Herba Polonica最新文献

{"title":"The occurrence of fungi on the commercial dietary supplements based on the milk thistle (Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn.) available on Polish market","authors":"Agnieszka Rosińska","doi":"10.2478/hepo-2022-0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/hepo-2022-0005","url":null,"abstract":"Summary Introduction: Milk thistle (Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn.) is an important medicinal plant, its achenes contain a silymarin, which has a regenerating and stabilizing effect on liver cells. The milk thistle based dietary supplements are among the best-selling plant pharmaceuticals in the US and the UE. Objective: The goal of the experiment was to determine which – if any – fungi contaminated either the whole or ground milk thistle achenes, available on the Polish market. Methods: The mycological analyses were performed on 200 achenes, using deep-freeze blotter method. Ground material was assessed using agar test method. For each sample, 10 Petri dishes were used. The material was applied in five places per one Petri dish, with a micro scoop laboratory spatula. Then, Petri dishes with achenes and ground material were incubated at 20°C under alternating cycles of 12 h NUV light and 12 h darkness. The identification of fungi was performed using stereo microscope and compound microscope, if necessary. Results: The milk thistle achenes were infested with following fungi: Alternaria alternata, Alternaria sp., Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus spp., Bipolaris sp., Cladosporium spp., Epicoccum nigrum, Fusarium spp., Melanospora simplex, Mucor spp., Penicillium spp., Phoma sp., Rhizopus stolonifer, Sarocladium strictum, Stemphylium botryosum, Trichothecium roseum, Ulocladium consortiale and Verticillium sp. Among them A. alternata predominated. Whereas, milled milk thistle achenes were occupied by Aspergillus flavus, A. niger, Aspergillus spp., Fusarium sp., Mortierella spp., Mucor spp., Penicillium spp. and R. stolonifer. Conclusion: Considering the significant fungal contamination of milk thistle achenes-based dietary supplements, it seems reasonable to introduce a system of achene control due to possible microbiological contamination.","PeriodicalId":12990,"journal":{"name":"Herba Polonica","volume":"68 1","pages":"29 - 34"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46682482","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Natural aldose reductase inhibitors for treatment and prevention of diabetic cataract: A review","authors":"N. Daoudi, Omar Bouziane, M. Bouhrim, M. Bnouham","doi":"10.2478/hepo-2022-0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/hepo-2022-0002","url":null,"abstract":"Summary Introduction: Aldose reductase (AR) is an enzyme that catalyzes the reduction of glucose to sorbitol responsible for the development of diabetic complications like cataracts. Medicinal plants contain several phytocompounds that can inhibit this enzyme. Objective: The purpose of this review is to cite medicinal plants that have been tested for their ability to inhibit aldose reductase and consequently prevent cataracts and classify the major isolated compounds that have this activity. Methods: We reviewed 154 articles published between 1954 and 2020 in English via three databases: ScienceDirect, Web of Science, and PubMed. We have classified the plants that showed a significant anti-cataract effect, in the form of a list including the scientific and family names of each plant. Also, we have cited the IC50 values and the active constituents of each plant that showed inhibitory activity towards AR. Results: We have described 38 herbs belonging to 29 families. Besides, 47 isolated compounds obtained from the cited herbs have shown an AR inhibitory effect: luteolin, luteolin-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, apigenin, 3,5-di-O-caffeoyl-epi-quinic acid, delphinidin 3-O-β-galactopyranoside-3’-O-β-glucopyranoside, 3,5-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid methyl ester, andrographolide, 1,2,3,6-tetra-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose, 1,2,4,6-tetra-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose, 7-(3-hydroxypropyl)-3-methyl-8-β-O-D-glucoside-2H-chromen-2-one, E-4-(60-hydroxyhex-30-en-1-yl)phenyl propionate, delphinidin 3-O-β-galactopyranoside-3’,5’-di-O-β-glucopyranoside, 1,2,3-tri-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose, 1,2,3,4,6-penta-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose, 1,2,6-tri-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose, 2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)ethanol, (4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)methanol, trans-anethole, gallic acid 4-O-β-D-(6’-O-galloyl)-glucoside, β-glucogallin, puerariafuran, quercetin, gallic acid 4-O-β-D-glucoside, 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid, 4-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-2-butanone, protocatechuic acid, trans-cinnamic acid, gallic acid, p-coumaric acid and syringic acid. Conclusion: natural therapy becomes an interesting alternative in the treatment and prevention of cataract by using medicinal plants rich in active compounds considered as AR inhibitors.","PeriodicalId":12990,"journal":{"name":"Herba Polonica","volume":"68 1","pages":"35 - 58"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46813641","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study