascal Morin, Gabriel Roldán-Roldán, Ofir Picazo","doi":"10.1007/s42000-024-00551-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s42000-024-00551-0","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Purpose</h3><p>The neuroprotective actions of the ovarian hormone 17β-estradiol (E2) against different brain lesions have been constantly confirmed in a variety of models including kainic acid (KA) lesions. Similarly, the pituitary hormone prolactin (PRL), traditionally associated with lactogenesis, has recently been linked to a large diversity of functions, including neurogenesis, neuroprotection, and cognitive processes. While the mechanisms of actions of E2 as regards its neuroprotective and behavioral effects have been extensively explored, the molecular mechanisms of PRL related to these roles remain under investigation. The current study aimed to investigate whether the simultaneous administration of PRL and a low dose of E2 prevents the KA-induced cognitive deficit and if this action is associated with changes in hippocampal neuronal density.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Methods</h3><p>Ovariectomized (OVX) rats were treated with saline, PRL, and/or E2 in the presence or absence of KA. Neuroprotection was assessed by Nissl staining and neuron counting. Memory was evaluated with the novel object recognition test (NOR).</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Results</h3><p>On their own, both PRL and E2 prevented short- and long-term memory deficits in lesioned animals and exerted neuroprotection against KA-induced excitotoxicity in the hippocampus. Interestingly, the combined hormonal treatment was superior to either of the treatments administered alone as regards improving both memory and neuronal survival.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Conclusion</h3><p>Taken together, these results point to a synergic effect of E2 and PRL in the hippocampus to produce their behavioral, proliferative, and neuroprotective effects.</p>","PeriodicalId":13017,"journal":{"name":"Hormones","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140596148","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"When rare diseases crisscross within the same patient: von Hippel-Lindau and type 1 gastric neuroendocrine tumor","authors":"Krystallenia I. Alexandraki, Ariadni Spyroglou, Paraskevi Xekouki, Konstantinos I. Bramis, Georgios Kyriakopoulos, Konstantinos Barkas, Ioannis S. Papanikolaou, George Mastorakos, Manousos Konstadoulakis","doi":"10.1007/s42000-024-00556-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s42000-024-00556-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Von-Hippel-Lindau (VHL) is a genetic multisystem disorder characterized by visceral cysts and benign and malignant tumors in various organs. Herein, we present the case of a 23-year-old woman with VHL presenting with multiple gastric neuroendocrine neoplasms (gNENs) type 1 in the context of chronic autoimmune gastritis (CAG). Although gNENs are not acknowledged as a typical entity in VHL patients, in the present case, gNENs were composed of neoplastic cells with clear cytoplasm usually seen in tumors related to VHL disease. We additionally performed a literature review on the presence of neuroendocrine clear cell tumors and report on further cases of clear cell NENs. The present case illustrates that clear-cell transformation in gNENs may be due to the dual genetic background of the patient; the real oncogenic stimulus may be more closely related to CAG than to VHL disease accompanied by an interplay between neoplastic and autoimmune processes. Therefore, close monitoring of patients with clear cell NENs appears to be important before excluding VHL disease, even in the context of phenotypically unrelated diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":13017,"journal":{"name":"Hormones","volume":"68 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140596221","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"EndoBridge 2023: highlights and pearls","authors":"Bulent Okan Yildiz, Cesar Luiz Boguszewski, Margaret Cristina da Silva Boguszewski, Luca Busetto, Ozlem Celik, Ghada El-Hajj Fuleihan, Dimitrios G. Goulis, Gary D. Hammer, Megan R. Haymart, Gregory Kaltsas, Jennifer R. Law, Amanda Yuan Ling Lim, Anton Luger, Djuro Macut, Barbara McGowan, Michael McClung, Alexander Dimitri Miras, Mary Elizabeth Patti, Robin P. Peeters, Duarte Pignatelli, Hamayle Saeed, Jennifer Sipos, Constantine A. Stratakis, Marina Tsoli, A. J. van der Lely, Selma F. Witchel, Dilek Yazici","doi":"10.1007/s42000-024-00549-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s42000-024-00549-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p>EndoBridge 2023 took place on October 20–22, 2023, in Antalya, Turkey. Accredited by the European Council, the 3-day scientific program of the 11^th Annual Meeting of EndoBridge included state-of-the-art lectures and interactive small group discussion sessions incorporating interesting and challenging clinical cases led by globally recognized leaders in the field and was well attended by a highly diverse audience. Following its established format over the years, the program provided a comprehensive update across all aspects of endocrinology and metabolism, including topics in pituitary, thyroid, bone, and adrenal disorders, neuroendocrine tumors, diabetes mellitus, obesity, nutrition, and lipid disorders. As usual, the meeting was held in English with simultaneous translation into Russian, Arabic, and Turkish. The abstracts of clinical cases presented by the delegates during oral and poster sessions have been published in JCEM Case Reports. Herein, we provide a paper on highlights and pearls of the meeting sessions covering a wide range of subjects, from thyroid nodule stratification to secondary osteoporosis and from glycemic challenges in post-bariatric surgery to male hypogonadism. This report emphasizes the latest developments in the field, along with clinical approaches to common endocrine issues. The 12th annual meeting of EndoBridge will be held on October 17–20, 2024 in Antalya, Turkey.