2019 IEEE/AIAA 38th Digital Avionics Systems Conference (DASC)最新文献

{"title":"Air Traffic Deconfliction Using Sum Coloring","authors":"V. Duchamp, B. Josefsson, Tatiana Polishchuk, V. Polishchuk, Raúl Sáez, Richard Wiren","doi":"10.1109/DASC43569.2019.9081708","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/DASC43569.2019.9081708","url":null,"abstract":"This paper studies strategic conflict resolution for air traffic based on sum coloring. We consider two application scenarios: manned and unmanned air traffic, with similar targets: to improve efficiency of operations and to reduce the costs. For the Unmanned Air Vehicles Traffic Management (UTM) we consider also a payment mechanism which incentivizes the operators to share information necessary to find a socially optimal solution. We quantify the potential savings via a series of experiments, showing that our methods drastically outperform the widely used First-Come-first-Serve (FCFS) strategy.","PeriodicalId":129864,"journal":{"name":"2019 IEEE/AIAA 38th Digital Avionics Systems Conference (DASC)","volume":"221 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116865333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Security Challenges of Vehicle Recovery for Urban Air Mobility Contexts","authors":"Jean-Aimé Maxa, Raphael Blaize, Sebastien Longuy","doi":"10.1109/DASC43569.2019.9081808","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/DASC43569.2019.9081808","url":null,"abstract":"Urban air mobility (UAM) is the set of people, processes and systems transporting passengers and goods in autonomous aircraft over metropolitan areas. This implies important safety and efficiency needs, and big deployment challenges. We will focus in this article on malicious threats in this sensitive environment. For example, an attacker might compromise the onboard systems of an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), with catastrophic consequences for passengers and people on the ground. It is hence important to design, implement, deploy, maintain and operate appropriate security mechanisms, to detect threats and mitigate or recover from compromises (e.g. safe emergency landing). This contributes to the high safety and performance requirements for passengers, public and infrastructure. Research around the security challenges for these air mobility operations is a recent topic, and many challenges are still to be resolved. We aim to contribute with a survey of possible attacks, an adversary model, and potential security solutions, along with a preliminary study for vehicle recovery.","PeriodicalId":129864,"journal":{"name":"2019 IEEE/AIAA 38th Digital Avionics Systems Conference (DASC)","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132133882","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Using Quantifier Elimination to Enhance the Safety Assurance of Deep Neural Networks","authors":"Hao Ren, Sai Krishnan Chandrasekar, A. Murugesan","doi":"10.1109/DASC43569.2019.9081635","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/DASC43569.2019.9081635","url":null,"abstract":"Advances in the field of Machine Learning and Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) has enabled rapid development of sophisticated and autonomous systems. However, the inherent complexity to rigorously assure the safe operation of such systems hinders their real-world adoption in safety-critical domains such as aerospace and medical devices. Hence, there is a surge in interest to explore the use of advanced mathematical techniques such as formal methods to address this challenge. In fact, the initial results of such efforts are promising. Along these lines, we propose the use of quantifier elimination (QE) - a formal method technique, as a complimentary technique to the state-of-the-art static analysis and verification procedures. Using an airborne collision avoidance DNN as a case example, we illustrate the use of QE to formulate the precise range forward propagation through a network as well as analyze its robustness. We discuss the initial results of this ongoing work and explore the future possibilities of extending this approach and/or integrating it with other approaches to perform advanced safety assurance of DNNs.","PeriodicalId":129864,"journal":{"name":"2019 IEEE/AIAA 38th Digital Avionics Systems Conference (DASC)","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133190498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Doorway to the United States: An Exploration of Customs and Border Protection Data","authors":"P. Monmousseau, A. Marzuoli, Christabelle S. Bosson, E. Feron, D. Delahaye","doi":"10.1109/DASC43569.2019.9081692","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/DASC43569.2019.9081692","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a data-driven study of wait time patterns for international arriving passengers across all sixty-one terminals from the forty-four airports of entry of the United States. Each airport is an independent entity which operates with various airlines and handles demand volumes differently. This induces seasonal variation in service quality from one airport to another. Exploring six years worth of data, this paper investigates the current and long-term performance trends - an increasing number of flights versus a decreasing number of customs booths - of all airports of entry from a passenger perspective. A performance analysis is then conducted that compares average wait times of incoming passengers, considering incoming traffic ratios and allocated resources. Leveraging machine learning algorithms, six regression algorithms are trained and tested to accurately predict passenger wait times through customs at selected airports. An analysis of the performance of these models shows that the best approach - using a Gradient Boosting regressor for each terminal of entry - can capture the daily and seasonal variations of traffic patterns and immigration booth availabilities with a mean absolute error of less or equal to 5 minutes for twenty-eight terminals of entry and less than 10 minutes for all terminals. Observations show significant disparities across airports that may be explained by the foreign/US passenger ratio and the quality of booth management.","PeriodicalId":129864,"journal":{"name":"2019 IEEE/AIAA 38th Digital Avionics Systems Conference (DASC)","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132112690","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Multimode