of total antioxidant activity of green tea leaves (Camellia sinensis L.)","authors":"O. Maslov, S. Kolisnyk, M. Komisarenko, M. Golik","doi":"10.2478/hepo-2022-0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/hepo-2022-0003","url":null,"abstract":"Summary Introduction: There is a high interest in creating medicines, dietary supplements, cosmetics including plant extract with antioxidant activity. For understanding whether plant extract has a maximum level of antioxidant activity it is important to know the total antioxidant activity of raw material. Objective: The main goal of study was to find out the green tea leaves total antioxidant activity. Methods: The antioxidant activity was measured by potentiometric method. Total phenolic, flavonoids, catechins and hydrocinnamic acids derivatives were quantified using Folin-Ciocalteu, aluminium chloride, vanillin and sodium molibdate methods, respectively. Results: The green tea leaves total antioxidant activity was 660.75 mmol-eqv./mres. dry weight. A significant correlation was observed between the amount of phytochemicals and antioxidant activity, which indicated its main role in antioxidant activity. Conclusion: The research showed that the green rea leaves possess a high value of antioxidant activity and it is a good source of phenolic constituents.","PeriodicalId":12990,"journal":{"name":"Herba Polonica","volume":"68 1","pages":"1 - 9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48181791","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anti-methicillin resistant and growth inhibitory studies of extract and fractions of leaves of Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) Kurz (Crassulaceae)","authors":"C. O. Anie, E. Ikpefan, F. Enwa, Lucy Umunade, Ejiroghene Enomate","doi":"10.2478/hepo-2022-0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/hepo-2022-0004","url":null,"abstract":"Summary Introduction: Bryophyllum pinnatum is a plant with diverse ethnomedicinal claims yet to be verified scientifically. Objective: This work was aimed at evaluating the extract and vacuum liquid chromatographic (VLC) fractions of B. pinnatum on methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and anti-proliferating seed radicle cells of Sorghum bicolor. Methods: The extract and VLC fractions of B. pinatum were screened phytochemically and subsequently tested against MRSA at concentrations of 3.125–100 mg/ml, while the antiproliferative assay at 1–30 and 1–10 mg/ml. Results: The extract recorded zone of inhibition of 7.05 mm was only at 100 mg/ml against L20 MRSA strains. While VLC bulked fractions A(1), C (5–7), D (8–9) and E (10) had no zones of inhibition against the strains, fraction B had zones of inhibitions at all concentrations with the highest ones of 9.7 and 8.5 mm at 125 and 62.5 mg/ml, respectively, against MRSA sample (L20). The MIC of the active fraction B was observed at 3.9, 7.8 and 15.6 mg/ml for all samples used. At 96 h of seed incubation, 56 mm radicle length was recorded by the control seeds was reduced to 1.5 mm (97%) and 0.4 mm (99%) when treated with 20 and 30 mg/ml of the extract. The VLC sub-fraction B at 10 mg/ml showed more inhibitory effects on the germinating radicles as it recorded 100% reduction when compared to the control at 96 h against 80 and 70% recorded by fractions ‘A’ and ‘C’, respectively. Conclusion: The results obtained showed an evidence of susceptibility of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and growth inhibitory potentials of B. pinnatum, particularly the active VLC fraction “B”. Thus, further studies are required to support these findings.","PeriodicalId":12990,"journal":{"name":"Herba Polonica","volume":"68 1","pages":"19 - 28"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49631747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cytotoxic roles of apigenin and kaempferol on staurosporine-treated mesenchymal stem cells in an in vitro culture","authors":"Magdalena Kosiedowska, Arkadiusz Burczak, Julia Morys, P. Borkowska, J. Kowalski","doi":"10.2478/hepo-2021-0022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/hepo-2021-0022","url":null,"abstract":"Summary Introduction Flavonoids are widely distributed in the wild. They constitute a large group of compounds that have a beneficial effect on the human body. Apigenin and kaempferol, which belong to the flavone subgroup, have, inter alia, an antitumor effect. The influence of these compounds on the survival of stem cells in a toxic environment has not yet been studied. Objective The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of selected concentrations of apigenin and kaempferol on the survival of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) in the presence of a cell-death inducer – staurosporine. Methods Mesenchymal stem cells that were obtained from the Wharton’s jelly of umbilical cords were used for the research. In the first stage, the MSC were treated with apigenin at concentrations of 1.2, 12.5, 25, 50 and 100 µM/ml and kaempferol at concentrations of 1.2, 12.5, 25, 50 and 100 µM/ml. In the next stage, the effect of increased concentrations of 0.1, 0.5 and 1 µM/ml of staurosporine on MSC was examined. The key stage of the experiment was investigating the interaction between the selected concentrations of apigenin (12.5 and 50 µM/ml) and kaempferol (12.5 and µM/ml) on MSC in the presence of staurosporine at a concentration