</p>","PeriodicalId":13017,"journal":{"name":"Hormones","volume":"36 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140596149","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of the possible impact of the fear of hypoglycemia on diabetes management in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus and their parents: a cross-sectional study","authors":"Ourania Andreopoulou, Eirini Kostopoulou, Eleni Kotanidou, Sophia Daskalaki, Angeliki Vakka, Assimina Galli-Tsinopoulou, Bessie E Spiliotis","doi":"10.1007/s42000-024-00560-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s42000-024-00560-z","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Purpose</h3><p>Hypoglycemia represents a significant source of anxiety for children with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and their caretakers. Fear of hypoglycemia (FoH) was measured in children and adolescents with T1DM as well as in their parents using an established research instrument, the Hypoglycemia Fear Survey (HFS).</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Methods</h3><p>This is a two-center, cross-sectional study involving 100 children and adolescents aged 6–18 years old diagnosed with T1DM. One parent of each child also participated in the study. The participants, who were recruited from two different pediatric endocrine outpatient clinics, were asked to complete the translated Greek version of the HFS, which includes one version for children (C-HFS) and one for parents (P-HFS). The association of the questionnaire responses with subjects’ characteristics, such as current age, age at diagnosis, duration of diabetes, HbA1c levels, and mode of diabetes treatment were assessed.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Results</h3><p>Parents exhibited significantly higher mean HFS scores than their children. No significant correlation was found between the P-HFS or the C-HFS scores and the age of the children, duration of diabetes, HbA1c, or mode of treatment.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Conclusion</h3><p>The finding that parents experience higher levels of FoH compared to their children emphasizes the importance of healthcare providers to screen parental FoH and focus on approaches to support them in order to reduce their psychological burden, thus optimizing children’s diabetes management.</p>","PeriodicalId":13017,"journal":{"name":"Hormones","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140596039","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association between serum TSH concentration and bone mineral density: an umbrella review","authors":"","doi":"10.1007/s42000-024-00555-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s42000-024-00555-w","url":null,"abstract":"<h3>Abstract</h3> <span> <h3>Introduction</h3> <p>The aim of this study was to summarize the results of previous studies, standardize the data, and present new statistical results in order to provide physicians with clinically significant outcomes regarding the association between serum TSH concentration and bone mineral density (BMD).</p> </span> <span> <h3>Methods</h3> <p>To perform this umbrella review, a systematic search was conducted in which major online medical databases, such as PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Scopus, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar, were searched for meta-analyses and systematic reviews regarding the effect of TSH on BMD. Furthermore, all primary studies were screened for statistical analysis.</p> </span> <span> <h3>Results</h3> <p>The statistical outcomes of the present study were based on the data of 75,898 patients. The pooled risk ratio of any kind of fracture in patients with subclinical hyperthyroidism was estimated to be 1.36 (95% CI: 1.18—1.56; <em>p</em> &lt; 0.001). The SMD for BMD in the distal radius in male patients receiving L-thyroxine suppression therapy was estimated to be -0.61 (95% CI: -1.10—(-0.11); <em>p</em> = 0.02). Furthermore, the pooled risk ratio of any fracture in patients receiving L-thyroxine suppression therapy was estimated to be 1.98 (95% CI: 0.98 – 3.98; <em>p</em> = 0.06). In these patients, the BMD may significantly differ from that in non-treated patients. However, the difference depends on the type of bone.</p> </span> <span> <h3>Conclusions</h3> <p>Our data confirmed that subclinical hyperthyroidism has a detrimental effect on bones, causing decreased BMD. Based on the obtained results, the authors suggest that a reduced TSH serum level itself may be an individual factor associated with decreased BMD and, thus, with a greater risk of bone fracture. Nevertheless, it should be noted that the effects of TSH suppression therapy differ between areas of interest for assessing BMD. Furthermore, the results have shown that this issue may, in specific areas, concern not only postmenopausal women but also male patients. These conclusions should contribute to a careful consideration of the application of TSH suppressive therapy in all patients. Particular attention should be given to patients after DTC, while all the advantages and disadvantages of implementing L-thyroxine therapy should be individually considered.