Visual-Inertial Navigation Method for Fixed-wing Aircraft Approach and Landing in GPS-denied and Low Visibility Environments","authors":"Xiaogang Song, Lei Zhang, Zhengjun Zhai, Guanfeng Yu","doi":"10.1109/DASC43569.2019.9081785","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/DASC43569.2019.9081785","url":null,"abstract":"The landing safety is still one of the greatest challenges for fixed-wing aircraft, meanwhile not all airport runways are equipped with instrument landing system (ILS), and global positioning system (GPS) is not always available. It is necessary for aircraft to autonomously acquire high accuracy and stable navigation data during approach and landing in case of GPS loss and ILS unavailability. In this paper, we propose a multimode visual-inertial navigation method that combines the inertial measurement unit (IMU), the forward-looking infrared (FLIR) camera and the barometer into unscented kalman filter (UKF) adaptively according to flight height. In order to obtain accurate motion estimation, different sensing measurements are used at different flight phase. This proposed method run on three significant stages: 1) initial approach (flight height: 1000–200 feet), runway azimuth information and inertia data are fused to estimate aircraft motion; 2) precision approach (flight height: 200–100 feet), sparse runway features extracted from the FLIR images, airport geo-information and inertia data are integrated to obtain precise motion estimation; 3) precision landing (flight height: 100–0 feet), visual simultaneous localization and mapping (VSLAM)and inertial measurements are used to estimate motion states. A general aircraft is elaborately equipped with a short-wave infrared (SWIR) camera, an IMU, a barometer and a flight data recorder to collect real flight data for algorithm verification. Finally, the experimental results demonstrate that the proposed approach can be used for fixed-wing aircraft accurate approach and landing in low visibility and GPS-denied environments robustly. Furthermore, its accuracy has been reached to the level of Inertial/Differential GPS integration.","PeriodicalId":129864,"journal":{"name":"2019 IEEE/AIAA 38th Digital Avionics Systems Conference (DASC)","volume":"76 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133864112","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sim: A Contract-Based Programming Language for Safety-Critical Software","authors":"Tuur Benoit","doi":"10.1109/DASC43569.2019.9081681","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/DASC43569.2019.9081681","url":null,"abstract":"An important benefit of formal methods is the ability to unambiguously describe the requirements of a program and to provide evidence of the compliance of the software code with these requirements. However, formal analysis on programs written in languages that are used today in avionics can be challenging since these languages have features, such as pointers, that complicate program verification. So, to enable formal verification, one must limit the language to a subset and/or one must endure a considerable annotation overhead. This paper presents Sim, a new high-level programming language that is designed for the development and verification of safety-critical software. The Sim language has been designed so that only a small annotation overhead is needed and one can make extensive use of automatic verification tools. We show that in Sim 4 to 5 times fewer annotations are needed compared to programs written in VeriFast-C to prove equivalent properties. We additionally demonstrate that Sim is suitable as a language for avionics software development by implementing and verifying an elementary fly-by-wire application and deploying it on an STM32 microcontroller.","PeriodicalId":129864,"journal":{"name":"2019 IEEE/AIAA 38th Digital Avionics Systems Conference (DASC)","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123020189","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of Segmented Standard Taxi Route Procedure to Integrate Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems at Civil Airports using Fast- Time Simulations","authors":"Nikolai Okuniek, M. Finke, S. Lorenz","doi":"10.1109/DASC43569.2019.9081738","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/DASC43569.2019.9081738","url":null,"abstract":"The introduction of unmanned aircraft systems into various domains of civil aviation led to the necessity to develop suitable integration concepts to coordinate flight movements of manned and unmanned aircraft especially regarding surface operations at civil airports. These remotely piloted or automatic / autonomous unmanned aircraft do not have the same capabilities as manned aircraft. However, to achieve a wide commercial success, they will have to use the same infrastructure. Air traffic control has to maintain a safe, orderly and expeditious flow of air traffic, considering this new mixed traffic constellation. In order to do so, new operational procedures were defined. Within the scope of the SESAR 2020 project ‘Surface Management Operations' (SuMO), a procedural concept for ground movements of unmanned aircraft together with manned aircraft has been developed and evaluated in gaming sessions. This concept introduces so-called segmented standard taxi routes as a first and easy solution to enable mixed traffic while maintaining the same level of safety and very low system requirements for unmanned aircraft systems. In 2017, this concept was successfully validated in a dedicated workshop with operational experts, air traffic controller, remote and conventional pilots. The results of this evaluation have been published at the 37th Digital Avionics Systems Conference in September 2018. Based on this success, a fast-time simulation has been conducted in the beginning of 2019 to investigate quantitatively the operational performance of this solution in terms of the key performance areas capacity, efficiency and environmental impact. According to project objectives, the simulation scenarios were set up using as example the international airport of Stuttgart. Towing operations were used as a baseline scenario for RPAS ground movements. Selected performance parameters were then compared with those being calculated for the application of the segmented standard taxi route procedure in the solution scenario. The share of remotely piloted aircraft systems varied between 0% and 50% of