of 1 µM/ml, which had the highest toxicity. Results Both apigenin and kaempferol significantly increased the cytotoxic features of staurosporine on the MSC culture.","PeriodicalId":12990,"journal":{"name":"Herba Polonica","volume":"67 1","pages":"10 - 15"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44780968","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Content of sterols in in vitro propagated Chamerion angustifolium (L.) Holub plants","authors":"M. Dreger, A. Gryszczyńska, M. Szalata","doi":"10.3390/iecps2021-12005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/iecps2021-12005","url":null,"abstract":"Summary Introduction: Chamerion angustifolium (L.) Holub (syn. Epilobium angustifolium L.) plants have been used in the treatment and alleviating symptoms of mild Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH). Plants are abundant in polyphenols, particularly ellagitannins, phenolic acids and flavonoids. Apart from polyphenols, herb of this species also contains steroids, triterpenes and fatty acids. Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the content of campesterol, β-sitosterol and stigmasterol in C. angustifolium genotypes cultivated in vitro. Methods: Plants grown in vitro and the plants harvested from field were subjected to the HPLC-DAD analysis. Results: The investigated genotypes differed in sterol content. Stigmasterol (375.64–577.77 mg/100 g of dry weight – DW) was a predominant compound among the tested sterols. In contrast to in vitro cultures, plants harvested from field synthesized mainly β-sitosterol (103.05 mg/100 g DW), whereas campesterol and stigmasterol were less abundant. Conclusions: C. angustifolium in vitro cultures are rich source of phytosterols, particularly stigmasterol. Genotype had a significant effect on phytosterol accumulation under in vitro conditions.","PeriodicalId":12990,"journal":{"name":"Herba Polonica","volume":"68 1","pages":"1 - 7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46380855","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phytochemical screening and galactagogic attributes of Pergularia daemia (Forssk.) Chiov. leaf extract in lactating mice (Mus musculus)","authors":"Monoj Patra, S. Giri, Subhas Chowdhury, Jayeeta Pal, N. Saha, S. Biswas","doi":"10.2478/hepo-2021-0024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/hepo-2021-0024","url":null,"abstract":"Summary Introduction Pergularia daemia (Forssk.) Chiov. [PD] is used as a galactagogue by various tribes in Purulia district, India, lacks a scientific basis. Objectives The purpose of the study was to determine whether administration of aqueous leaf extract of P. daemia can increase milk production in lactating mice and encourages development in suckling pups. Methods 30 lactating mice (n=6 per group) with a minimum of 5 pups each were treated with the aqueous PD extract at 50, 100, 150 and 200 mg/kg body weight while the control group was administered with only distilled water. The mice were daily fed with aqueous leaf extract via gavage, which started at day 3 and continued to day 15 post-partum and milk secretion was assessed by the weight-suckle-weight method. The qualitative estimation, UV-vis analysis and GC-MS study of the leaf extract was also done for the presence of phytoconstituents. Results Administration of aqueous leaf extract led to a considerable increase in milk production (28.1%) and the pups gained weight substantially (p<0.05) when compared to control. Milk production was enhanced in mice treated with 150 mg/kg b.wt. of leaf extract compared to other doses (p<0.05). The GC-MS analysis of the aqueous leaf extract of P. daemia revealed 20 major peaks, some with small retention time and also revealing presence of several phyto-estrogenic compounds. Conclusion The present study effectively demonstrated that aqueous leaf extract of PD enhanced milk production in mice and might be used as an alternative strategy for increasing milk production and can be extrapolated to farm animals and human beings.","PeriodicalId":12990,"journal":{"name":"Herba Polonica","volume":"67 1","pages":"32 - 41"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43719706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In memoriam of Professor Waldemar Buchwald (1962–2020) on the first anniversary of his passing","authors":"A. Krajewska-Patan, A. Adamczak","doi":"10.2478/hepo-2021-0028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/hepo-2021-0028","url":null,"abstract":"Professor Waldemar Buchwald was born on August 26th, 1962 in Poznań (Poland). He obtained the degree in Environmental Biology at the Faculty of Biology of Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań. As an intern he started working at the Faculty of Geographical and Geological Sciences (Adam Mickiewicz University), and then he joined the Research Institute of Medicinal Plants in Poznań (currently Institute of Natural Fibres and Medicinal Plants – National Research Institute) as an assistant. Working in the Department of Botany under the management of Prof. Jan Kozłowski, he progressed through his academic career, even as the organisational structure of the Institute changed, and departments were renamed. In 1998 he received a PhD at the Faculty of Horticulture, Agricultural Academy in Poznań (currently Poznań University of Life Sciences) based on a dissertation entitled “Biological and phytochemical characteristics of Betonica officinalis