</p> </span>","PeriodicalId":13017,"journal":{"name":"Hormones","volume":"2020 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140596037","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Τhe story of sclerostin inhibition: the past, the present, and the future","authors":"","doi":"10.1007/s42000-023-00521-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s42000-023-00521-y","url":null,"abstract":"<h3>Abstract</h3> <p>Sclerostin inhibits osteoblast activity by hampering activation of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway and simultaneously stimulates osteoclastogenesis through upregulation of the receptor activator of NFκB ligand (RANKL). Thus, antibodies against sclerostin (Scl-Abs), besides promoting bone formation, suppress bone resorption and dissociate bone formation from resorption. This dual action results in remarkable increases of bone mineral density which are of a greater magnitude compared to the other antiosteoporotic treatments and are accompanied by decreases of fracture risk at all skeletal sites. The anabolic effect subsides after the first few months of treatment and a predominantly antiresorptive effect remains after this period, limiting its use to 12 months. Furthermore, these effects are largely reversible upon discontinuation; therefore, subsequent treatment with antiresorptives is indicated to maintain or further increase the bone gains achieved. Romosozumab is currently the only Scl-Ab approved for the treatment of severe postmenopausal osteoporosis. Indications for use in other populations, such as males, premenopausal women, and patients with glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis, are pending. Additionally, the efficacy of Scl-Abs in other bone diseases, such as osteogenesis imperfecta, hypophosphatasia, X-linked hypophosphatemia, and bone loss associated with malignancies, is under thorough investigation. Cardiovascular safety concerns currently exclude patients at high cardiovascular risk from this treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":13017,"journal":{"name":"Hormones","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139083056","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sex-dependent impact of obesity on aggressiveness of papillary thyroid cancer","authors":"Xiu Huang, Yali Han, Jie Yang, Le Bu, Xiaoyun Cheng, Xiaojuan Zha, Haibing Chen, Yueye Huang, Shen Qu","doi":"10.1007/s42000-023-00517-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s42000-023-00517-8","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Purpose</h3><p>To investigate the impact of body mass index (BMI) on the aggressiveness of papillary thyroid cancer (PTC).</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Methods</h3><p>A total of 1720 PTC patients with total thyroidectomy or lobectomy, from January 2017 to April 2020, were retrospectively evaluated. Based on BMI, they were divided into two groups, as follows: control (CON, &lt; 24 kg/m²) and overweight and obesity (OB, ≥ 24 kg/m²), each sex being analyzed separately.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Results</h3><p>In the whole cohort, the OB group had significantly higher rates of extrathyroidal extension (21.5 vs. 16.8%, <i>p</i> = 0.013), multifocality (43.2 vs. 37.7%, <i>p</i> = 0.018), and <i>BRAF-V600E</i> mutation (82.9 vs. 79.3%, <i>p</i> = 0.015) than the CON group. In males, the OB group had increased rates of tumor size over 1cm (54.4 vs. 42.7%, <i>p</i> = 0.008), extrathyroidal extension (24.9 vs. 12.4%, <i>p</i> = 0.001), and multifocality (42.7 vs. 33.5%, <i>p</i> = 0.038). The OB group had significantly higher adjusted odds ratios (ORs) of 1.63 (1.14–2.33, <i>p</i> = 0.008), 2.12 (1.26–3.57, <i>p</i> = 0.005), and 1.56 (1.07–2.29, <i>p</i> = 0.022) for tumor size over 1cm, extrathyroidal extension, and multifocality compared with CON. Additionally, overweight and obesity were analyzed alone and the rates of extrathyroidal extension (30/100, 30.0%, <i>p</i> = 0.001) and tumor size over 1cm (65/100, 65.0%, <i>p</i> = 0.001) were significantly higher in the obesity group than in the overweight and CON groups. The obesity group had robust higher adjusted ORs of 2.51(1.50–4.20, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.001), 2.93 (1.50–5.73, <i>p</i> = 0.002) and 1.89 (1.11–3.22, <i>p</i> = 0.020) for tumor size over 1cm, extrathyroidal extension, and multifocality compared with CON.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Conclusions</h3><p>Overweight and obesity were predominant independent risk factors for PTC aggressiveness in males. These data indicated that the therapeutic treatment should be based on risk stratification by BMI in males.</p>","PeriodicalId":13017,"journal":{"name":"Hormones","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138741569","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Contraception as chemoprevention of ovarian cancer in BRCA1 and BRCA2 women","authors":"","doi":"10.1007/s42000-023-00519-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s42000-023-00519-6","url":null,"abstract":"<h3>Abstract</h3> <p>Ovarian cancer is the seventh most common cancer in women in the world, with an estimated worldwide mortality of over 207′000 women every year. This cancer, due to the current lack of adequate screening techniques, is commonly diagnosed late and has a poor prognosis. The oral contraceptive pill is considered the most effective prevention strategy for ovarian cancer in the general population, being associated with a decreased incidence while also having a substantial positive impact on the mortality rate, which is reduced by up to 50%. BRCA1 and BRCA2 germline mutated women have an augmented risk of ovary and breast cancer: despite international guidelines that consider prophylactic surgery as the gold standard for ovarian cancer prevention, there are currently no effective non-invasive preventive methods. In BRCA12 mutated patients, clinicians should weigh the benefits of contraceptive pills against the risk of long-term thromboembolic side effects and hormonal malignancies such as breast and cervical cancer. A multidisciplinary team should counsel patients on the most appropriate risk-reduction strategy tailored to their needs and expectations, proposing the oral contraceptive pill to selected patients after balancing the risks of adverse effects and the benefits on both contraception and chemoprevention.</p>","PeriodicalId":13017,"journal":{"name":"Hormones","volume":"34 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138741306","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}