the whole traffic. This paper provides a detailed description of the setup of this fast-time simulation, conducted simulation runs, defined metrics and results. In addition, these results are correlated with the recently published outcomes of the validation workshop of 2017. The paper closes with a summary and an outlook.","PeriodicalId":129864,"journal":{"name":"2019 IEEE/AIAA 38th Digital Avionics Systems Conference (DASC)","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124174568","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The power of dense silicon: trending features and support at chip-level enabling new levels of integration and dependability for avionics systems","authors":"J. Athavale, Andrea Baldovin, M. Paulitsch","doi":"10.1109/DASC43569.2019.9153281","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/DASC43569.2019.9153281","url":null,"abstract":"Weight is fuel and cost. In the future the quest to continue integration and leverage modern powerful compute fabrics will continue to be a central goal of modern avionics architectures combined with functional integration to create emergent new functionality. Additionally, cost savings in aerospace lead to the need of having to use commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) computing architectures. In this paper we describe some current and possibly future trends and then investigate how these trends affect avionics. We describe issues and mitigation techniques introduced due to COTS electronics with focus on multi-core processors (MCP) in avionics architectures and their requirements. We discuss what standards and processes need to be followed and what support from chip vendors (certification package) can help. We also present how new avionics architectures could leverage certain COTS trends driven by industrial control and automotive to help integration and optimization of future avionics architectures.","PeriodicalId":129864,"journal":{"name":"2019 IEEE/AIAA 38th Digital Avionics Systems Conference (DASC)","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128809608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Deep Learning Techniques for Improving Estimations of Key Parameters for Efficient Flight Planning","authors":"Mevlut Uzun, M. Demirezen, E. Koyuncu, G. Inalhan, Javier Lopez, M. Vilaplana","doi":"10.1109/DASC43569.2019.9081804","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/DASC43569.2019.9081804","url":null,"abstract":"This paper applies machine learning techniques to improve flight efficiency. Specifically, we focus on two distinct problems: uncertainties in aircraft performance models and uncertainties in wind. In this sense, this paper proposed methodologies to improve baseline models for fuel flow and wind estimations are via operational data. We utilize Base of Aircraft Data (BADA) 4 as baseline for aircraft performance model. Historical Global Forecast System (GFS) predictions are utilized as baseline estimations for $u$ and $v$ components of wind. As for the operational data, Quick Access Recorder (QAR) trajectory footprints of a narrow body and a wide body aircraft, which include actual recorded fuel flow from engines and measured wind speed and direction, are used. State-of-the-art deep learning algorithms are deployed to map baseline estimations for fuel flow and wind to their ground truths. Proper input parameters to have the best estimation results and be compatible with the ground-based flight planning systems are derived through extensive feature engineering. Comparison of the aircraft performance models with real flight data shows that precise estimation of fuel flow with mean absolute errors on a range of %0.1 - %0.7 can be achieved across all the flight modes. Results also show that we can achieve considerable reduction in wind uncertainty both from a mean error and variance sense. For short haul flights, the standard deviations of forecast errors in u and v components are reduced from 6.25 and 8.38 knots to 1.37 and 1.81 knots, respectively. The same reduction is from 11.02 and 10.89 knots to 4.88 and 4.76 knots in the long haul flights.","PeriodicalId":129864,"journal":{"name":"2019 IEEE/AIAA 38th Digital Avionics Systems Conference (DASC)","volume":"122 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116680088","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Usability Evaluation of Indicators of Energy-Related Problems in Commercial Airline Flight Decks","authors":"Emory T. Evans, L. Kramer, T. Etherington, T. Daniels, S. Young, Yamira Santiago-Espada, James R. Barnes","doi":"10.1109/DASC43569.2019.9081647","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/DASC43569.2019.9081647","url":null,"abstract":"A series of pilot-in-the-loop flight simulation studies were conducted at NASA Langley Research Center to evaluate indicators aimed at supporting the flight crew's awareness of problems related to energy states. Indicators were evaluated utilizing state-of-the-art flight deck systems such as on commercial air transport aircraft. This paper presents results for four technologies: (1) conventional primary flight display speed cues, (2) an enhanced airspeed control indicator, (3) a synthetic vision baseline that provides a flight path vector, speed error, and an acceleration cue, and (4) an aural airspeed alert that triggers when current airspeed deviates beyond a specified threshold from the selected airspeed. Full-mission high-fidelity flight simulation studies were conducted using commercial airline crews. Crews were paired by airline for common crew resource management procedures and protocols. Scenarios spanned a range of complex conditions while emulating several causal factors reported in recent accidents involving loss of energy state awareness by pilots. Data collection included questionnaires administered at the completion of flight scenarios, aircraft state data, audio/video recordings of flight crew, eye tracking, pilot control inputs, and researcher observations. Questionnaire response data included subjective measures of workload, situation awareness, complexity, usability, and acceptability. This paper reports relevant findings derived from subjective measures as well as quantitative measures.","PeriodicalId":129864,"journal":{"name":"2019 IEEE/AIAA 38th Digital Avionics Systems Conference (DASC)","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117042530","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}