L. and Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge in order to introduce them into cultivation”. Since 1999 he managed the Laboratory of Ecology, which was the part of the Department of Botany. In 2002, Professor Waldemar Buchwald took over as the head of the Department of Botany, after the retirement of Prof. Jan Kozłowski. The Department of Botany and the Department of Breeding and Agricultural Technology were merged in 2006, to become the Department of Botany, Breeding and Agricultural Technology with Prof. Buchwald as its head. Then, after a merger of the Research Institute of Medicinal Plants and the Institute of Natural Fibres, he became the head of Branch of Medicinal Plants (2009–2010), and later, a medicinal plants coordinator (2010–2011) at the newly created Institute of Natural Fibres and Medicinal Plants. In 2014, he received habilitation degree in agricultural sciences at the Faculty of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture (Poznań University of Life Sciences) with a work entitled “Red sage (Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge) – study of introduction to cultivation, effectiveness of obtaining biologically active compounds and biological activity of extracts”. In 2018, he became a professor of the Institute of Natural Fibres and Medicinal Plants. He remained the head of the Department of Botany, Breeding and Agricultural Technology of Medicinal Plants until his passing. Professor Waldemar Buchwald was a prominent expert in medicinal plants and herbalism. He carried out numerous scientific projects, ranging from agricultural technology of medicinal plants, protection of their natural resources, seed biology, taxonomy, morphological and phytochemical variability of selected species, as well as their biological activity. In collaboration with other research institutions, Professor took part in pharmacological studies of Salvia miltiorrhiza, S. przewalskii, Echinacea purpurea, Rhodiola rosea, Rh. kirilowii, Platycodon grandiflorum as well as Chelidonium majus. He spent a lot of his time and energy on the Garden of Medicinal Plants and ","PeriodicalId":12990,"journal":{"name":"Herba Polonica","volume":"67 1","pages":"XIV - XIX"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44084870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Occurrence of pathogenic fungi on commercially available medicinal plants and packaged seeds","authors":"L. Irzykowska, K. Wielgusz","doi":"10.2478/hepo-2021-0020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/hepo-2021-0020","url":null,"abstract":"Summary Introduction Pathogenic fungi decrease the quality of commercially available medicinal plants and packaged seeds. Some of fungal pathogens can produce mycotoxins harmful to human health. Objective To evaluate the health status of commercially available medicinal plants and check if packaged seeds of these plants are free from pathogenic fungi. Methods An experiment was conducted on potted plants of lemon balm, peppermint and sweet basil, commercially available and intended for direct use by consumers. For microbiological analyses, 100 stems and leaves of each species were randomly taken. Furthermore, the health of 100 seeds of each species was examined using agar plate method. Results Ten species and genera of pathogenic fungi were isolated from shoots, leaves and seeds of investigated plants. Some of them are toxin-forming species. Lemon balm was the most infected species. Conclusion Bearing in mind the health of consumers, more attention should be paid to the microbiological purity of commercially available medicinal plants and packaged seeds.","PeriodicalId":12990,"journal":{"name":"Herba Polonica","volume":"67 1","pages":"54 - 59"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48180412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Kinetic study on peroxidase inactivation and anthocyanin degradation of black cherry tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum cv. OG) during blanching","authors":"H.T.N. Ha, N. Thuy","doi":"10.2478/hepo-2021-0025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/hepo-2021-0025","url":null,"abstract":"Summary Introduction Blanching is a necessary treatment stage in processing of tomato products to inactivate enzymes. However, it may cause the degradation of nutrients. Objective In this study, the kinetics of thermal peroxidase inactivation and anthocyanin degradation in black cherry tomatoes (cv. OG) were determined to predict the quality changes during the blanching. Methods Tomatoes were blanched at five levels of temperature (75–95oC) for five time periods (30–150 s). Results It was found that as the blanching temperature increased and the blanching time is prolonged, more peroxidase was inactivated and the greater number of anthocyanins was lost. The thermal peroxidase inactivation and anthocyanin degradation showed an apparent first-order reaction with the activation energy of 129.96 kJ/mol and 65.99 kJ/mol, respectively. Peroxidase and anthocyanin in black cherry tomatoes were found to be heat-sensitive. Conclusion These kinetic parameters were necessary to select and design appropriate blanching conditions for black cherry tomatoes on larger scale processing.","PeriodicalId":12990,"journal":{"name":"Herba Polonica","volume":"67 1","pages":"60 - 69"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43522124","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}